2011年航太活動列表

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軌道發射 | |
---|---|
首次 | 1月20日 |
末次 | 12月28日 |
總計 | 84 |
成功 | 78 |
失敗 | 6 |
識別碼 | 80 |
各國的首次 | |
衛星 | ![]() |
火箭 | |
處女航 | 天頂-3F 長2F/G 擎天神5號541構型 |
退役 | 美國太空梭 三角洲2重型 |
載人太空飛行 | |
軌道飛行次數 | 7 |
載人太空飛行人數合計 | 28 |
艙外活動次數 | 10 |
2011年的全球航太界發生了許多重大事件,包括2011年7月美國國家太空總署的太空梭在最後一次飛行後退役,以及9月中國首個太空站原型天宮一號成功發射。2011年共進行84次軌道發射,其中78次成功。俄羅斯、中國和美國完成了全年大部分的軌道發射,分別進行了35次、19次和18次發射;2011年是中國的首次發射次數超過美國的一年。[1]2011年共有7次載人太空飛行器進入軌道,共將28名太空人送往國際太空站。此外,天頂-3F和長征二號F/G運載火箭於2011年完成首飛,而三角洲二號重型運載火箭則進行了最後一次飛行。
軌道級航太活動概述
[編輯]2011年共嘗試了84次軌道發射,其中78次成功;80次發射進入軌道。俄羅斯和前蘇聯的火箭完成了35次發射,而中國則發射了19次,美國發射了18次。另外,歐洲進行了5次發射,印度和日本各進行了3次,伊朗進行了1次。
載人太空飛行
[編輯]2011年共發射了7次載人太空飛行飛機(四次聯盟號飛船和三次太空梭任務),共將28名太空人和太空人送入軌道。這年年初,遠征26乘組已進入國際太空站(ISS)。2011年的首次載人飛行是STS-133,由美國太空梭 發現號於2月24日在甘迺迪太空中心完成,這也是它的最後一次飛行。STS-133搭載了最後一個美國加壓艙「萊昂納多」號至國際太空站進行安裝。發現號於3月9日返回地球。
3月16日,遠征27隨著自2010年10月以來一直對接國際太空站的聯盟號TMA-01M飛船離開國際太空站。4月4日,聯盟號TMA-21發射升空前往太空站,並運送另外三名乘組人員。5月16日,美國太空梭 奮進號執行其最後一次任務STS-134。它向國際太空站運送並安裝了阿爾法磁譜儀,然後於6月1日返回地球。隨著2010年12月發射的聯盟號TMA-20飛船於5月23日撤離(於5月24日凌晨著陸),遠征28開始了其在國際太空站的任務。6月7日,另外三名乘組人員搭乘聯盟號TMA-02M飛船前往國際太空站。
最後一次太空梭任務STS-135於7月8日隨著美國太空梭 亞特蘭蒂斯號的發射開始,攜帶拉斐爾多用途後勤艙(MPLM)為國際太空站運送補給。在為太空站補充補給後,亞特蘭蒂斯號返回地球,於世界標準時間7月21日09:57降落在甘迺迪太空中心的太空梭著陸設施 ,結束了總計30年的太空梭執行。在著陸前兩天,亞特蘭蒂斯號部署了PSSC-2,這是最後一顆從太空梭發射的衛星。
9月29日,中國首個太空站原型天宮一號在酒泉衛星發射中心由長征二號F/G運載火箭發射升空並成功入軌。儘管2011年沒有進行有關天宮一號的載人飛行任務,但10月31日發射的神舟八號無人飛船與天宮一號進行了兩次交會對接,以測試其系統,為2012年成功進行載人對接做準備。
9月16日,隨著聯盟號TMA-21脫離對接,國際太空站遠征28任務結束,遠征29開始。聯盟號TMA-22的發射直到11月14日才進行,原因是8月份聯盟號火箭的無人發射失敗後,人們對其可靠性產生了擔憂,導致發射被推遲。一周後,聯盟號TMA-02M脫離對接並於11月22日著陸,這也標誌著遠征30任務的開始。當年最後一次載人發射於12月21日進行,聯盟號TMA-03M將另外三名乘組人員送往國際太空站。
2011年共進行了10次艙外活動,全部由國際太空站或太空梭太空人進行。太空梭乘組的最後一次太空行走於5月27日在STS-134任務期間進行。
無人探測
[編輯]2011年啟動了多項科學探索任務。2011年3月,信使號探測器成為水星的第一顆人造衛星。7月,「黎明」號太空載具成為小行星灶神星的首顆人造衛星。火星科學實驗室——當時有史以來建造的最大的火星探測器——於2012年11月發射,並於2012年8月成功登陸火星。[2]
發射失敗
[編輯]2011年共有6次軌道發射失敗,其中4次未能進入軌道,其餘2次進入的軌道低於預期。第一次事故發生在2月1日,當時一架裝有Briz-KM上層級的呼嘯運載火箭將Kosmos2470衛星送入了一個無法恢復的錯誤軌道。後來,故障被追溯到Briz-KM的軟體問題。
第二次事故發生在3月4日,當時金牛座XL的整流罩未能分離,導致火箭過重而無法進入軌道。輝煌號氣候研究衛星以及幾個立方衛星(KySat-1、Hermes和Explorer-1[PRIME])均在此次事故中損失。上一次金牛座-XL的發射是在2009年2月,當時搭載著在軌碳觀測台,也因整流罩未分離而失敗。
2011年的接下來幾個月沒有再出現發射失敗。直到8月中旬,在一周的時間內,連續三次軌道級航太發射全部宣告失敗。8月17日,質子-M/Briz-M上層級運載火箭搭載Ekspress-AM4通訊衛星,從拜科努爾太空發射場順利起飛。8月18日上午,由於姿態控制系統故障,火箭上層級未能進行計畫中的五次點火中的第四次,導致太空載具滯留在停泊軌道。當天晚些時候,長征二號丙運載火箭從酒泉發射,搭載實踐十一號04號衛星。由於二級游機與伺服機構連接失效,火箭失去控制,最終未能進入軌道。最後,8月24日,搭載進步M-12M貨運飛船前往國際太空站的聯盟-U運載火箭第三級引擎發生故障,同樣未能進入軌道。
2011年的最後一次發射失敗發生在12月23日,當時搭載子午線5號衛星的聯盟號2-1b/弗雷加特上層級運載火箭因第三級故障未能進入軌道。碎片落到新西伯利亞州,其中一塊砸中了一所房屋,不過沒有人員傷亡的報告。
2011年11月,俄羅斯的福布斯-土壤火衛一樣本返回探測器成功發射進入預定軌道,但其後佛蓋特上層級出現故障,無法變軌,探測器最終於2012年1月15日在太平洋上空再入解體。該太空載具是俄羅斯自1996年火星96號任務以來首次嘗試開展行星際飛行的任務。與福布斯-土壤搭載同一枚火箭升空的中國首個火星探測器「螢火一號」也在此次事故中遺失。
軌道發射
[編輯]次軌道發射
[編輯]發射時間 (UTC) | 運載火箭 | 火箭編號 | 發射場 | 發射服務提供商 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
酬載 (⚀ = 立方星) |
載荷使用者 | 軌道 | 功能 | 再入時間 (UTC) | 結果 | ||
附註 | |||||||
22 January 06:10[77] |
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MDA | Suborbital | Radar target | 22 January | Successful | ||
Aegis Radar target, not intercepted, Apogee: 100公里(62英里) | |||||||
28 January 10:46:00[78] |
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Colorado | Suborbital | Astronomy | 28 January | Spacecraft failure[78] | ||
5 February 08:11:11[78] |
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VPI | Suborbital | Geospace | 5 February | Spacecraft failure[78] | ||
February[77] | ![]() |
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IGRC | Suborbital | Missile test | February | Successful | |||
Two missiles with a range of 1,900 kilometres were fired into the Indian Ocean prior to 19 February[來源請求] | |||||||
February[77] | ![]() |
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IGRC | Suborbital | Missile test | February | Successful | |||
Two missiles with a range of 1,900 kilometres were fired into the Indian Ocean prior to 19 February[來源請求] | |||||||
1 March 21:00[77] |
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US Navy | Suborbital | Missile test | 1 March | Successful | |||
Demonstration and Shakedown Operation 22 (DASO-22) | |||||||
2 March 13:40[77] |
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U.S. Army | Suborbital | Target | 2 March | Successful | |||
Target for MIM-104 Patriot PAC-3 MSE test, successfully intercepted | |||||||
9 March[77] | ![]() |
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MDA | Suborbital | Radar target | 9 March | Successful | ||
Tracked by STSS satellites | |||||||
11 March | ![]() |
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DRDO | Suborbital | Target | 11 March | Successful | |||
Apogee: 100公里(62英里) | |||||||
11 March | ![]() |
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DRDO | Suborbital | Missile test | 11 March | Successful | |||
Apogee: 100公里(62英里) | |||||||
