2001年航太活動列表
外觀

![]() | 此條目可參照英語維基百科相應條目來擴充。 |
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軌道發射 | |
---|---|
首次 | 1月9日 |
末次 | 12月28日 |
總計 | 59 |
成功 | 58 |
失敗 | 1 |
識別碼 | 58 |
火箭 | |
處女航 | 地球同步衛星運載火箭 H-IIA運載火箭202構型 質子M型運載火箭 聯盟-FG型運載火箭 |
退役 | 亞利安4號運載火箭44P構型 亞利安4號運載火箭44LP構型 雅典娜1號運載火箭 |
載人太空飛行 | |
軌道飛行次數 | 8 |
載人太空飛行人數合計 | 44 |
和平號太空站離軌
[編輯]2001年3月23日,俄羅斯和平號太空站脫離軌道,進入大氣層並被摧毀,結束了它的使命。其主要部件的使用年限從5年到15年不等,包括核心艙、量子1號、量子2號、晶體號、光譜號和自然號和對接艙。儘管俄羅斯對和平號的未來持樂觀態度,但他對國際太空站計畫的承諾使其沒有資金支援和平號。[1]
軌道發射
[編輯]
已隱藏部分未翻譯內容,歡迎參與翻譯。
發射時間 (UTC) | 運載火箭 | 火箭編號 | 發射場 | 發射服務提供商 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
酬載 (⚀ = 立方星) |
載荷使用者 | 軌道 | 功能 | 再入時間 (UTC) | 結果 | ||
附註 | |||||||
January[編輯] | |||||||
9 January 17:00 |
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CMSA | Low Earth | Test spacecraft | 16 January 11:22 |
Successful | ||
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CMSA | Low Earth | Test spacecraft | 24 August 09:05 |
Successful | ||
10 January 22:09 |
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Eurasiasat SAM | Geosynchronous | Communications | 在軌 | Operational | ||
24 January 04:28 |
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Roskosmos | Low Earth (Mir) | Deorbit Mir | 23 March 05:50 |
Successful | ||
Final spacecraft to dock with the Mir space station. Remained docked during re-entry. | |||||||
30 January 07:55 |
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US Air Force | Medium Earth | Navigation | 在軌 | Operational | ||
February[編輯] | |||||||
7 February 23:05 |
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Sicral | Geostationary | Communications | 在軌 | Operational | |||
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MoD (UK) | Geostationary | Communications | 在軌 | Operational | ||
Skynet 4F is the final ECS-class satellite. | |||||||
7 February 23:13 |
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NASA | Low Earth (ISS) | ISS assembly | 20 February 20:33 |
Successful | ||
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NASA | Low Earth (ISS) | ISS component | 在軌 | Operational | ||
Crewed orbital flight with 5 astronauts | |||||||
20 February 08:48 |
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SSC | Low Earth | Infrared astronomy | 在軌 | Operational | ||
26 February 08:09 |
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Roskosmos | Low Earth (ISS) | Logistics | 16 April 13:23 |
Successful | ||
ISS flight 3P | |||||||
27 February 21:20 |
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US Air Force | Geosynchronous | Communications | 在軌 | Operational | ||
March[編輯] | |||||||
8 March 11:42 |
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NASA | Low Earth (ISS) | ISS assembly | 21 March 07:31 |
Successful | ||
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ASI/NASA | Low Earth (ISS) | Logistics | Successful | |||
Crewed orbital flight with 7 astronauts, ISS crew exchange (launched Expedition 2) Maiden flight of Multi-Purpose Logistics Module | |||||||
8 March 22:51 |
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Eutelsat | Geosynchronous | Communications | 在軌 | Operational | ||
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BSAT | Geosynchronous | Communications | 在軌 | Operational | ||
18 March 22:33 |
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XM Satellite Radio | Geosynchronous | Communications | 在軌 | Partial satellite failure | ||
Design fault with solar panels led to shorter operational life, deactivated November 2006 | |||||||
April[編輯] | |||||||
7 April 03:47 |
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GPKS | Geosynchronous | Communications | 在軌 | Operational | ||
Maiden flight of Proton-M | |||||||
7 April 15:02 |
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NASA | Areocentric | Mars orbiter | 在軌 | Operational | ||
18 April 10:13 |
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ISRO | Geosynchronous | Communications | 在軌 | Failure | ||
Payload placed in incorrect orbit due to underpowered upper stage of launch vehicle Maiden flight of GSLV | |||||||
19 April 18:40 |
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NASA | Low Earth (ISS) | ISS assembly | 1 May 16:10 |
Successful | ||
