2012年航天活动列表

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轨道发射 | |
---|---|
首次 | 1月9日 |
末次 | 12月19日 |
总计 | 77 |
成功 | 72 |
失败 | 2 |
部分失败 | 3 |
标识符 | 75 |
各国的首次 | |
卫星 | ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
轨道发射 | ![]() |
火箭 | |
处女航 | |
退役 | |
载人航天 | |
轨道飞行次数 | 5 |
载人航天人数合计 | 15 |
舱外活动次数 | 5 |
2012年,航天领域发生了许多重大事件。商业轨道运输服务的前两次补给任务分别在5月和10月进行,SpaceX货运龙飞船由此成为第一艘与国际空间站对接的私人航天器;6月,中国发射了神舟九号载人飞船,朝鲜则于12月成功实现了首次轨道发射。2012年,中国成功完成首次小行星探测任务,美国宇航局的‘好奇号探测器’则成功登陆火星。欧空局的织女星和朝鲜的银河3号运载火箭于2012年首次飞行,而俄罗斯航天集团的质子K型则进行了最后一次飞行。
2012年共尝试了77次轨道发射,其中72次成功,3次部分成功,2次失败。2012年共进行了5次载人轨道任务,全部成功,共将15名宇航员送入轨道。这一年还进行了5次国际空间站宇航员舱外活动。2012年的大部分轨道发射是由俄罗斯、中国和美国进行的,分别进行了29次、19次和13次发射。全年共发射通信导航卫星、货运飞船、科学探测器等有效载荷139个。此外,科研和军事组织还发射了大量亚轨道探空火箭和弹道导弹。
轨道级航天活动概述
[编辑]2012年共尝试了77次轨道发射,其中72次宣布成功,共发射了139个有效载荷。[1]发射记录中最成功的三个国家分别是俄罗斯,共发射29次,其中27次成功;中国,发射19次,全部成功;美国,发射13次,其中12次成功,1次部分失败。[1]欧洲国家进行了8次轨道发射,全部成功,而印度和日本各进行了2次轨道发射,也均取得成功。2012年,伊朗和朝鲜均成功进行了一次轨道发射,也均遭遇了一次发射失败。
载人航天
[编辑]2012年共进行了五次载人轨道发射,全部成功,共将15名宇航员送入轨道。其中四次任务由俄罗斯联盟号飞船执行,第五次任务由中国神舟飞船执行。[2]本年度的所有载人航天任务均与空间站对接——四次联盟号飞船与国际空间站对接,中国的神舟九号飞船与天宫一号目标飞行器对接。2012年还进行了五次舱外活动,全部由国际空间站乘组人员进行。[3][4][5][6][7]
无人探测
[编辑]2012年发生了许多无人探测航天史上的重大里程碑事件,包括8月美国宇航局的“好奇号”探测器登陆火星[8],以及5月和10月向国际空间站进行的头两次商业补给任务[9][10],10月的那次飞行也标志着SpaceX龙飞船的首次全面投入使用。在太阳系的其他区域,美国宇航局的“曙光”号于2012年9月完成了对灶神星的探测任务[11],而中国则于12月首次飞掠小行星。
轨道发射
[编辑]亚轨道发射
[编辑]发射时间 (UTC) | 运载火箭 | 火箭编号 | 发射场 | 发射服务提供商 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
有效载荷 (⚀ = 立方星) |
载荷用户 | 轨道 | 功能 | 再入时间 (UTC) | 结果 | ||
附注 | |||||||
11 January 13:25 |
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NASA | Suborbital | Test flight | 11 January | Successful[148] | |||
11 January 20:51 |
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JAXA/HU/TU/TU/TPU/KU/KUT | Suborbital | Atmospheric science | 11 January | Successful[149] | |||
24 January | ![]() |
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IAI/IDF | Suborbital | ABM Test | 24 January | Successful[150] | |||
First test flight of the Arrow-III | |||||||
10 February 04:40 |
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DRDO | Suborbital | Target | 10 February | Successful[151] | |||
Target for ABM test, successfully intercepted | |||||||
10 February | ![]() |
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Israeli Air Force | Suborbital | ABM target | 10 February | Successful[152] | |||
Arrow-3 tracking target | |||||||
13 February 09:32 |
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SSC | Suborbital | Microgravity | 13 February | Successful[153] | ||
19 February 05:41 |
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UNH | Suborbital | Auroral research | 19 February | Successful[154] | |||
22 February | ![]() |
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US Navy | Suborbital | Missile test | 22 February | Successful[155] | |||
Demonstration and Shakedown Operation 23 (DASO-23) | |||||||
25 February 10:46 |
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US Air Force | Suborbital | Test flight | 25 February | Successful[156] | |||
22 March 09:00 |
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Caltech | Suborbital | Astronomy | 22 March | Successful[157] | ||
27 March 08:58 |
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Clemson | Suborbital | Geospace | 27 March | Successful[158] | ||
27 March 08:59 |
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Clemson | Suborbital | Geospace | 27 March | Successful[158] | ||
27 March 09:00 |
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Clemson | Suborbital | Geospace | 27 March | Successful[158] | ||
27 March 09:02 |
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Clemson | Suborbital | Geospace | 27 March | Successful[158] | ||
27 March 09:03 |
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Clemson | Suborbital | Geospace | 27 March | Successful[158] | ||
5 April 14:18 |
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ORS | Suborbital | Technology demonstration | 5 April | Successful[159] | |||
Apogee: 117公里(73英里), successfully recovered | |||||||
14 April | ![]() |
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US Navy | Suborbital | Test flight | 14 April | Successful[160] | |||
Follow-on Commander's Evaluation Test 45 | |||||||
14 April | ![]() |
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US Navy | Suborbital | Test flight | 14 April | Successful[160] | |||
Follow-on Commander's Evaluation Test 45 | |||||||
16 April | ![]() |
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US Navy | Suborbital | Test flight | 16 April | Successful[160] | |||
Follow-on Commander's Evaluation Test 46 | |||||||
16 April | ![]() |
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US Navy | Suborbital | Test flight | 16 April | Successful[160] | |||
Follow-on Commander's Evaluation Test 46 | |||||||
19 April 02:37 |
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DRDO | Suborbital | Test flight | 19 April | Successful[161] | |||
Apogee: 800公里(500英里), maiden flight of Agni-V | |||||||
23 April | ![]() |
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DSTO | Suborbital | Technology demonstration | 23 April | Launch failure | ||
Hypersonic research experiment, second stage of launch vehicle failed to ignite | |||||||
25 April | ![]() |
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ASFC | Suborbital | Test flight | 25 April | Successful[162] | |||
10 May 06:18 |
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FTM-16 E2a | ![]() |
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MDA | Suborbital | ABM target | 10 May | Successful[163] | |||
SM-3 Block 1B target | |||||||
10 May 06:21 |
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FTM-16 E2a | ![]() |
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US Navy | Suborbital | ABM test | 10 May | Successful[163] | |||
ARAV-A interceptor, successful intercept | |||||||
23 May 06:15 |
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RVSN | Suborbital | Missile test | 23 May | Successful[164] | |||
7 June 17:39 |
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RVSN | Suborbital | Missile test | 7 June | Successful[165] | |||
21 June 10:40 |
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Colorado | Suborbital | Student experiments | 21 June | Successful[166] | ||
22 June 19:18 |
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DLR | Suborbital | Technology demonstration | 22 June | Successful[167] | ||
23 June 19:30 |
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CU Boulder | Suborbital | SDO calibration | 23 June | Successful[168] | ||
27 June 09:15 |
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FTM-18 | ![]() |
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MDA | Suborbital | ABM target | 27 June | Successful[169] | |||
SM-3 Block 1B target | |||||||
27 June 09:18 |
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FTM-18 | ![]() |
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US Navy | Suborbital | ABM test | 27 June | Successful[169] | |||
Castor 4B interceptor, successful intercept | |||||||
3 July | ![]() |
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IGRC | Suborbital | Missile test | 3 July | Successful[170] | |||
Apogee: ~100公里(62英里) | |||||||
3 July | ![]() |
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IRGC | Suborbital | Missile test | 3 July | Successful[170] | |||
Apogee: ~100公里(62英里) | |||||||
3 July | ![]() |