15 March[77] | ![]() |
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ISA | Suborbital | Test flight | 15 March | Successful | ||
Test of biological capsule. Apogee: 120公里(75英里) | |||||||
16 March[77] | ![]() |
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MDA | Suborbital | Radar target | 16 March | Successful | ||
Tracked by both STSS Demo satellites | |||||||
23 March 18:50:00[78] |
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CU Boulder | Suborbital | SDO calibration[79] | 23 March | Successful[78] | ||
29 March 04:01[80] |
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DLR/ESA | Suborbital | Microgravity | 29 March | Successful | ||
Apogee: 268公里(167英里) | |||||||
15 April 06:52[77] |
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FTM-15 | ![]() |
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MDA | Suborbital | ABM target | 15 April | Successful | |||
15 April 07:03[77] |
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FTM-15 | ![]() |
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US Navy | Suborbital | ABM test | 15 April | Successful | ||
First intercept of an IRBM by an SM-3 (FTM-15 Stellar Charon) | |||||||
26 April[77] | ![]() |
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VMF | Suborbital | Missile test | 26 April | Successful | |||
27 April 08:00:00[78] |
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WFF | Suborbital | Test flight | 27 April | Successful[78] | ||
6 May[82] 23:02[83] |
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CSSAR | Suborbital | Environment monitoring | 23:09 | Successful | ||
Apogee: 196.6公里(122.2英里). | |||||||
11 May 18:00[77] |
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INPE | Suborbital | Microgravity | 11 May | Successful | |||
20 May 13:21[來源請求] |
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Suborbital | Technology demonstration | 20 May | Successful | ||||
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Celestis | Suborbital | Space burial | Successful | |||
Apogee: 118.3公里(73.5英里), successfully recovered. | |||||||
20 May 14:50[77] |
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VMF | Suborbital | Missile test | 20 May | Successful | |||
Maiden flight of Layner missile | |||||||
10 June 11:11:16[78] |
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GSFC | Suborbital | Technology demonstration | 10 June | Successful[78] | ||
22 June 13:35 |
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U.S. Air Force | Suborbital | Test flight | 22 June | Successful | |||
23 June 10:18:00[78] |
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Colorado | Suborbital | Student experiments | 23 June | Successful[78] | ||
28 June 11:55[77] |
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VMF | Suborbital | Missile test | 28 June | Successful | |||
28 June[77] | ![]() |
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IGRC | Suborbital | Missile test | 28 June | Successful | |||
Part of an exercise with 14 missile launches, apogee: 100公里(62英里) | |||||||
28 June[77] | ![]() |
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IRGC | Suborbital | Missile test | 28 June | Successful | |||
Part of an exercise with 14 missile launches, apogee: 100公里(62英里) | |||||||
28 June[77] | ![]() |
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IRGC | Suborbital | Missile test | 28 June | Successful | |||
Part of an exercise with 14 missile launches, apogee: 100公里(62英里) | |||||||
28 June[77] | ![]() |
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IRGC | Suborbital | Missile test | 28 June | Successful | |||
Part of an exercise with 14 missile launches, apogee: 100公里(62英里) | |||||||
28 June[77] | ![]() |
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IRGC | Suborbital | Missile test | 28 June | Successful | |||
Part of an exercise with 14 missile launches, apogee: 500公里(310英里) | |||||||
9 July 02:04[77] |
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MDA | Suborbital | Radar target | 9 July | Successful | ||
Tracked by STSS Demo satellites | |||||||
9 July 09:00:00[78] |
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NASA | Suborbital | Geospace | 9 July | Successful[78] | ||
9 July 09:00:15[78] |
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NASA | Suborbital | Geospace | 9 July | Successful[78] | ||
11 July 15:35[77] |
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CITEFA | Suborbital | Test flight | 11 July | Successful | |||
Apogee: 100公里(62英里) | |||||||
21 July 07:00[84] |
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Stockholm/SSC | Suborbital | Atmospheric | 21 July | Successful | ||
21 July 11:58:00[78] |
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Wallops Flight Facility | Suborbital | Student experiments | 21 July | Successful[78] | ||