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ASI/NASA | Low Earth (ISS) | Logistics | Successful | |||
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NASA | Low Earth (ISS) | ISS component | 在軌 | Operational | ||
Crewed orbital flight with 7 astronauts | |||||||
28 April 07:37 |
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Roskosmos | Low Earth (ISS) | ISS escape craft | 31 October | Successful | ||
Crewed orbital flight with three cosmonauts including the first space tourist, whose flight was arranged by the American company Space Adventures | |||||||
May[編輯] | |||||||
8 May 22:10 |
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XM Satellite Radio | Geosynchronous | Communications | 在軌 | Partial satellite failure | ||
Design fault with solar panels led to shorter operational life, deactivated November 2006 | |||||||
15 May 01:11 |
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PanAmSat | Geosynchronous | Communications | 在軌 | Operational | ||
18 May 17:45 |
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NRO | Geostationary | Experimental communications | 在軌 | Operational | ||
NROL-17 Mission. | |||||||
20 May 22:32 |
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Roskosmos | Low Earth (ISS) | Logistics | 22 August | Successful | ||
Maiden flight of Soyuz-FG ISS flight 4P | |||||||
29 May 17:55 |
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MO RF | Low Earth | Reconnaissance | 10 October | Successful | ||
June[編輯] | |||||||
8 June 15:08 |
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MO RF | Low Earth | Navigation | 在軌 | Operational | ||
9 June 06:45 |
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Intelsat | Geosynchronous | Communications | 在軌 | Operational | ||
16 June 01:49 |
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SES Astra | Geosynchronous | Communications | 在軌 | Operational | ||
19 June 04:41 |
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ICO | Medium Earth | Communications | 在軌 | Operational | ||
30 June 17:45 |
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NASA | Earth-Sun L2 Lagrange Point | Astronomy | 在軌 | Successful | ||
Ceased operations on 20 August 2010, subsequently manoeuvred into heliocentric orbit on 8 September[2] | |||||||
July[編輯] | |||||||
12 July 09:03 |
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NASA | Low Earth (ISS) | ISS assembly | 25 July 03:38 |
Successful | ||
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NASA | Low Earth | ISS component | 在軌 | Operational | ||
Crewed orbital flight with five astronauts | |||||||
12 July 21:58 |
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ESA | Geosynchronous | Navigation | 在軌 | Partial launch failure Operational | ||
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BSAT | Intended: Geosynchronous Achieved: Medium Earth |
Communications | 28 January 2014 | Launch failure | ||
Premature cutoff of 2nd stage. Artemis reached correct orbit under own power, BSAT abandoned in useless orbit | |||||||
20 July 00:17 |
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MO RF | Molniya | Communications | 19 December 2016[3] | Successful | ||
23 July 07:23 |
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NOAA | Geosynchronous | Weather satellite | 在軌 | Operational | ||
31 July 08:00 |
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RAKA | Sun-synchronous | Solar observation | 6 December 2005[4] | Successful | ||
August[編輯] | |||||||
6 August 07:28 |
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US Air Force | Geosynchronous | Missile early warning | 在軌 | Operational | ||
8 August 16:13 |
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NASA | Earth-Sun L1 Lagrange Point | Solar wind sample return | 8 September 2004 | Partial failure | ||
Parachute failed to deploy upon return to Earth, some samples recovered from wreckage | |||||||
10 August 21:10 |
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NASA | Low Earth (ISS) | ISS assembly | 22 August 03:38 |
Successful | ||
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ASI/NASA | Low Earth (ISS) | Logistics | Successful | |||
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NASA | Low Earth | Astronomy | 30 January 2002 | Failure | ||