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IRGC | Suborbital | Missile test | 3 July | Successful[170] | |||
Apogee: ~150公里(93英里) | |||||||
5 July 18:50 |
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NASA/MSFC | Suborbital | Solar research | 5 July | Successful[171] | ||
11 July 18:50 |
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NASA/MSFC | Suborbital | Solar research | 11 July | Successful[172] | ||
13 July 04:36 |
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IDRDL | Suborbital | Missile test | 13 July | Successful[173] | |||
Apogee: ~200公里(120英里) | |||||||
23 July 11:01 |
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NASA/Langley | Suborbital | Atmospheric entry test | 23 July | Successful[174] | ||
Apogee: ~285英里(459公里); part of the Hypersonic Inflatable Aerodynamic Decelerator programme | |||||||
24 July 19:17 |
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USC | Suborbital | Solar research | 24 July | Successful[175] | ||
7 August 07:30:00[176] |
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UT/JAXA/AGU/TKD/NU/TU/KIT | Suborbital | Technology demonstration | 7 August | Successful[178] | ||
9 August 03:16 |
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Indian Army | Suborbital | Missile test | 9 August | Successful[179] | |||
Apogee: 220公里(140英里) | |||||||
12 September | ![]() |
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DoD | Suborbital | Radar target | 12 September | Successful[180] | ||
Apogee: ~300公里(190英里) | |||||||
13 September 12:30 |
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US Army | Suborbital | Target | 13 September | Successful[181] | |||
Target for MIM-104 Patriot PAC-3 MSE test, successfully intercepted | |||||||
13 September | ![]() |
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DSTO | Suborbital | Technology demonstration | 13 September | Successful[182] | ||
Hypersonic research experiment, Apogee: 349公里(217英里) | |||||||
19 September 11:45[183] |
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Indian Army | Suborbital | Missile test | 19 September | Successful | |||
Apogee: 800公里(500英里) | |||||||
21 September 13:15[184] |
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Indian Army | Suborbital | Missile test | 21 September | Successful | |||
Apogee: 450公里(280英里) | |||||||
21 September 11:16 |
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NASA | Suborbital | Student experiments | 21 September | Successful[185] | ||
Apogee: ~153公里(95英里) | |||||||
22 September 11:00 |
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NASA | Suborbital | Rocket test | 22 September | Successful[186] | |||
Apogee: ~269公里(167英里) | |||||||
4 October 03:37 |
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DRDO | Suborbital | Missile test | 4 October | Successful[187] | |||
Apogee: ~100公里(62英里) | |||||||
5 October 05:55 |
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DRDO | Suborbital | Target | 5 October | Successful[188] | |||
Apogee: ~100公里(62英里) | |||||||
19 October 09:12 |
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RVSN | Suborbital | Missile test | 19 October | Successful[189] | |||
19 October | ![]() |
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VMF | Suborbital | Missile test | 19 October | Successful[189] | |||
23 October | ![]() |
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Royal Navy | Suborbital | Missile test | 23 October | Successful[190] | |||
24 October 18:29 |
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RVSN | Suborbital | Missile test | 24 October | Successful[191] | |||
25 October | ![]() |
FTI-01 | C-17 Globemaster III, Pacific Ocean | ![]() | |||
MDA/IMDO | Suborbital | ABM target | 25 October | Successful[192] | |||
Target for THAAD, successful intercept | |||||||
25 October | ![]() |
FTI-01 | ![]() |
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US Army/MDA | Suborbital | ABM test | 25 October | Successful[192] | |||
Intercepted target missile | |||||||
25 October | ![]() |
FTI-01 | ![]() |
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MDA | Suborbital | ABM target | 25 October | Successful[192] | |||
SM-3 Block 1A target | |||||||
25 October | ![]() |
FTI-01 | ![]() |
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US Navy | Suborbital | ABM test | 25 October | Spacecraft failure[192] | |||
ARAV-B interceptor, intercept failed | |||||||
25 October | ![]() |
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MDA | Suborbital | ABM target | 25 October | Successful[192] | |||
FTI-01, Patriot PAC-3 target, successfully intercepted | |||||||
2 November 17:55 |
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UC Berkeley | Suborbital | Solar research | 2 November | Successful[193] | ||
14 November 11:07 |
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US Air Force | Suborbital | Test flight | 14 November | Successful[194] | |||
21 November 10:55 |
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University of Massachusetts | Suborbital | Astronomy | 21 November | Successful[195] | ||
23 November | ![]() |
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DRDO | Suborbital | Target | 23 November | Successful[196] | |||
Target for ABM test, successfully intercepted | |||||||
25 November 11:20 |
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DLR | Suborbital | Technology demonstration | 25 November | Successful[197] | ||
Apogee: 140公里(87英里) | |||||||
28 November | ![]() |
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Army of Pakistan | Suborbital | Missile test | 28 November | Successful[198] | ||
Apogee: 100公里(62英里) | |||||||
8 December 21:00 |
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INPE | Suborbital | Microgravity | 8 December | Successful[199] | ||
Apogee: 428公里(266英里) | |||||||
13 December 05:20 |
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U of M | Suborbital | Astronomy | 13 December | Successful[200] | ||
17 December 07:00[201] |
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Tohoku/JAXA/Tokai | Suborbital | Microgravity | 17 December | Successful[202] | ||
Apogee: 312公里(194英里) | |||||||
20 December 03:51 |
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Strategic Force Command | Suborbital | Missile test | 20 December | Successful[203] | |||
Apogee: ~100公里(62英里) |
深空机动
[编辑]日期 (UTC) | 航天器 | 事件 | 备注 |
---|---|---|---|
1 January | GRAIL-B | Lunar orbit insertion | Joined its twin, GRAIL-A, which entered lunar orbit on 31 December 2011.[204] |
2 January | Cassini | 80th flyby of Titan | Closest approach: 29,415公里(18,278英里).[205] |
30 January | Cassini | 81st flyby of Titan | Closest approach: 31,131公里(19,344英里).[205] |
19 February | Cassini | 82nd flyby of Titan | Closest approach: 3,803公里(2,363英里).[205] |
9 March | Cassini | Flyby of Enceladus | Closest approach: 9,000公里(5,600英里).[205] |
27 March | Cassini | 17th flyby of Enceladus | Closest approach: 74公里(46英里).[205] |
14 April | Cassini | 18th flyby of Enceladus Flyby of Tethys |
Closest approach to Enceladus: 74公里(46英里).[205] Closest approach to Tethys: 9,000公里(5,600英里).[205] |
2 May | Cassini | 20th flyby of Enceladus Flyby of Dione |
Closest approach to Enceladus: 74公里(46英里).[205] Closest approach to Dione: 8,000公里(5,000英里).[205] |
20 May | Cassini | Flyby of Methone Flyby of Telesto |
Closest approach to Methone: 2,000公里(1,200英里).[205] Closest approach to Telesto: 11,000公里(6,800英里).[205] |
21 May | Cassini | 83rd flyby of Titan | Closest approach: 955公里(593英里).[205] |