27 July 10:01[77] |
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U.S. Air Force | Suborbital | Test flight | 27 July | Launch failure | |||
An anomaly was detected five minutes after launch and the flight was terminated. | |||||||
27 July[77] | ![]() |
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VMF | Suborbital | Missile test | 27 July | Successful | |||
11 August 14:45[77] |
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U.S. Air Force | Suborbital | Technology demonstration | 11 August | Spacecraft failure | ||
Second flight of the HTV-2, loss of contact approximately 20 minutes after launch at Mach 20. | |||||||
27 August 03:20[77] |
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VMF | Suborbital | Missile test | 27 August | Successful | |||
1 September 13:53[77] |
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FTM-16 E2 | ![]() |
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MDA | Suborbital | ABM target | 1 September | Successful | |||
SM-3 Block 1B target | |||||||
1 September 13:54[77] |
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FTM-16 E2 | ![]() |
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US Navy | Suborbital | ABM test | 1 September | Spacecraft failure | |||
First launch of SM-3 Block 1B, intercept failed | |||||||
3 September 09:46[77] |
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RVSN | Suborbital | Missile test | 3 September | Successful | |||
15 September[85] | ![]() |
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ISA | Suborbital | Biological | 15 September | Launch failure | ||
First Iranian attempt to launch a monkey into space; failed, resulting in death of the monkey | |||||||
26 September[86] 03:20[77] |
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DRDO | Suborbital | Missile test | 27 September | Successful | |||
27 September 07:08[85] |
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RVSN | Suborbital | Missile test | 27 September | Launch failure | |||
29 September[來源請求] | ![]() |
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VMF | Suborbital | Missile test | 30 September | Successful | |||
30 September 04:02[87] |
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Indian Army | Suborbital | Missile test | 30 September | Successful | |||
Travelled 2,500公里(1,600英里) downrange | |||||||
5 October 05:56[77] |
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FTT-12 | ![]() |
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U.S. Army / MDA | Suborbital | ABM target | 5 October | Successful | |||
Intercepted by THAAD missile | |||||||
5 October 05:56[77] |
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FTT-12 | ![]() |
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U.S. Army / MDA | Suborbital | ABM target | 5 October | Successful | |||
Intercepted by THAAD missile | |||||||
5 October 06:00[77] |
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FTT-12 | ![]() |
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U.S. Army / MDA | Suborbital | ABM test | 5 October | Successful | |||
Intercepted target missile | |||||||
5 October 06:00[77] |
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FTT-12 | ![]() |
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U.S. Army / MDA | Suborbital | ABM test | 5 October | Successful | |||
Intercepted target missile | |||||||
8 October 10:25:01[78] |
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Boston | Suborbital | Astronomy | 8 October | Spacecraft failure[78] | ||
11 October 21:15:00[78] |
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Colorado | Suborbital | Geospace | 11 October | Successful[78] | ||
13 October 13:50:00[78] |
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Colorado | Suborbital | Geospace | 13 October[78] | Successful | ||
28 October 03:40[77] |
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VMF | Suborbital | Missile test | 28 October | Successful | |||
2 November 07:50[77] |
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Israeli Air Force | Suborbital | Missile test | 2 November | Successful | |||
3 November 06:45[77] |
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RVSN | Suborbital | Missile test | 3 November | Successful | |||
6 November 07:00[78] |
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XQC F5 | Wisconsin | Suborbital | Astronomy | 6 November | Successful[78] | ||
15 November 03:30[88] |
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Indian Army | Suborbital | Missile test | 15 November | Successful | |||
17 November 11:30 |
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U.S. Army | Suborbital | Technology demonstration | 17 November | Successful | ||
25 November 23:00[77] |
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INPE | Suborbital | Microgravity | 25 November | Successful | |||