Crewed orbital flight with seven astronauts ISS crew exchange (launched Expedition 3) Simplesat released 20 August 18:30 UTC, and failed to contact ground | |||||||
21 August 09:23 |
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Roskosmos | Low Earth (ISS) | Logistics | 22 November | Successful | ||
ISS flight 5P | |||||||
24 August 20:35 |
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VKS | Geosynchronous | Early warning | 在軌 | Operational | ||
29 August 07:00 |
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NASDA | Geostationary transfer | Orbit determination | 在軌 | Successful | ||
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NASDA | Geostationary transfer | Boilerplate spacecraft | 在軌 | Successful | ||
Maiden flight of H-IIA | |||||||
30 August 06:46 |
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Intelsat | Geosynchronous | Communications | 在軌 | Operational | ||
September[編輯] | |||||||
8 September 15:25 |
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Lockheed Martin | ||||
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NRO | Low Earth | SIGINT | 在軌 | Operational | ||
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NRO | Low Earth | SIGINT | 在軌 | Operational | ||
14 September 23:34 |
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Roscosmos | Low Earth (ISS) | Space tug / ISS assembly | 26 September | Successful | ||
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Roscosmos | Low Earth (ISS) | ISS component | 26 July 2021 14:51[5] |
Successful | ||
ISS flight 4R | |||||||
21 September 18:49 |
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OrbImage | Intended: Low Earth (SSO) | Earth observation | 21 September | Launch failure | ||
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NASA | Intended: Low Earth (SSO) | Ozone observation | ||||
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Orbital Sciences / Celestis | Intended: Low Earth (SSO) | Technology demonstration / Space burial | ||||
Failed to reach orbit after control issues. SBD and Celestis-4 were hosted payloads on the third stage. | |||||||
25 September 23:21 |
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Eutelsat | Geosynchronous | Communications | 在軌 | Operational | ||
Final flight of Ariane 4 44P. | |||||||
30 September 02:40 |
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NASA | Low Earth | Laser ranging | 21 January 2003 | Successful | ||
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U.S. Air Force | Low Earth | Technology demonstration | 在軌 | Successful | ||
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U.S. Air Force | Low Earth | Communications | 在軌 | Operational | ||
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Stanford University | Low Earth | Education | 在軌 | Successful | ||
Kodiak Star, Space Test Program mission. Final flight of Athena I, and at the time final flight of the Athena family, which was later reactivated. First orbital launch from Kodiak Island. | |||||||
October[編輯] | |||||||
5 October 21:21 |
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NRO | Sun-synchronous | Reconnaissance | 在軌 | Operational | ||
6 October 16:45 |
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VKS | Geosynchronous | Communications | 在軌 | Operational | ||
11 October 02:32 |
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NRO | Geosynchronous | Communications | 在軌 | Operational | ||
18 October 18:51 |
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DigitalGlobe | Low Earth | Earth observation | 27 January 2015[6] | Successful | ||
21 October 08:59 |
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Roskosmos | Low Earth (ISS) | ISS escape craft | 5 May 2002 03:52 |
Successful | ||
Crewed orbital flight with three cosmonauts | |||||||
22 October 04:53 |
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ISRO | Low Earth | Reconnaissance | 在軌 | Operational | ||
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ESA | Low Earth | Technology demonstration | 在軌 | Operational | ||
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DLR | Low Earth | Earth imaging | 在軌 | Operational | ||
25 October 11:34 |
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VKS | Molniya | Communications | 6 December 2011 | Successful | ||