6 June | Cassini | 84th flyby of Titan | Closest approach: 959公里(596英里).[205] |
24 July | Cassini | 85th flyby of Titan | Closest approach: 1,012公里(629英里).[205] |
6 August | Curiosity | Landing on Mars in Gale Crater | Used the Sky Crane soft landing system. Successful landing at 05:14 UTC at coordinates 4°35′22″S 137°26′30″E / 4.5895°S 137.4417°E.[8] |
5 September[11][206] | Dawn | Leaving Vestiocentric orbit | Headed for Ceres, which it reached on 6 March 2015.[207] |
26 September | Cassini | 86th flyby of Titan | Closest approach: 956公里(594英里).[205] |
13 November | Cassini | 87th flyby of Titan | Closest approach: 973公里(605英里).[205] |
29 November | Cassini | 88th flyby of Titan | Closest approach to Titan: 1,014公里(630英里).[205] |
13 December | Chang'e 2 | Flyby of 4179 Toutatis | First Chinese asteroid flyby. Closest approach to 4179 Toutatis: less than 1公里(0.62英里) (770 metres).[208] |
17 December | GRAIL | Lunar impact at "Sally K. Ride" site | Both GRAIL satellites concluded their mission by impacting the Moon's surface.[209][210] |
22 December | Cassini | Distant flyby of Titan Flyby of Rhea |
Closest approach to Titan: 715,000公里(444,000英里).[205] Closest approach to Rhea: 23,000公里(14,000英里).[205] |
舱外活动
[编辑]开始时间 | 持续时间 | 结束时间 | 航天器 | 乘组 | 备注 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
16 February 14:31[3] |
6 hours 15 minutes |
20:46 | Expedition 29/30 | ![]() |
Moved Strela 1 crane from ISS Pirs module to Poisk module, installed four materials experiments on the exterior of the ISS, and installed supporting struts on the EVA ladder on Pirs. |
20 August 16:37[4] |
5 hours 51 minutes |
22:28 | Expedition 31/32
ISS Pirs |
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Relocated Strela 2 telescoping boom from Pirs docking compartment to Zarya control module, in preparation for undocking of Pirs, which will pave the way for arrival of the Russian Multipurpose Laboratory Module in 2013. Also installed micrometeoroid debris shields on Zvezda service module, retrieved two experiments from Pirs' exterior, installed two support struts for hatch ladder and deployed two small tracking satellites.[89] |
30 August 12:16 |
8 hours 17 minutes |
20:33 | Expedition 31/32 | ![]() |
Connected two power cables between the US and Russian orbital segments; removed and replaced Main Bus Switching Unit (MBSU) 1. The crew had difficulty in removing connecting bolts of the old MBSU, and were unable to tighten up the bolts for the new unit. The new MBSU was tied down for future trouble-shooting, with all other tasks deferred to a future EVA. Third-longest EVA in history.[5] |
5 September 11:06 |
6 hours 28 minutes |
17:34 | Expedition 31/32
ISS Quest |
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Installed the new MBSU unit, working around difficulty with one of the bolts; replaced one of the cameras mounted on the Canadarm2. During this spacewalk, Sunita Williams broke Peggy Whitson's 2007 record for most total time spacewalking by a woman.[6][211] |
1 November 12:29 |
6 hours 38 minutes |
19:07 | Expedition 32/33
ISS Quest |
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Reconfigured and isolated a leak in the ammonia cooling system of power channel 2B on the P6 truss by bypassing a leaking cooling loop and re-connecting jumpers to an unused loop of the Early External Thermal Control System (EETCS), and by redeploying the trailing Thermal Control Radiator of the system.[7][212] |
轨道发射统计
[编辑]按国家(区域)
[编辑]就本章节的主旨而言,每次航天飞行所属的国家以火箭的原产国为准,而不是发射服务提供商或发射场所在国。例如,西欧阿丽亚娜空间公司在南美洲圭亚那航天中心发射的联盟号火箭应视作俄罗斯的发射,因为联盟2号是俄罗斯火箭。
- 中国: 19
- 欧洲: 8
- 印度: 2
- 伊朗: 2
- 日本: 2
- 朝鲜: 2
- 俄罗斯: 26
- 乌克兰: 3
- 美国: 13
国家(区域) | 发射数 | 成功数 | 失败数 | 部分 失败数 |
备注 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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19 | 19 | 0 | 0 | ||
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8 | 8 | 0 | 0 | ||
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2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | ||
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2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | ||
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2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | ||
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2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 首次成功轨道发射 | |
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26 | 24 | 1 | 1 | 包括阿丽亚娜空间公司从圭亚那航天中心发射的两次欧洲联盟号火箭。 | |
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3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 包括三枚从海上发射的天顶 | |
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13 | 12 | 0 | 1 | ||
总计 | 77 | 72 | 3 | 2 |
按火箭
[编辑]By family
[编辑]Family | Country | Launches | Successes | Failures | Partial failures | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ariane | ![]() |
7 | 7 | 0 | 0 | |
Atlas | ![]() |
6 | 6 | 0 | 0 | |
Delta | ![]() |
4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | |
Falcon | ![]() |
2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 8 October rocket failure only affected one of two payloads[110] |
H-II | ![]() |
2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | |
Long March | ![]() |
19 | 19 | 0 | 0 | |
Pegasus | ![]() |
1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
PSLV | ![]() |
2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | |
R-7 | ![]() |
14 | 14 | 0 | 0 | |
Safir | ![]() |
2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | |
Unha | ![]() |
2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | First successful launch |
Universal Rocket | ![]() |
12 | 10 | 1 | 1 | |
Vega | ![]() |
1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | Maiden flight |
Zenit | ![]() |
3 | 3 | 0 | 0 |
By type
[编辑]Rocket | Country | Family | Launches | Successes | Failures | Partial failures | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ariane 5 | ![]() |
Ariane | 7 | 7 | 0 | 0 | |
Atlas V | ![]() |
Atlas | 6 | 6 | 0 | 0 | |
Delta IV | ![]() |
Delta | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | |
Falcon 9 | ![]() |
Falcon | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | Failure only affected one of two payloads |
H-IIA | ![]() |
H-II | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
H-IIB | ![]() |
H-II | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Long March 2 | ![]() |
Long March | 6 | 6 | 0 | 0 | |
Long March 3 | ![]() |
Long March | 9 | 9 | 0 | 0 | |
Long March 4 | ![]() |
Long March | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | |
Pegasus | ![]() |
Pegasus | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
PSLV | ![]() |
PSLV | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | |
Proton | ![]() |
Universal Rocket | 11 | 9 | 1 | 1 | |
Safir | ![]() |
Safir | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | |
Soyuz | ![]() |
R-7 | 10 | 10 | 0 | 0 | |
Soyuz-2 | ![]() |
R-7 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | |
Unha | ![]() |
Unha | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | First successful launch |
UR-100 | ![]() |
Universal Rocket | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Vega | ![]() |
Vega | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | Maiden flight |
Zenit | ![]() |
Zenit | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 |
By configuration
[编辑]Rocket | Country | Type | Launches | Successes | Failures | Partial failures | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ariane 5 ECA | ![]() |