27 November 09:10[89] |
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DLR/ESA | Suborbital | Microgravity | 27 November | Successful | ||
2 December 22:00[77] |
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INPE | Suborbital | Microgravity | 2 December | Successful | ||
3 December 07:21:31[77] |
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Oslo/Andøya | Suborbital | Atmospheric | 3 December | Successful[90] | ||
10 December 10:30:00[91] |
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Colorado | Suborbital | Astronomy | 10 December | Successful | |||
19 December 14:48[92] |
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JAXA/TPU/TU | Suborbital | Ionospheric | 19 December | Successful | |||
19 December | ![]() |
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Roshydromet | Suborbital | Meteorology Test flight |
19 December | Successful | ||
Maiden flight of MN-300 | |||||||
23 December | ![]() |
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VMF | Suborbital | Missile test | 23 December | Successful | |||
23 December | ![]() |
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VMF | Suborbital | Missile test | 23 December | Successful | |||
27 December 12:00 |
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RVSN | Suborbital | Missile test | 27 December | Successful | |||
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US Navy | Suborbital | Missile test | ? | Successful | |||
Follow-on Commander's Evaluation Test 44 | |||||||
? | ![]() |
![]() |
![]() | ||||
US Navy | Suborbital | Missile test | ? | Launch failure | |||
Follow-on Commander's Evaluation Test 44 ? |
深空機動
[編輯]日期 (UTC) | 太空載具 | 事件 | 備註 |
---|---|---|---|
9 January | Mars Express | Flyby of Phobos | Closest approach: 100公里(62英里). Mars Express made a total of 8 flybys of Phobos at a distance of less than 1,400公里(870英里) between 20 December and 16 January. |
9 January | Artemis P1 | Spacecraft left LL2 orbit and joined Artemis P2 in LL1 orbit | |
11 January | Cassini | 3rd flyby of Rhea | Closest approach: 76公里(47英里)[93] |
15 February | Stardust (NExT) | Flyby of Tempel 1 | Closest approach: 181公里(112英里). Observed changes since Deep Impact flyby and imaged crater created by Deep Impact impactor, as well as new terrain. |
18 February | Cassini | 74th flyby of Titan | Closest approach: 3,651公里(2,269英里) |
18 March | MESSENGER | Hermocentric orbit injection | First artificial satellite of Mercury; elliptical orbit with a periapsis of 200 kilometers (120 mi) and an apoapsis of 15,000 km (9,300 mi).[94] |
19 April | Cassini | 75th flyby of Titan | Closest approach: 10,053公里(6,247英里) |
8 May | Cassini | 76th flyby of Titan | Closest approach: 1,873公里(1,164英里) |
8 June | Chang'e 2 | Departed lunar orbit | Travelled to L2 Lagrangian point, which it reached in August 2011.[95] |
20 June | Cassini | 77th flyby of Titan | Closest approach: 1,359公里(844英里) |
27 June | Artemis P1 | Lunar orbit insertion | Initial orbital parameters were: apogee 3,543公里(2,202英里), perigee 27,000公里(17,000英里). Over the following three months, the orbit was lowered to an apogee of 97公里(60英里) and a perigee of 18,000公里(11,000英里), with an inclination of 20 degrees; retrograde orbit. |
16 July | Dawn | Vestiocentric orbit injection | First artificial satellite of 4 Vesta.[96] Initial orbit was 16,000公里(9,900英里) high and was reduced to 2,700公里(1,700英里) until 11 August. |
17 July | Artemis P2 | Lunar orbit insertion | Initial orbital parameters were similar to Artemis P1. Over the following three months the orbit was lowered to an apogee of 97公里(60英里) and a perigee of 18,000公里(11,000英里), with an inclination of 20 degrees; prograde orbit. |
25 August | Cassini | Second-closest flyby of Hyperion[97] | Closest approach: 25,000公里(16,000英里) |
12 September | Cassini | 78th flyby of Titan | Closest approach: 5,821公里(3,617英里) |
16 September | Cassini | Flyby of Hyperion | Closest approach: 58,000公里(36,000英里) |
1 October | Cassini | 14th flyby of Enceladus | Closest approach: 99公里(62英里) |
19 October | Cassini | 15th flyby of Enceladus | Closest approach: 1,231公里(765英里) |
6 November | Cassini | 16th flyby of Enceladus | Closest approach: 496公里(308英里) |
12 December | Cassini | 3rd flyby of Dione | Closest approach: 99公里(62英里) |
13 December | Cassini | 79th flyby of Titan | Closest approach: 3,586公里(2,228英里) |
31 December | GRAIL-A | Lunar orbit insertion | Twin satellite Grail-B's insertion occurred a day later, on 1 January 2012. |
艙外活動
[編輯]開始時間 | 持續時間 | 結束時間 | 太空載具 | 乘組 | 工作內容 | 備註 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
21 January 10:05 |
5 hours 23 minutes |
15:49 | Expedition 26 ISS Pirs |
![]() ![]() |
Prepared the ISS Poisk module for future dockings.[98] | |
16 February 13:15 |
6 hours 23 minutes |
18:15 | Expedition 26 ISS Pirs |