November[編輯] | |||||||
26 November 18:24 |
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Roskosmos | Low Earth (ISS) | Logistics | 20 March 2002 | Successful | ||
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RAKA | Low Earth | Technology demonstration | 4 May 2002 | Successful | ||
ISS flight 6P Kolibri deployed from Progress on 19 March 2002 | |||||||
27 November 00:35 |
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DirecTV | Geosynchronous | Communications | 在軌 | Operational | ||
Final flight of Ariane 4 44LP | |||||||
December[編輯] | |||||||
1 December 18:04 |
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KNITs | Medium Earth | Navigation | 在軌 | Operational | ||
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KNITs | Medium Earth | Navigation | 在軌 | Operational | ||
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KNITs | Medium Earth | Navigation | 在軌 | Operational | ||
5 December 22:19 |
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NASA | Low Earth (ISS) | ISS assembly | 17 December 17:55 |
Successful | ||
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ASI/NASA | Low Earth (ISS) | Logistics | Successful | |||
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NASA | Low Earth | Technology demonstration | 26 April 2002 | Successful | ||
Crewed orbital flight with seven astronauts ISS crew exchange (launched Expedition 4) Starshine 2 released 16 December, 15:02 UTC | |||||||
7 December 15:07 |
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CNES/NASA | Low Earth | Oceanography | 在軌 | Operational | ||
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NASA | Low Earth | Solar research | 在軌 | Operational | ||
10 December 17:18 |
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Rosaviakosmos | Low Earth | Weather satellite | 在軌 | Operational | ||
Kompas | IZMIRAN | Low Earth | Earthquake prediction | 在軌 | Operational | ||
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SUPARCO | Low Earth | Earth imaging | 在軌 | Partially Successful | ||
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Centre Royal de Teledetection Spatiale/TU Berlin | Low Earth | Earth imaging/Communications | 在軌 | Operational | ||
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Rosaviakosmos/US Air Force | Low Earth | Space debris research | 在軌 | Operational | ||
21 December 04:00 |
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Russian Navy | Low Earth | Reconnaissance | 20 March 2004 18:54[7] |
Successful | ||
28 December 03:24 |
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VKS | Low Earth | Communications | 在軌 | Operational | ||
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VKS | Low Earth | Communications | 在軌 | Operational | ||
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VKS | Low Earth | Communications | 在軌 | Operational | ||
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VKS | Low Earth | Communications | 在軌 | Operational | ||
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VKS | Low Earth | Communications | 在軌 | Operational | ||
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VKS | Low Earth | Communications | 在軌 | Operational |
發射統計
[編輯]按國家(區域)
[編輯]就本章節的目的而言,各國每年的軌道發射統計均將每次飛行分配給火箭的原產國,而不是發射服務提供商或發射場所在國。
- 中國: 1
- 歐洲: 8
- 印度: 2
- 日本: 1
- 俄羅斯: 19
- 美國: 22
- 烏克蘭: 6
國家(區域) | 發射數 | 成功數 | 失敗數 | 部分 失敗數 |
備註 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
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8 | 7 | 0 | 1 | ||
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2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | ||
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1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
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19 | 19 | 0 | 0 | ||
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6 | 6 | 0 | 0 | ||
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22 | 21 | 1 | 0 | ||
總計 | 59 | 56 | 2 | 1 |
按火箭
[編輯]
已隱藏部分未翻譯內容,歡迎參與翻譯。
By family
[編輯]Family | Country | Launches | Successes | Failures | Partial failures | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ariane | ![]() |
8 | 7 | 0 | 1 | |
Athena | ![]() |
1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | Final flight |
Atlas | ![]() |