Ariane 5 | 6 | 6 | 0 | 0 | |
Ariane 5 ES | ![]() |
Ariane 5 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Atlas V 401 | ![]() |
Atlas V | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | |
Atlas V 501 | ![]() |
Atlas V | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Atlas V 531 | ![]() |
Atlas V | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Atlas V 551 | ![]() |
Atlas V | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Delta IV Medium+ (4,2) | ![]() |
Delta IV | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Delta IV Medium+ (5,2) | ![]() |
Delta IV | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | Maiden flight[213] |
Delta IV Medium+ (5,4) | ![]() |
Delta IV | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Delta IV Heavy | ![]() |
Delta IV | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Falcon 9 v1.0 | ![]() |
Falcon 9 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | Failure only affected one of two payloads |
H-IIA 202 | ![]() |
H-IIA | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
H-IIB | ![]() |
H-IIB | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Long March 2C | ![]() |
Long March 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | |
Long March 2D | ![]() |
Long March 2 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | |
Long March 2F | ![]() |
Long March 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Long March 3A | ![]() |
Long March 3 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Long March 3B | ![]() |
Long March 3 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | Final flight |
Long March 3B/E | ![]() |
Long March 3 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | |
Long March 3C | ![]() |
Long March 3 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | Final flight |
Long March 4B | ![]() |
Long March 4 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | |
Long March 4C | ![]() |
Long March 4 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | |
Pegasus XL | ![]() |
Pegasus | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
PSLV-CA | ![]() |
PSLV | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
PSLV-XL | ![]() |
PSLV | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Proton-K / Block DM-2 | ![]() |
Proton | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | Final flight[32] |
Proton-M / Briz-M | ![]() |
Proton | 10 | 8 | 1 | 1 | |
Rokot / Briz-KM | ![]() |
UR-100 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Safir-1B | ![]() |
Safir | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | |
Soyuz-2.1a / Fregat-M | ![]() |
Soyuz-2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | |
Soyuz ST-A / Fregat | ![]() |
Soyuz-2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Soyuz ST-B / Fregat-MT | ![]() |
Soyuz-2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Soyuz-FG | ![]() |
Soyuz | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | |
Soyuz-FG / Fregat | ![]() |
Soyuz | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Soyuz-U | ![]() |
Soyuz | 5 | 5 | 0 | 0 | |
Unha-3 | ![]() |
Unha | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | Maiden flight |
Vega | ![]() |
Vega | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | Maiden flight |
Zenit-3SL | ![]() |
Zenit | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 |
按发射场
[编辑]Site | Country | Launches | Successes | Failures | Partial failures | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baikonur | ![]() |
21 | 19 | 1 | 1 | |
Cape Canaveral | ![]() |
10 | 9 | 0 | 1 | |
Kourou | ![]() |
10 | 10 | 0 | 0 | |
Jiuquan | ![]() |
5 | 5 | 0 | 0 | |
Kwajalein | ![]() |
1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Ocean Odyssey | ![]() |
3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | |
Plesetsk | ![]() |
3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | |
Satish Dhawan | ![]() |
2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | |
Semnan | ![]() |
2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | |
Sohae | ![]() |
2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | |
Tanegashima | ![]() |
2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | |
Taiyuan | ![]() |
5 | 5 | 0 | 0 | |
Vandenberg | ![]() |
2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | |
Xichang | ![]() |
9 | 9 | 0 | 0 | |
Total | 77 | 72 | 3 | 2 |
按轨道
[编辑]- Transatmospheric
- Low Earth
- Low Earth (ISS)
- Low Earth (SSO)
- Low Earth (retrograde)
- Medium Earth
- Geosychronous
(transfer) - Inclined GSO
- High Earth
- Heliocentric
Orbital regime | Launches | Successes | Failures | Accidentally achieved |
Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Transatmospheric | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Low Earth | 39 | 37 | 2 | 0 | 12 to ISS, 1 to Tiangong-1 |
Medium Earth / Molniya | 5 | 5 | 0 | 1 | |
Geosynchronous / GTO | 32 | 31 | 1 | 0 | |
High Earth / Lunar transfer | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Heliocentric / Planetary transfer | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Total | 77 | 74 | 3 | 1 |
参见
[编辑]参考
[编辑]- 中国国家航天局
- 中国探月网
- Encyclopedia Astronautica
- Gunter's Space Page - Chronology of Space Launches
- 日本宇宙航空研究開發機構
- Jonathan's Space Report(SatCat.txt与Launchlog.txt两项)
- Mission Set Database (NASA GFC)
- NASA
- NASA SpaceFlight.com
- Orbital Report News Agency's Launch Logs
- Space Calander (NASA JPL)
- Southwest Space Archive
- SPACE.com Launch Forecast
- SpaceFlightNow
- Steven Pietrobon's Space Archive
- U.S. Space Objects Registry
脚注
[编辑]- ^ 1.0 1.1 Space Year Review 2012: Launch vehicles – Falcon 9, Delta IV and Soyuz show robustness in mishaps but not so for Safir or Proton. Flightglobal. 3 January 2013 [7 January 2013].
- ^ 2.0 2.1 China's Shenzhou 9 spacecraft returns to earth. The Guardian. 29 June 2012 [4 February 2013].
- ^ 3.0 3.1 Pete Harding. Cosmonaut duo complete Russian spacewalk outside ISS. NASASpaceflight.com. 16 February 2012 [19 February 2012].
- ^ 4.0 4.1 Russian cosmonauts perform six-hour spacewalk outside International Space Station. The Daily Telegraph. 21 August 2012 [27 August 2012]. (原始内容存档于23 August 2012).
- ^ 5.0 5.1 Pete Harding. Astronaut duo complete challenging first post-Shuttle US spacewalk on ISS. NASASpaceflight. 30 August 2012 [4 September 2012].
- ^ 6.0 6.1 Williams sets record in spacewalk. The Peninsula Qatar. 20 November 2012 [29 November 2012]. (原始内容存档于4 February 2013).
- ^ 7.0 7.1 Astronauts take spacewalk to find ammonia leak. AP via USA TODAY. 1 November 2012 [4 March 2013].
- ^ 8.0 8.1 Nasa's Curiosity rover successfully lands on Mars. BBC. 6 August 2012 [3 November 2013].
- ^ 9.0 9.1 SpaceX Launches Private Capsule on Historic Trip to Space Station. Space.com. 22 May 2012 [10 February 2013]. (原始内容存档于3 October 2012).
- ^ 10.0 10.1 10.2 SpaceX's Dragon returns to Earth with precious cargo from ISS. NASASpaceflight.com. 28 October 2012 [28 October 2012].
- ^ 11.0 11.1 NASA's Dawn Spacecraft Hits Snag on Trip to 2 Asteroids. Space.com. 15 August 2012 [27 August 2012].
- ^ China opens 2012 with ZiYuan-3 launch via Long March 4B. NASASpaceflight.com. 8 January 2012 [15 November 2012]. (原始内容存档于23 May 2012).
- ^ VESSELSAT 2. N2YO.com. [21 November 2019].
- ^ 长三甲遥二十二火箭将发射风云二号卫星 ('Long March 3A rocket will launch the Fengyun satellite'). China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology. 15 December 2011 [13 January 2012]. (原始内容存档于7 April 2014) (中文).