![]() ![]() |
Installed a radio antenna, deployed a nanosatellite, installed two experiments and retrieved two exposure panels on a third experiment. | |
28 February 15:46 |
6 hours 34 minutes |
22:20 | STS-133 ISS Quest |
![]() ![]() |
Removed a failed coolant pump and routed a power extension cable. | |
2 March 15:41 |
6 hours 14 minutes |
21:55 | STS-133 ISS Quest |
![]() ![]() |
Removed or repaired thermal insulation, swapped out an attachment bracket on the Columbus module, installed a camera assembly on Dextre and installed a light on a cargo cart. | |
20 May 07:10 |
6 hours 19 minutes |
13:29 | STS-134 ISS Quest |
![]() ![]() |
Completed installation of a new set of MISSE experiments, started installing a new wireless video system, installed an ammonia jumper, a new light on the CETA cart on the S3 truss segment, and a cover on the starboard SARJ. | |
22 May 06:05 |
8 hours 07 minutes |
14:12 | STS-134 ISS Quest |
![]() ![]() |
Hooked up a jumper to transfer ammonia to the Port 6 PVTCS, lubricated the SARJ and one of the "hands" on Dextre, and installed a stowage beam on the S1 truss. | |
25 May 05:43 |
6 hours 54 minutes |
12:37 | STS-134 ISS Quest |
![]() ![]() |
Installed PDGF (except for data cable), routed power cables from Unity to Zarya, finished installation of wireless video system, took pictures of Zarya's thrusters and captured infrared video of an experiment in ELC 3. | |
27 May 04:15 |
7 hours 24 minutes |
11:39 | STS-134 ISS Quest |
![]() ![]() |
Installed OBSS on S1 truss, removed the EFGF and replaced it with a spare PDGF, and released some torque on the bolts that were holding the spare arm for Dextre down against ELC 3. Final shuttle spacewalk.[99] | |
12 July 13:22 |
6 hours 31 minutes |
19:53 | Expedition 28 ISS Quest |
![]() ![]() |
Moved a failed cooling pump from the station to the shuttle Atlantis, transferred a robotic refuelling apparatus from the shuttle to the ISS, installed a materials science experiment on the station's truss, serviced a robot arm attachment fitting, installed a thermal cover over the unused docking port PMA-3, and fixed a protruding wire on a grapple fixture on the Zarya module. | |
3 August 14:51 |
6 hours 22 minutes |
21:22 | Expedition 28 ISS Pirs |
![]() ![]() |
Launched Kedr satellite, installed BIORISK experiment outside Pirs, and installed laser communication equipment to transmit scientific data from the Russian Orbital Segment. |
軌道發射統計
[編輯]按國家(區域)
[編輯]就本章節的主旨而言,每次航太飛行所屬的國家以火箭的原產國為準,而不是發射服務提供商或發射場所在國。例如,西歐亞利安空間公司在南美洲圭亞那太空中心發射的聯盟號火箭應視作俄羅斯的發射,因為聯盟2號是俄羅斯火箭。
- 中國: 19
- 歐洲: 5
- 印度: 3
- 伊朗: 1
- 日本: 3
- 俄羅斯: 29
- 烏克蘭: 6
- 美國: 18
國家(區域) | 發射數 | 成功數 | 失敗數 | 部分 失敗數 |
備註 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() |
19 | 18 | 1 | 0 | ||
![]() |
5 | 5 | 0 | 0 | ||
![]() |
3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | ||
![]() |
1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
![]() |
3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | ||
![]() |
29 | 25 | 4 | 0 | 包括亞利安空間公司從蓋亞那太空中心發射的兩次歐洲聯盟號火箭。 | |
![]() |
6 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 包括一枚從海上發射的天頂和一枚從陸地發射的天頂。 | |
![]() |
18 | 17 | 1 | 0 | ||
總計 | 84 | 78 | 6 | 0 |
按火箭
[編輯]By family
[編輯]Family | Country | Launches | Successes | Failures | Partial failures | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ariane | ![]() |
5 | 5 | 0 | 0 | |
Atlas | ![]() |
5 | 5 | 0 | 0 | |
Delta | ![]() |
6 | 6 | 0 | 0 | |
H-II | ![]() |
3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | |
Long March | ![]() |
19 | 18 | 1 | 0 | |
Minotaur | ![]() |
4 | 3 | 1 | 0 | |
PSLV | ![]() |
3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | |
R-7 | ![]() |
19 | 17 | 2 | 0 | |
R-36 | ![]() |
1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Safir | ![]() |
1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Space Shuttle | ![]() |
3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | Final flight |
Universal Rocket | ![]() |
10 | 8 | 2 | 0 | |
Zenit | ![]() |
5 | 5 | 0 | 0 |
By type
[編輯]Rocket | Country | Family | Launches | Successes | Failures | Partial failures | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ariane 5 | ![]() |
Ariane | 5 | 5 | 0 | 0 | |
Atlas V | ![]() |
Atlas | 5 | 5 | 0 | 0 | |
Delta II | ![]() |
Delta | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | |
Delta IV | ![]() |
Delta | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | |
Dnepr | ![]() |
R-36 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
H-IIA | ![]() |
H-II | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | |
H-IIB | ![]() |
H-II | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Long March 2 | ![]() |
Long March | 7 | 6 | 1 | 0 | |
Long March 3 | ![]() |
Long March | 9 | 9 | 0 | 0 | |
Long March 4 | ![]() |
Long March | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | |
Minotaur I | ![]() |
Minotaur | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | |
Minotaur IV | ![]() |
Minotaur | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
PSLV | ![]() |
PSLV | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | |
Proton | ![]() |
Universal Rocket | 9 | 8 | 1 | 0 | |
Safir | ![]() |
Safir | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Soyuz | ![]() |
R-7 | 10 | 9 | 1 | 0 | |
Soyuz-2 | ![]() |
R-7 | 9 | 8 | 1 | 0 | |
Space Shuttle | ![]() |
Space Shuttle | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | Final flight |
UR-100 | ![]() |
Universal Rocket | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
Taurus | ![]() |
Minotaur | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
Zenit | ![]() |
Zenit | 5 | 5 | 0 | 0 |
By configuration
[編輯]Rocket | Country | Type | Launches | Successes | Failures | Partial failures | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ariane 5 ECA | ![]() |
Ariane 5 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | |
Ariane 5 ES | ![]() |
Ariane 5 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Atlas V 401 | ![]() |
Atlas V | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Atlas V 411 | ![]() |
Atlas V | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Atlas V 501 | ![]() |
Atlas V | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Atlas V 541 | ![]() |
Atlas V | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Atlas V 551 | ![]() |
Atlas V | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Delta II 7320 | ![]() |
Delta II | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Delta II 7920 | ![]() |
Delta II | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Delta II 7920H | ![]() |
Delta II | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | Final flight |
Delta IV Medium+ (4,2) | ![]() |
Delta IV | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | |
Delta IV Heavy | ![]() |
Delta IV | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Dnepr | ![]() |
Dnepr | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
H-IIA 202 | ![]() |
H-IIA | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | |
H-IIB | ![]() |
H-IIB | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Long March 2C | ![]() |
Long March 2 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 0 | |
Long March 2D | ![]() |
Long March 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Long March 2F | ![]() |
Long March 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Long March 2F/G | ![]() |
Long March 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | Maiden flight |
Long March 3A | ![]() |
Long March 3 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | |
Long March 3B | ![]() |
Long March 3 | 5 | 5 | 0 | 0 | |
Long March 3C | ![]() |
Long March 3 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Long March 4B | ![]() |
Long March 4 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | |
Minotaur I | ![]() |
Minotaur I | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | |
Minotaur IV+ | ![]() |
Minotaur IV | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
PSLV-G | ![]() |
PSLV | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
PSLV-CA | ![]() |
PSLV | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
PSLV-XL | ![]() |
PSLV | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Proton-M / Briz-M | ![]() |
Proton | 9 | 8 | 1 | 0 | |
Rokot / Briz-KM | ![]() |
UR-100 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
Safir-B | ![]() |
Safir | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Soyuz-2.1a / Fregat-M | ![]() |
Soyuz-2 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | |
Soyuz ST-A / Fregat | ![]() |
Soyuz-2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Soyuz-2.1b / Fregat-M | ![]() |
Soyuz-2 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 0 | |
Soyuz ST-B / Fregat-MT | ![]() |
Soyuz-2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Soyuz-FG | ![]() |
Soyuz | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | |
Soyuz-U | ![]() |
Soyuz | 6 | 5 | 1 | 0 | |
Space Shuttle | ![]() |
Space Shuttle | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | Final flight |
Taurus-XL | ![]() |
Taurus | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
Zenit-2M | ![]() |
Zenit | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Zenit-3F | ![]() |
Zenit | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | Maiden flight |
Zenit-3SL | ![]() |
Zenit | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Zenit-3SLB | ![]() |
Zenit | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
按發射場
[編輯]Site | Country | Launches | Successes | Failures | Partial failures | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baikonur | ![]() |
25 | 23 | 2 | 0 | |