4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | |
Delta | ![]() |
7 | 7 | 0 | 0 | |
GSLV | ![]() |
1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | Maiden flight |
H-II | ![]() |
1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Long March | ![]() |
1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Minotaur | ![]() |
1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
PSLV | ![]() |
1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
R-7 | ![]() |
11 | 11 | 0 | 0 | |
R-14 | ![]() |
1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
R-36 | ![]() |
3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | |
RT-2PM | ![]() |
1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Space Shuttle | ![]() |
6 | 6 | 0 | 0 | |
Titan | ![]() |
3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | |
Universal Rocket | ![]() |
6 | 6 | 0 | 0 | |
Zenit | ![]() |
3 | 3 | 0 | 0 |
By type
[編輯]Rocket | Country | Family | Launches | Successes | Failures | Partial failures | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
亞利安4號 | ![]() |
Ariane | 6 | 6 | 0 | 0 | |
Ariane 5 | ![]() |
Ariane | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
Athena I | ![]() |
Athena | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | Final flight |
Atlas II | ![]() |
Atlas | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | |
Delta II | ![]() |
Delta | 7 | 7 | 0 | 0 | |
GLSV | ![]() |
GSLV | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | Maiden flight |
H-IIA | ![]() |
H-II | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | Maiden flight |
Kosmos | ![]() |
R-14 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Long March 2 | ![]() |
Long March | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Molniya | ![]() |
R-7 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | |
PSLV | ![]() |
PSLV | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Proton | ![]() |
UR | 6 | 6 | 0 | 0 | |
Soyuz | ![]() |
R-7 | 9 | 9 | 0 | 0 | |
Space Shuttle | ![]() |
Space Shuttle | 6 | 6 | 0 | 0 | |
Start | ![]() |
RT-2PM | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Taurus | ![]() |
Minotaur | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
泰坦4號 | ![]() |
Titan | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | |
Tsyklon | ![]() |
R-36 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | |
Zenit | ![]() |
Zenit | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 |
By configuration
[編輯]Rocket | Country | Type | Launches | Successes | Failures | Partial failures | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
亞利安4號44P構型 | ![]() |
Ariane 4 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | Final flight |
亞利安4號44LP構型 | ![]() |
Ariane 4 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | Final flight |
亞利安4號44L構型 | ![]() |
Ariane 4 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | |
Ariane 5G | ![]() |
Ariane 5 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
Athena I | ![]() |
Athena | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | Final flight |
Atlas IIA | ![]() |
Atlas II | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Atlas IIAS | ![]() |
Atlas II | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | |
Delta II 7320-10 | ![]() |
Delta II | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Delta II 7326-9.5 | ![]() |
Delta II | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Delta II 7425-10 | ![]() |
Delta II | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Delta II 7920-10 | ![]() |
Delta II | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Delta II 7925-9.5 | ![]() |
Delta II | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | |
GLSV Mk I | ![]() |
GSLV | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | Maiden flight |
H-IIA 202 | ![]() |
H-IIA | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | Maiden flight |
Kosmos-3M | ![]() |
Kosmos | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Long March 2F | ![]() |
Long March 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Molniya-M | ![]() |
Molniya | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | |
PSLV-G | ![]() |
PSLV | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
質子K型 / Blok DM-2 | ![]() |
Proton | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | |
質子K型 / Blok DM-2M | ![]() |
Proton | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | |
質子M型 / Briz-M | ![]() |
Proton | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | Maiden flight |
Soyuz-U | ![]() |
Soyuz | 7 | 7 | 0 | 0 | |
Soyuz-FG | ![]() |
Soyuz | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | Maiden flight |
Space Shuttle | ![]() |
Space Shuttle | 6 | 6 | 0 | 0 | |
Start-1 | ![]() |
Start | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Taurus 2110 | ![]() |
Taurus | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
Titan IVB | ![]() |
Titan IV | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Titan IVB / Centaur-T | ![]() |
Titan IV | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Titan IVB / IUS | ![]() |
Titan IV | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
旋風-2 | ![]() |
Tsyklon | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
旋風-3 | ![]() |
Tsyklon | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | |
Zenit-2 | ![]() |
Zenit | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Zenit-3SL | ![]() |
Zenit | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
按發射場
[編輯]
已隱藏部分未翻譯內容,歡迎參與翻譯。
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China
France
India
International waters
Japan
Kazakhstan
Russia
United States
Site | Country | Launches | Successes | Failures | Partial failures | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baikonur | ![]() |
16 | 16 | 0 | 0 | |
Cape Canaveral | ![]() |
10 | 10 | 0 | 0 | |
Jiuquan | ![]() |
1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Kennedy | ![]() |
6 | 6 | 0 | 0 | |
Kodiak | ![]() |
1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | First orbital launch |
Kourou | ![]() |
8 | 7 | 0 | 1 | |
Ocean Odyssey | ![]() |
2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | |
Plesetsk | ![]() |
6 | 6 | 0 | 0 | |
Satish Dhawan | ![]() |
2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | |
Svobodny | ![]() |
1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Tanegashima | ![]() |
1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Vandenberg | ![]() |
5 | 4 | 1 | 0 | |
Total | 59 | 56 | 2 | 1 |
按軌道
[編輯]
已隱藏部分未翻譯內容,歡迎參與翻譯。
5
10
15
20
25
30
- Low Earth
- Low Earth (Mir)
- Low Earth (ISS)
- Low Earth (SSO)
- Medium Earth
- Molniya
- Geosynchronous
- Heliocentric
Orbital regime | Launches | Achieved | Not achieved | Accidentally achieved |
Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low Earth / Sun-synchronous | 29 | 28 | 1 | 0 | Including flights to ISS and Mir |
Geosynchronous /GTO | 22 | 21 | 1 | 0 | GSLV launch failure left satellite in useless transfer orbit |
Medium Earth / Molniya | 5 | 5 | 0 | 1 | Ariane 5 partial failure left payloads in a useless medium earth orbit. One satellite was able to correct itself to the intended geostationary transfer orbit. |
Heliocentric orbit / Planetary transfer | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | |
Total | 59 | 57 | 2 | 1 |
參考
[編輯]- 中國國家航天局
- 中國探月網
- Encyclopedia Astronautica
- Gunter's Space Page - Chronology of Space Launches
- 日本宇宙航空研究開發機構
- Jonathan's Space Report(SatCat.txt與Launchlog.txt兩項)
- Mission Set Database (NASA GFC)
- NASA
- NASA SpaceFlight.com
- Orbital Report News Agency's Launch Logs
- Space Calander (NASA JPL)
- Southwest Space Archive
- SPACE.com Launch Forecast
- SpaceFlightNow
- Steven Pietrobon's Space Archive
- U.S. Space Objects Registry
註腳
[編輯]- ^ Mir Destroyed in Fiery Descent. CNN. 22 March 2001 [10 November 2009]. (原始內容存檔於21 November 2009).
- ^ Clark, Stephen. WMAP finishes nine-year probe of infant universe. Spaceflight Now. 6 October 2010 [7 October 2010]. (原始內容存檔於10 October 2010).
- ^ MOLNIYA 3-51. N2YO.com. [24 August 2019]. (原始內容存檔於1 September 2020).
- ^ CORONAS F. N2YO.com. [24 August 2019]. (原始內容存檔於1 September 2020).
- ^ Gebhardt, Chris. Farewell, Pirs; ISS module decommissioned, destructively reentered. NASASpaceFlight. 25 July 2021 [26 July 2021]. (原始內容存檔於26 July 2021).
- ^ QUICKBIRD 2. N2YO.com. [24 August 2019]. (原始內容存檔於11 August 2020).
- ^ Podvig, Pavel. Reentry of the Cosmos-2383 naval reconnaissance satellite. Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces. 20 March 2004 [24 August 2019]. (原始內容存檔於24 August 2019).