- ^ China launch again – Long March 3A launches FengYun-2F. NASASpaceflight.com. 12 January 2012 [8 December 2012]. (原始内容存档于16 January 2012).
- ^ Photos: Air Force Satellite Launch Lights Up the Night. Space.com. 20 January 2012 [8 December 2012].
- ^ Chris Bergin. Progress M-14M bids farewell to ISS as M-15M launches. NASAspaceflight.com. 20 April 2012 [21 April 2012].
- ^ Navis [sic] Satellite. Recent Reentries. Center for Orbital and Reentry Debris Studies. [20 April 2012]. (原始内容存档于5 November 2012).
- ^ Iran launches another satellite. Discovery News. 3 February 2012 [9 December 2012]. (原始内容存档于23 April 2012).
- ^ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4 Europe launches new Vega rocket on maiden voyage. Space.com. 13 February 2012 [9 December 2012].
- ^ Lares e Vega verso il lancio (in Italian). ASI. 22 December 2010 [24 October 2012]. (原始内容存档于28 March 2012).
- ^ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 22.5 ESA Announces Vega CubeSat Selection. Education Office. European Space Agency. 7 June 2008 [23 July 2008]. (原始内容存档于18 July 2008).
- ^ UNICUBESAT. N2YO.com. [21 November 2019].
- ^ ROBUSTA. N2YO.com. [21 November 2019].
- ^ E-STAR. N2YO.com. [21 November 2019].
- ^ MASAT-1. N2YO.com. [21 November 2019].
- ^ 50th SES spacecraft in orbit after successful ILS Proton launch. SES. 15 February 2012 [9 December 2012].
- ^ China launches 11th satellite for navigation system. Xinhua via China.org.cn. 25 February 2012 [9 December 2012].
- ^ Amazing Launch Photos: Blastoff for Navy's Next-Gen MUOS-1 Satellite. Space.com. 24 February 2012 [9 December 2012].
- ^ Mission accomplished! Arianespace launches ATV Edoardo Amaldi cargo vessel to the International Space Station. Arianespace. 23 March 2012 [9 December 2012]. (原始内容存档于26 June 2012).
- ^ Intelsat's Global Broadband Maritime and Aeronautical Infrastructure Continues to Advance with ILS Proton Launch Success of Intelsat 22. International Launch Services. 25 March 2012 [9 December 2012].
- ^ 32.0 32.1 Russian Proton-K completes 45 years of service with US-KMO satellite launch. NASASpaceflight.com. 29 March 2012 [21 February 2013].
- ^ Bergin, Chris. Chinese Long March 3B/E launches Apstar-7. NASASpaceflight.com. 31 March 2012 [9 December 2012]. (原始内容存档于25 October 2012).
- ^ USA 234. N2YO.com. [19 November 2019].
- ^ 35.0 35.1 North Korea's rocket launch fails as world condemns action. The Guardian. 13 April 2012 [10 February 2013].
- ^ North Korea moves rocket into position for launch. The Guardian. 8 April 2012 [10 February 2013].
- ^ Russia Buries Space Freighter in Pacific. RIA Novosti. 20 August 2012 [12 December 2012].
- ^ Yahsat 1B launch success. SatBeams.com. 24 April 2012 [16 December 2012].
- ^ Earth Observation System. Indian Space Research Organisation. [7 May 2008]. (原始内容存档于2 May 2008).
- ^ PSLV-C19 puts RISAT-1 in orbit. The Hindu. 26 April 2012 [16 December 2012].
- ^ 41.0 41.1 41.2 China launches Compass duo via Long March 3B. NASASpaceflight.com. 29 April 2012 [10 February 2013].
- ^ 2012 - Launches to Orbit and Beyond. Zarya.info. [19 December 2012].
- ^ 43.0 43.1 China launches Tianhui-1B via Long March 2D. NASASpaceflight.com. 6 May 2012 [14 May 2012]. (原始内容存档于22 October 2012).
- ^ 44.0 44.1 China increases the pace with Long March 4B spy satellite launch. NASASpaceflight.com. 10 May 2012 [4 February 2013]. (原始内容存档于25 October 2012).
- ^ Photos: Space Station's Expedition 32 Crew Lands on Earth. Space.com. 16 September 2012 [21 December 2012]. (原始内容存档于19 September 2012).
- ^ Ariane 5 ECA launches JCSAT-13 and VINASAT-2 into orbit. NASASpaceflight.com. 15 May 2012 [22 December 2012].
- ^ Lockheed Martin-Built VINASAT-2 Satellite Begins Service for Vietnam Posts and Telecommunications Group. Lockheed Martin. 5 July 2012 [22 December 2012]. (原始内容存档于7 April 2014).
- ^ Kobalt-M satellite. RussianSpaceWeb.com. 2012 [3 January 2013]. (原始内容存档于22 March 2016).
- ^ 49.0 49.1 Launch Success for H-IIA delivering 4 Payloads to Orbit. Spaceflight101.com. 17 May 2012 [7 January 2013]. (原始内容存档于12 February 2013).
- ^ HORYU-II project members. Announcement about the end of HORYU-II operation. Kyushu Institute of Technology. 24 February 2017 [9 July 2017]. (原始内容存档于23 April 2017).
- ^ Nimiq 6. Telesat. [7 January 2013].
- ^ NASA managers announce February 7 launch date for Dragon ISS mission. NASASpaceFlight.com. 9 December 2011 [9 December 2011]. (原始内容存档于8 January 2012).
- ^ Space station captures SpaceX Dragon capsule. USA Today. 25 May 2012 [10 February 2013].
- ^ Moskowitz, Clara. Ashes of Star Trek's 'Scotty' Ride Private Rocket Into Space. Space.com (New York). 22 May 2012 [31 May 2012]. (原始内容存档于23 May 2012).
- ^ Bergin, Chris. SpaceX's Dragon returns to Earth following successful ISS mission. NASASpaceflight.com. 31 May 2012 [31 May 2012].
- ^ 56.0 56.1 56.2 Hansen, Nick. Rocket science - Iran's rocket programme. Jane's Intelligence Review. 1 October 2012, 24 (10) [7 February 2013]. (原始内容存档于20 April 2013).
- ^ Long March 3B launches military satellite Chinasat-2A. NASASpaceflight.com. 26 May 2012 [4 February 2013].
- ^ Christy, Robert. List of Yaogan Launches. Zarya.info. [29 May 2012].
- ^ Space: SeaLaunch puts Intelsat 19 in orbit, problem ahead. Electronics Weekly. 6 June 2012 [8 June 2012].
- ^ NuSTAR Launch. NASA. 13 June 2012 [7 January 2013].
- ^ Why is China sending a woman into space?. SpaceDaily.com. 1 June 2012 [3 June 2012].
- ^ China to send first woman astronaut Liu Yang into space. BBC. 15 June 2012.
- ^ China Launches 1st Female Astronaut and 2 Men to Space Lab. Space.com. 16 June 2012.
- ^ China's Shenzhou 9 spacecraft returns to earth. The Guardian. 29 June 2012 [4 February 2013].
- ^ 2012 - Launches to Orbit and Beyond: 2012-032 | Shenzhou 9 Orbital Module. Zarya.info. [19 November 2019].
- ^ USA 236. N2YO.com. 20 June 2012 [7 January 2013].
- ^ Launch Updates. AGI.com. 29 June 2012 [7 January 2013]. (原始内容存档于7 April 2014).