Cape Canaveral | ![]() |
7 | 7 | 0 | 0 | |
Dombarovsky | ![]() |
1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Kourou | ![]() |
7 | 7 | 0 | 0 | |
Jiuquan | ![]() |
6 | 5 | 1 | 0 | |
Kennedy Space Center | ![]() |
3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | |
Kodiak | ![]() |
1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
MARS | ![]() |
1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Ocean Odyssey | ![]() |
1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Plesetsk | ![]() |
6 | 4 | 2 | 0 | |
Satish Dhawan | ![]() |
3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | |
Semnan | ![]() |
1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Tanegashima | ![]() |
3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | |
Taiyuan | ![]() |
4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | |
Vandenberg | ![]() |
6 | 5 | 1 | 0 | |
Xichang | ![]() |
9 | 9 | 0 | 0 | |
Total | 84 | 78 | 6 | 0 |
按軌道
[編輯]- Transatmospheric
- Low Earth
- Low Earth (ISS)
- Low Earth (SSO)
- Low Earth (retrograde)
- Medium Earth
- Geosychronous
(transfer) - Inclined GSO
- High Earth
- Heliocentric
Orbital regime | Launches | Successes | Failures | Accidentally achieved |
Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Transatmospheric | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Low Earth | 44 | 40 | 4 | 0 | 14 to ISS, 1 to Tiangong-1 |
Medium Earth / Molniya | 8 | 7 | 1 | 0 | |
Geosynchronous / GTO | 27 | 26 | 1 | 1 | |
High Earth / Lunar transfer | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | |
Heliocentric / Planetary transfer | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | |
Total | 84 | 78 | 6 | 1 |
參見
[編輯]參考
[編輯]
- 中國國家航天局
- 中國探月網
- Encyclopedia Astronautica
- Gunter's Space Page - Chronology of Space Launches
- 日本宇宙航空研究開發機構
- Jonathan's Space Report(SatCat.txt與Launchlog.txt兩項)
- Mission Set Database (NASA GFC)
- NASA
- NASA SpaceFlight.com
- Orbital Report News Agency's Launch Logs
- Space Calander (NASA JPL)
- Southwest Space Archive
- SPACE.com Launch Forecast
- SpaceFlightNow
- Steven Pietrobon's Space Archive
- U.S. Space Objects Registry
註腳
[編輯]- ^ China Now Tops U.S. in Space Launches. Wired. 16 April 2012 [24 October 2012]. (原始內容存檔於2012-07-23).
- ^ 2.0 2.1 Nasa's Curiosity rover successfully lands on Mars. BBC. 6 August 2012 [2025-01-18]. (原始內容存檔於2025-01-18).
- ^ Elektro-L. RussianSpaceWeb.com. 20 January 2011 [7 January 2013]. (原始內容存檔於30 November 2012).
- ^ Largest-Ever Rocket, With Secret Payload, Launched On West Coast. CBS Radio. 20 January 2011 [21 February 2011]. (原始內容存檔於2021-10-16).
- ^ United Launch Alliance Launches First West Coast Delta IV Heavy Mission. United Launch Alliance. [21 January 2011]. (原始內容存檔於9 June 2011).
- ^ Launch Result of H-IIB Launch Vehicle No. 2 with KOUNOTORI2 (HTV2) Onboard. JAXA. 22 January 2011 [23 January 2011]. (原始內容存檔於23 January 2011).
- ^ Japan's rocket delivering supplies. The Gazette (Tokyo). Associated Press. 23 January 2011: P6 [20 May 2021]. (原始內容存檔於20 May 2021) –透過Newspapers.com.
- ^ ARISSat-1/KEDR Amateur Radio Satellite Deorbits. Spacedaily.com. [27 March 2012]. (原始內容存檔於2025-01-18).
- ^ Военный спутник, запущенный на "Рокоте", скорее всего, утрачен. RIA Novosti. 1 February 2011 [1 February 2011]. (原始內容存檔於4 February 2011) (俄語).
- ^ GEO IK 2. N2YO.com. [22 November 2019]. (原始內容存檔於2024-12-04).
- ^ Vandenberg launches Minotaur I. 30th Space Wing Public Affairs. [7 February 2011]. (原始內容存檔於19 February 2011).
- ^ Mission Update – Ariane 5 opens a busy year of Arianespace missions with the milestone launch of another Automated Transfer Vehicle for Europe. Arianespace. [20 February 2011]. (原始內容存檔於2015-09-19).
- ^ 13.0 13.1 Bergin, Chris. Downstream shuttle planning: CLFs, AMS noted, MAF working on extra ETs. NASASpaceFlight.com. 11 February 2009 [16 February 2009]. (原始內容存檔於16 February 2009).
- ^ Спутник "Глонасс-К" вывели из состава орбитальной группировки ["Glonass-K" satellite removed from orbital constellation]. TASS. 12 November 2021 [12 November 2021]. (原始內容存檔於2023-06-09) (俄語).
- ^ "Preparations underway for X-37B landing" 網際網路檔案館的存檔,存檔日期2 June 2012.. Vandenberg.af.mil, 30 May 2012. Retrieved: 1 June 2012.
- ^ "X-37B lands this morning at Vandenberg AFB". Santa Maria Times. 16 June 2012.
- ^ Launch Of New ISS mission Slated For April 5. Space-travel.com. [5 October 2011]. (原始內容存檔於2025-01-18).
- ^ Plan of Russian space launches. NASASpaceFlight.com. [5 October 2011]. (原始內容存檔於2024-12-08).
- ^ :::: United Launch Alliance, LLC ::::. Ulalaunch.com. [5 October 2011]. (原始內容存檔於7 December 2013).
- ^ Calendar of Events: Indian PSLV-C16 Launch of Resourcesat-2, X-Sat, Youthsat | SpaceRef – Your Space Reference. SpaceRef. [5 October 2011].[永久失效連結]
- ^ PSLV to be launched around April 10. The Hindu (Chennai, India). 6 March 2011. (原始內容存檔於2 April 2011).