- ^ Meteosat launches to maintain Europe's weather services. BBC. 6 July 2012.
- ^ Successful launch for SES-5. Broadband TV News. 10 July 2012 [11 January 2013].
- ^ Soyuz TMA-05M lands, returns three space station crewmates to Earth. CollectSpace.com. 18 November 2012 [22 January 2013].
- ^ Launch Result of H-IIB Launch Vehicle No. 3 with H-II Transfer Vehicle "KOUNOTORI3" (HTV3) Onboard. JAXA. 21 July 2012 [21 July 2012]. (原始内容存档于23 July 2012).
- ^ H-2B sends craft toward ISS/Japanese rocket's 3rd launch seen to boost international prestige. Yomiuri Shimbun. 22 July 2012 [10 July 2013]. (原始内容存档于18 February 2013).
Future launches of the domestically produced rockets will be handled by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd., the rockets' manufacturer, as opposed to previous launches managed by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency.
- ^ H2B打ち上げ、三菱重工に移管へ 大型通信衛星も対応可能に [Launch Service of H2B To Be Transferred To MHI, Capable of Large Com Satellites]. Nihon Keizai Shimbun (Tokyo). 21 July 2012 [20 February 2014] (日语).
- ^ Successful re-entry of H-II Transfer Vehicle "KOUNOTORI3" (HTV3). JAXA. 14 September 2012 [10 July 2013]. (原始内容存档于18 October 2012).
- ^ RAIKO_CUBESAT [@RAIKO_CUBESAT]. 最新の予報では、12:46に軌道離脱です。Space-Track.Org のDecay予報を参照しています。 (推文). 6 August 2013 [17 September 2013] –通过Twitter.
- ^ FITSAT-1 (Niwaka). FIT. 2013 [10 July 2013].
- ^ CubeSat "WE WISH" Re-entered Earth's Atmosphere. Meisei Electric. 12 March 2013 [7 July 2013]. (原始内容存档于5 November 2013).
- ^ HTV4 (KOUNOTORI 4) Mission Press Kit (PDF). JAXA. 2 August 2013 [4 August 2013].
- ^ Jacklin, Stephen A. Small-Satellite Mission Failure Rates (PDF). NTRS - NASA Technical Reports Server. Ames Research Center: NASA: 32. March 2019 [20 May 2021]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于20 May 2021).
Successfully deployed from the ISS, but no signal were received.
- ^ JSpOC estimates that the time of our reentry was 2013-05-05 0:00:00. Twitter. 6 May 2013 [8 July 2013].
- ^ 81.0 81.1 81.2 Belarus' first satellite enters orbit. Xinhua. 23 July 2012 [22 January 2013]. (原始内容存档于27 July 2012).
- ^ Krebs, Gunter. Zond-PP (MKA-PN 1). Gunter's Space Page. 21 July 2019 [19 November 2019].
- ^ Abschied vom Technologie-Erprobungsträger (TET-1) [Farewell to the Technology Experiment vehicle (TET-1)]. DLR. 21 November 2022 [23 November 2022] (德语).
- ^ Chinese data relay satellite TianLian-1C is launched successfully on a Long March 3C. Flightglobal. 26 July 2012 [28 July 2012].
- ^ Russia Launches Cluster of Four Satellites. RIA Novosti. 28 July 2012 [20 October 2012].
- ^ Progress M-16M successfully tests new fast rendezvous with ISS. NASASpaceflight.com. 1 August 2012 [24 January 2013].
- ^ Progress M-16M departs the Space Station, headed for Re-Entry. Spaceflight101.com. 9 February 2013 [20 April 2013]. (原始内容存档于12 February 2013).
- ^ SFERA. N2YO.com. [19 November 2019].
- ^ 89.0 89.1 Sfera-53. Gunter's Space Page. 2012 [24 January 2013].
- ^ 90.0 90.1 Ariane 5 ECA successfully launches Intelsat 20 and Hylas 2. NASASpaceflight.com. 2 August 2012 [29 January 2013].
- ^ The launch of "Proton-M" with the upper stage "Briz-M" and the spacecraft "Express-MD2" and "Telkom-3". Roscosmos. [7 August 2012]. (原始内容存档于12 August 2012).
- ^ Zak, Anatoly. Telkom-3 / Ekspress-MD2 launch failure. RussianSpaceWeb.com. 6 February 2021 [7 February 2021].
- ^ TELKOM-3. N2YO.com. 6 February 2021 [7 February 2021].
- ^ Russia Investigates Failed Rocket Launch. Space.com. 8 August 2012 [29 January 2013].
- ^ Intelsat 21 Launch Success Refreshes Capacity for Leading Latin America Video Neighborhood; Furthers Mobility Coverage Across South Atlantic Ocean. Intelsat. 19 August 2012 [29 January 2013]. (原始内容存档于24 January 2013).
- ^ Van Allen Probes Spacecraft B Completes Mission Operations. Applied Physics Laboratory. 23 July 2019 [10 October 2019].
- ^ Ten Highlights From NASA's Van Allen Probes Mission. NASA. 17 October 2019 [21 October 2019].
- ^ NASA Launches Radiation Belt Storm Probes Mission. NASA.gov. 30 August 2012 [29 January 2013].
- ^ 99.0 99.1 India's 100th Space Mission Launches Satellites Into Orbit. Space.com. 10 September 2012 [29 January 2013].
- ^ Atlas 5 launch success confirmed. Lompoc Record. 13 September 2012 [15 September 2012].
- ^ European weather satellite Metop-B launched into orbit. The Guardian. 17 September 2012 [18 September 2012].
- ^ 102.0 102.1 China back in action with dual Compass launch. NASASpaceflight.com. 18 September 2012.
- ^ Astra 2F ready for disputed orbital slot. Broadband TV News. 21 November 2012 [29 January 2013].
- ^ India launches GSAT-10 successfully. Hindustan Times. 29 September 2012 [29 January 2013]. (原始内容存档于7 October 2012).
- ^ State File:China launches 2nd satellite for Venezuela. CNN. 29 September 2012 [4 March 2013].
- ^ China Launches Earth-Observing Satellite for Venezuela. Space.com. 1 October 2012 [5 February 2013].
- ^ GPS IIF-3 Satellite Now Transmitting L1, L2 Signals. GPS World. 4 October 2012 [29 January 2013].
- ^ Falcon 9 undergoes pad rehearsal for October launch. Spaceflight Now. 31 August 2012 [12 September 2012].
- ^ Private Spacecraft to Launch Space Station Cargo On Oct. 7. LiveScience. 25 September 2012.
- ^ 110.0 110.1 Falcon 9 Drops Orbcomm Satellite in Wrong Orbit. Aviation Week. 8 October 2012 [9 October 2012]. (原始内容存档于6 October 2012).
- ^ Clark, Stephen. Orbcomm craft falls to Earth, company claims total loss. Spaceflight Now. 11 October 2012 [11 October 2012].
- ^ 112.0 112.1 Galileo: Europe's version of GPS reaches key phase. BBC. 12 October 2012 [15 October 2012].
- ^ 113.0 113.1 Long March 2C launches Shijian-9 tech demonstrator satellite duo. NASASpaceflight. 13 October 2012 [15 October 2012].
- ^ Intelsat 23 Launch Success to Provide Enhanced Capacity for the Americas, Europe and Africa. Intelsat. 14 October 2012 [30 January 2013]. (原始内容存档于24 January 2013).
- ^ Three-man Soyuz crew blasts off for space station. CNET. 23 October 2012 [24 October 2012].
- ^ Soyuz and crew arrive at ISS. Florida Today. 25 October 2012 [26 October 2012].
- ^ U.S., Russian Space Station Crew Descends to Earth, Leaving First Canadian in Command. Aviation Week. 15 March 2013 [16 March 2013]. (原始内容存档于24 April 2013).
- ^ China's Beidou GPS-substitute opens to public in Asia. BBC. 27 December 2012 [27 December 2012].
- ^ Barbosa, Rui C. China's Long March 3C lofts another Compass-G into orbit. NASASpaceflight.com. 25 October 2012 [25 October 2012].
- ^ Progress M-17-M (ISS 49P). Space Newsfeed. [30 January 2013]. (原始内容存档于21 April 2013).
- ^ Progress M-17M completes its Mission with Destructive Re-Entry April 21, 2013. Spaceflight101.com. 21 April 2013 [22 April 2013]. (原始内容存档于20 March 2013).
- ^ 122.0 122.1 Russian rocket puts 2 satellites into orbit. Kyiv Post. 3 November 2012 [2 December 2012].
- ^ 123.0 123.1 Eutelsat launches satellite to boost capacity in EMEA. ZDNet.com. 10 November 2012 [12 November 2012].
- ^ Russia Launches Dual-Purpose Telecoms Satellite. RIA Novosti. 14 November 2012 [14 November 2012].
- ^ Rui C. Barbosa. Chinese Long March 2C lofts Huanjing-1C into orbit. NASASpaceflight.com. 18 November 2012 [18 November 2012].
- ^ HJ-1C. N2YO.com. 1 March 2023 [4 March 2023].
- ^ XINYAN 1. In-The-Sky.org. 5 October 2019 [10 October 2019].
- ^ FENGNIAO-1 (FN-1). N2YO.com. 11 January 2024 [15 January 2024].
- ^ FENGNIAO-1 (FN-1). N2YO.com. 11 January 2024 [15 January 2024].
- ^ EchoStar Telecom Satellite Launched from Baikonur. RIA Novosti. 20 November 2012 [20 November 2012].
- ^ 131.0 131.1 131.2 Long March 4C launches Yaogan Weixing-16 spy satellite for China. NASASpaceflight.com. 25 November 2012 [25 November 2012].
- ^ 132.0 132.1 China's 18th launch of 2012 sees Long March 3B loft ChinaSat-12. NASASpaceflight.com. 27 November 2012 [27 November 2012].
- ^ Russian-made rocket blasts French satellite into orbit. MSNBC. 2 December 2012 [2 December 2012]. (原始内容存档于5 December 2012).
- ^ SeaLaunch successfully puts Eutelsat 70B into orbit. Flightglobal. 3 December 2012 [3 December 2012].
- ^ ILS Declares a Proton Launch Anomaly. International Launch Services. 8 December 2012 [9 December 2012].
- ^ Yamal-300K and Yamal-402 satellites start commercial operation. Gazprom. 25 January 2013 [7 July 2013]. (原始内容存档于28 May 2013).
- ^ 137.0 137.1 Bergin, Chris. Third X-37B returns home after nearly two years in space. NASASpaceFlight.com. 17 October 2014 [18 October 2014].
- ^ Air Force's Secret X-37B Space Plane Launches on Third Mission. Universe Today. 11 December 2012 [11 December 2012].
- ^ North Korea launches rocket, raising nuclear arms stakes. Reuters. 12 December 2012 [12 December 2012].
- ^ 140.0 140.1 Talmadge, Eric. Crippled NKorean probe could orbit for years. Associated Press. 18 December 2012 [18 December 2012]. (原始内容存档于29 October 2013).
- ^ North Korea defies warnings to launch rocket. BBC. 12 December 2012 [12 December 2012].
- ^ North Korea Launches Rocket. Wall Street Journal. 11 December 2012 [12 December 2012]. (原始内容存档于12 December 2012).
- ^ Barbosa, Rui C. China end 2012 with Long March 2D launch of Göktürk-2. NASASpaceflight.com. 18 December 2012 [18 December 2012].
- ^ China launches Turkish satellite: state media. AFP via Google. 18 December 2012 [18 December 2012]. (原始内容存档于25 January 2013).
- ^ Chris Bergin. Soyuz TMA-07M returns ISS crew to Earth. NASASpaceflight.com. 13 May 2013 [15 May 2013].
- ^ 146.0 146.1 UK's Skynet military satellite launched. BBC. 19 December 2012 [20 December 2012].
- ^ Sounding Rocket Launch Scheduled January 11. NASA. 4 January 2012 [24 October 2012].
- ^ Wallops Flight Facility. NASA. [30 January 2013].
- ^ S-520-26 launch result. JAXA. 13 January 2012 [30 January 2013].
- ^ Israel tests Arrow 3 anti-ballistic missile system. Army-Technology.com. 25 January 2012 [30 January 2013].
- ^ India Successfully Test Interceptor Missile. DefenceNow.com. 11 February 2012 [1 February 2013]. (原始内容存档于23 September 2015).
- ^ US-Israel Arrow completes successful test. Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 10 February 2012 [1 February 2013].
- ^ MASER 12 - successfully launched. SSC. 13 February 2012 [1 February 2013]. (原始内容存档于24 October 2012).
- ^ 36.273 UE POWELL/CORNELL UNIVERSITY. NASA. 21 February 2012 [1 February 2013].
- ^ Lockheed Martin-Built Trident II D5 Missile Achieves 137th Successful Test Flight. Lockheed Martin. 14 March 2012 [1 February 2013]. (原始内容存档于7 April 2014).
- ^ Minuteman III test missile launches from Vandenberg. Vandenberg Air Force Base. 25 February 2012 [1 February 2013]. (原始内容存档于5 March 2013).
- ^ CIBER Mission Launched. NASA. 22 March 2012 [3 February 2013].
- ^ 158.0 158.1 158.2 158.3 158.4 ATREX Mission: NASA's Five-Rocket Barrage to Study Winds at Edge of Space. Space.com. 27 March 2012 [3 February 2013].
- ^ April 5, 2012: UP Aerospace Launches Payloads Into Space for the DoD and NASA Flight Opportunities Program. UP Aerospace. 5 April 2012 [3 February 2013].
- ^ 160.0 160.1 160.2 160.3 Lockheed Martin-Built Trident II D5 Missile's Reliability Record Reaches 142 Successful Test Flights. Lockheed Martin. 31 May 2012 [4 February 2013]. (原始内容存档于7 April 2014).
- ^ India test launches Agni-V long-range missile. BBC. 19 April 2012 [4 February 2013].
- ^ Pakistan Test-fires Improved Shaheen-1 Missile. DefenseNews.com. 25 April 2012 [4 February 2013]. (原始内容存档于15 February 2013).
- ^ 163.0 163.1 Advanced version of Aegis interceptor missile to be built in Huntsville destroys target in test (video). Huntsville Times. 10 May 2012 [4 February 2013].
- ^ Russia tests secret missile after Nato shield launched. BBC. 23 May 2012 [4 February 2013].
- ^ Podvig, Pavel. Test of Topol from Kapustin Yar. Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces. 7 June 2012 [4 February 2013].
- ^ NASA Sounding Rocket Launch Launched June 21. NASA. 21 June 2012 [4 February 2013].