- ^ ISRO to launch PSLV-C16 with RESOURCESAT-2, two other satellites on Apr 20 | NetIndian. Netindian.in. 9 April 2011 [27 March 2012]. (原始內容存檔於2025-01-18).
- ^ Mission Update – Ariane 5 launch with Yahsat Y1A and Intelsat New Dawn: Launch countdown interrupted. Arianespace. [5 October 2011]. (原始內容存檔於2015-04-07).
- ^ Final Countdown Is Underway For Second Ariane 5 Flight Of 2011. Space-travel.com. [5 October 2011]. (原始內容存檔於2025-01-18).
- ^ Mission Update – Ariane 5's launch with Yahsat Y1A and Intelsat New Dawn is set for April 22. Arianespace. [5 October 2011]. (原始內容存檔於2015-09-19).
- ^ The Ariane 5 mission with Yahsat Y1A and Intelsat New Dawn is "go" for its March 30 liftoff. Arianespace. 28 March 2011 [24 October 2012]. (原始內容存檔於2015-09-19).
- ^ Mission Update – Maintaining the pace: a second Ariane 5 arrives in French Guiana for launch in 2011. Arianespace. [21 February 2011]. (原始內容存檔於2015-09-19).
- ^ Russia launches fourth Meridian spacecraft. russianspaceweb.com. [4 May 2011]. (原始內容存檔於26 May 2011).
- ^ Inquiry Finds Cable Clip to Blame For Telstar 14R Deployment Failure. SpaceNews.com. 19 August 2011 [5 October 2011]. (原始內容存檔於13 September 2012).
- ^ Commercial Launch | Telstar 14R | Proton Rocket | Mission Control | International Launch Services. Ilslaunch.com. 21 May 2011 [5 October 2011]. (原始內容存檔於2016-12-20).
- ^ Mission Update – The upcoming Ariane 5 mission with GSAT-8 and ST-2 is given its "go" for launch. Arianespace. [5 October 2011]. (原始內容存檔於2015-09-19).
- ^ Two Ariane 5 And One Soyuz Flights Are Now Being Prepared. Space-travel.com. [5 October 2011]. (原始內容存檔於2025-01-18).
- ^ Long March 3B launches with ChinaSat-10. NASASpaceFlight.com. 20 June 2011 [20 June 2011]. (原始內容存檔於2025-01-18).
- ^ Stephen Clark. Soyuz rocket lifts off with Russian spy satellite. spaceflightnow.com. 27 June 2011 [28 March 2023]. (原始內容存檔於2025-01-18).
- ^ ORS 1 (USA 231). N2YO.com. [22 November 2019]. (原始內容存檔於2024-12-22).
- ^ Long March 2C launches Shi Jian-11 for China. NASASpaceFlight.com. 6 July 2011 [8 July 2011]. (原始內容存檔於2025-01-18).
- ^ 中国成功发射第二颗中继卫星"天链一号02星"——中新网. Chinanews.com. [5 October 2011]. (原始內容存檔於2020-11-27).
- ^ China launches new data relay satellite. [11 July 2011]. (原始內容存檔於14 July 2011).
- ^ CORRECTING and REPLACING – UPDATE: Globalstar Satellites Now Scheduled for Launch on July 13th. [12 July 2011].
- ^ Soyuz delivers six satellites for Globalstar's constellation on an Arianespace-Starsem mission from Baikonur Cosmodrome. [13 July 2011]. (原始內容存檔於2024-12-04).
- ^ Федеральное Космическое Агентство (Роскосмос)| Новости. Roscosmos.ru. [5 October 2011]. (原始內容存檔於15 October 2011).
- ^ China launches ninth orbiter for indigenous global navigation system. Xinhua News Agency. [26 July 2011]. (原始內容存檔於19 November 2011).
- ^ Barbosa, Rui. China make it two in a week via successful Shi Jian 11-02 launch. NASASpaceFlight.com. 29 July 2011 [29 July 2011]. (原始內容存檔於2025-01-18).
- ^ Graham, William. ULA Atlas V launches NASA's Juno on a path to Jupiter. NASASpaceFlight.com. 5 August 2011 [5 August 2011]. (原始內容存檔於2015-09-11).
- ^ Mission Update – A weather-related postponement for the Ariane 5 launch with ASTRA 1N and BSAT-3c/JCSAT-110R. Arianespace. [5 October 2011]. (原始內容存檔於2015-09-19).
- ^ China debuts partnership with Pakistan – Long March launches Paksat-1R. NASASpaceFlight.com. 11 August 2011 [27 March 2012]. (原始內容存檔於2019-12-06).
- ^ China's surge continues with HaiYang-2A launch via Long March 4B. NASASpaceFlight.com. 15 August 2011 [27 March 2012]. (原始內容存檔於2025-01-18).
- ^ Dnepr launches with Ukraine's Sich-2 and several passengers. NASASpaceFlight.com. 17 August 2011 [27 March 2012]. (原始內容存檔於2025-01-18).
- ^ Express-AM4 Launch Failure Inter-Agency Commission Concludes Investigations. International Launch Services. 30 August 2011 [27 December 2011]. (原始內容存檔於2016-11-19).
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