- ^ Experiments on SHEFEX II successful. DLR.de. 28 June 2012 [4 February 2013].
- ^ 36.286 UE WOODS/UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO. NASA. 23 June 2012 [4 February 2013].
- ^ 169.0 169.1 Second-Generation Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense System Completes Second Successful Intercept Flight Test. United States Missile Defense Agency. 27 June 2012 [4 February 2013]. (原始内容存档于20 February 2013).
- ^ 170.0 170.1 170.2 Iran tests long-range ballistic missiles. The Guardian. 3 July 2012 [4 February 2013].
- ^ SUMI Sounding Rocket Mission Launches Successfully. NASA. 5 July 2012 [4 February 2013].
- ^ The Hi-C Suborbital Spacecraft Snaps the Sun's Hottest Spots. Gizmodo UK. 30 January 2013 [5 February 2013].
- ^ Agni-I a success. The Hindu. 13 July 2012 [5 February 2013].
- ^ 39.011 NR CHEATWOOD/NASA LANGLEY RESEARCH CENTER. NASA. 23 July 2012 [5 February 2013].
- ^ 36.263 US JUDGE/UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. NASA. 24 July 2012 [5 February 2013].
- ^ 観測ロケットS-310-41号機 打上げ終了('Exit launch rocket S-310-41 observation'). JAXA. 7 August 2012 [7 August 2012] (日语).
- ^ 2012年度第1次観測ロケット実験の実施について ('Sounding rocket experiment on the implementation of the first fiscal year following 2012'). JAXA. 1 June 2012 [8 June 2012] (日语).
- ^ S-310-41 launch completed. JAXA. 7 August 2012 [5 February 2013]. (原始内容存档于8 June 2013).
- ^ Agni-II launch, a flawless mission. The Hindu. 9 August 2012 [5 February 2013].
- ^ Rocket Launch at Wallops Flight Facility. Delmarva Public Radio. 12 September 2012 [5 February 2013]. (原始内容存档于7 April 2014).
- ^ Dazzling Army Missile Test Triggers UFO Reports in Western US. Space.com. 14 September 2012 [5 February 2013].
- ^ HIFiRE 3 Launched from Andøya. Andøya Rocket Range. 19 September 2012 [5 February 2013].
- ^ Long range strategic missile Agni-IV test-fired. The Hindu. 19 September 2012 [4 December 2012].
- ^ India test fires nuclear-capable Agni-III ballistic missile. IBN Live. 21 September 2012 [4 December 2012]. (原始内容存档于5 November 2012).
- ^ RockSat-X launches; next launch Sept. 22. NASA. 21 September 2012 [5 February 2013].
- ^ NASA successfully tests new launch vehicle from WFF. NASA. 22 September 2012 [5 February 2013].
- ^ Prithvi-II successfully test-fired from Odisha. The Hindu. 4 October 2012 [5 February 2013].
- ^ Nuclear-capable Dhanush successfully test-fired. The Hindu. 5 October 2012 [5 February 2013].
- ^ 189.0 189.1 В России завершены небывалые по масштабу учения стратегических ядерных сил ('Russia has completed an unprecedented scale test of strategic nuclear forces'). 1TV.ru. 20 October 2012 [4 March 2013] (俄语).
- ^ UK Trident Missile Test Launch 23 October 2012: Caroline Lucas Asks About Cost & Informing Other Govts In Advance. Acronym.org.uk. 19 November 2012 [5 February 2013]. (原始内容存档于28 November 2012).
- ^ Russia to create new missiles to compete with U.S.. Missile Threat. 9 January 2013 [5 February 2013]. (原始内容存档于21 January 2013).
- ^ 192.0 192.1 192.2 192.3 192.4 Ballistic Missile Defense System Engages Five Targets Simultaneously During Largest Missile Defense Flight Test in History. United States Missile Defense Agency. 25 October 2012 [5 February 2013]. (原始内容存档于16 February 2013).
- ^ A Next-Generation X-Ray Telescope Launches. NASA. 2 November 2012 [5 February 2013].
- ^ Minuteman III test missile launches from Vandenberg. Vandenberg Air Force Base. 14 November 2012 [5 February 2013]. (原始内容存档于20 February 2013).
- ^ IMAGER Launch Successful. NASA. 21 November 2012 [5 February 2013].
- ^ India successfully tests ballistic missile shield. NDTV. 23 November 2012 [19 April 2013].
- ^ MAPHEUS 3, successfully launched!. SSC. 25 November 2012 [5 February 2013]. (原始内容存档于24 July 2013).
- ^ Pak test fires N-capable Hatf V Ghauri missile. Zeenews.india.com. 29 November 2012 [5 February 2013].
- ^ Site G1 - Globo.com Foguete de sondagem VS-30/Orion é lançado com sucesso em Alcântara. IAE. 9 December 2012 [5 February 2013].
- ^ 36.283 UH GALEAZZI/UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI. NASA. 13 December 2012 [5 February 2013].
- ^ 観測ロケットS-520-28号機 打上げ終了('Observation of S-520-28 rocket launch'). JAXA. 17 December 2012 [17 December 2012] (日语).
- ^ S-520-28 launch result. JAXA. 17 December 2012 [5 February 2013].
- ^ India Successfully Test-Fires Prithvi-2 Missile. Turkish Weekly. 20 December 2012 [5 February 2013]. (原始内容存档于25 December 2012).
- ^ NASA's Twin Grail Spacecraft Reunite in Lunar Orbit. NASA.gov. 1 January 2012 [27 November 2012].
- ^ 205.00 205.01 205.02 205.03 205.04 205.05 205.06 205.07 205.08 205.09 205.10 205.11 205.12 205.13 205.14 205.15 205.16 205.17 205.18 Cassini Saturn Tour Dates: 2012. NASA. 2012 [5 February 2013]. (原始内容存档于20 January 2013).
- ^ Dawn departs Vesta to become first asteroid hopper. New Scientist. 6 September 2012 [3 November 2013]. (原始内容存档于7 September 2012).
- ^ Spacecraft Dawn has arrived at Ceres, one of solar system's last unexplored planets. Washington Post. 6 March 2015 [2 September 2015].
- ^ Chinese space probe flies by asteroid Toutatis. Xinhua. 15 December 2012 [3 November 2013]. (原始内容存档于17 December 2012).
- ^ "NASA's Grail Lunar Impact Site Named for Astronaut Sally Ride". NASA. 17 December 2012. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
- ^ GRAIL orbiters make DEATH DIVE into lunar mountain. The Register. 18 December 2012 [18 December 2012].
- ^ Spacewalk Success as second EVA installs troublesome MBSU-1. NASASpaceflight. 5 September 2012 [6 September 2012].
- ^ ISS Managers Mull Spacewalks To Address Power, Cooling Issues. Aviation Week. 10 October 2012 [10 February 2013]. (原始内容存档于1 May 2013).
- ^ First Delta IV Medium in 5/2 configuration launches from Vandenberg. US Air Force Space Command. 4 April 2012 [13 June 2013]. (原始内容存档于30 January 2016).
外部链接
[编辑]- Forecasts 2012: Spaceflight. Flightglobal. 2011 [24 July 2013].
- The 12 Most Anticipated Space Missions of 2012. Space.com. 26 December 2011 [10 February 2013].
- 2012 Human Spaceflight: A Look Ahead. Discovery News. 12 December 2012 [8 July 2013].