大撒旦

「大撒旦」(波斯語:شيطان بزرگ,羅馬化:Sheytân-e Bozorg)是伊朗對美國的一種貶稱,常與「美國去死」的口號並用,源於伊朗伊斯蘭革命期間。儘管這個稱號主要反映伊朗社會的反美情緒,但有時亦曾指向英國,不過用以諷刺英國的「老狐狸」一詞在當地更為常見。
這個稱號由伊朗宗教領袖魯霍拉·穆薩維·霍梅尼於1979年11月5日首次提出,即伊朗人質危機爆發的翌日。他在演說中斥責美國是輸出全球腐敗的帝國主義勢力[1]。霍梅尼同時也以「小撒旦」形容以色列,尤其是在美以關係密切的語境下。此外,在冷戰格局下,他曾將蘇聯稱為「次撒旦」,主張革命後的伊朗應同時對抗美國與蘇聯兩大強權。
背景
[编辑]由於英國和美國長期干預伊朗內政,伊朗伊斯蘭共和國政府一向懷有強烈的反西方情緒。早在1907年,英國與俄羅斯帝國簽訂協議,將伊朗劃為各自的勢力範圍,引發伊朗國內極大憤怒。46年後,即1953年,當時的伊朗總理穆罕默德·摩薩台推動石油產業國有化,美國中央情報局和英國軍情六處遂發動政變,推翻摩薩台政府,扶植親西方的穆罕默德·禮薩·巴列維國王重新掌權[2]。當時艾森豪威爾政府憂慮,摩薩台的民族主義路線可能導致伊朗最終落入共產主義勢力手中。在中央情報局與軍情六處的策動和支持下,伊朗爆發大規模騷亂,摩薩台被推翻,巴列維國王重返權力中心,這不但保障西方對伊朗石油的控制,亦被視為阻止共產主義擴張的關鍵。主導這次軍事政變的法茲盧拉·扎赫迪將軍隨後出任總理。這場政變代號為「阿賈克斯行動」。政變初期一度看似失敗,巴列維國王甚至被迫短暫流亡[3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]。
1965年,大阿亞圖拉霍梅尼因為批評「白色革命」的多項改革而遭流放,當中包括賦予女性選舉權、推動土地改革,以及備受爭議的《駐軍地位法案》,該法案保障美軍人員在伊朗犯罪時享有外交豁免權[14][15][16]。到了1970年代初期,反對巴列維國王的聲音在伊朗愈來愈強烈[17]。最終,霍梅尼回國並領導1979年伊朗革命。革命期間,示威者常高喊「國王去死」、「獨立、自由、伊斯蘭共和國」[18]和「美國去死」[19]等口號,成為當時的象徵性呼聲。
來源和使用
[编辑]據記載,霍梅尼於1979年11月5日曾形容「(美國是)大撒旦,是條受傷的毒蛇」。這個稱號在伊斯蘭革命期間及其後被廣泛使用,至今在伊朗部分政治圈內仍然流傳。在集會中提到這個稱號時,群眾常會同時高喊「美國去死!」。此外,「大撒旦」一詞亦曾出現在一些學術期刊中[20]。
參見
[编辑]外部鏈接
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參考文獻
[编辑]- ^ Khomeini, Ruhollah. American plots against Iran (演讲). Iranian Central Insurance Office Staff. Imam's Sahifeh. Qum. 1979-11-05 [2016-05-22]. (原始内容存档于2016-05-22) (英语).
- ^ Risen, James. SECRETS OF HISTORY: The C.I.A. in Iran -- A special report.; How a Plot Convulsed Iran in '53 (and in '79). The New York Times. 2000-04-16 [2016-05-21]. (原始内容存档于2021-09-02) (英语).
- ^ Staff writer(s). The Battle for Iran (excerpt). Central Intelligence Agency. ~1975 [2016-05-20]. (原始内容存档于2020-12-17) –通过Foreign Policy Magazine (英语).
- ^ Wilber, Donald. CIA Clandestine Service History, "Overthrow of Premier Mossadeq of Iran, November 1952-August 1953," March 1954, by Dr. Donald Wilber. (PDF). 1954-03 [2016-05-20]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2017-07-19) (英语).
- ^ Wilber, Donald. CIA Clandestine Service History, 'Overthrow of Premier Mossadeq of Iran, November 1952-August 1953,' March 1954, by Dr. Donald Wilber. (PDF): iv. 1954-03 [2016-05-20]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2017-08-07) (英语).
- ^ David M. Watry. Diplomacy at the Brink: Eisenhower, Churchill, and Eden in the Cold War. LSU Press. 2014-12-10: 93. ISBN 978-0-8071-5719-0 (英语).
- ^ Acheson, Dean. Telegram from The Secretary of State to the Embassy in Iran. (Memo of conversation 1 February 1952 between U.S. Department of State and British representatives regarding the Iranian political situation). Office of the Historian of the United States Department of State. 1952-02-07 [2016-05-20]. (原始内容存档于2021-04-12) (英语).
- ^ Henderson, Loy. The Ambassador in Iran (Henderson) to the Department of State, repeated to London. Office of the Historian of the United States Department of State. 1952-07-28 [2016-05-20]. (原始内容存档于2021-04-13) (英语).
- ^ Henderson, Loy. The Ambassador in Iran (Henderson) to the Department of State, repeated to London. Office of the Historian of the United States Department of State. 1952-07-28 [2016-05-20]. (原始内容存档于2021-04-13) (英语).
- ^ Staff writer(s). FOREIGN RELATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1952–1954. IRAN, 1951–1954: VOLUME X No. 339 Editorial Note regarding Department of State Bulletin 10 August 1953, page 178. Office of the Historian of the United States Department of State. 1953-07-28 [2016-05-20]. (原始内容存档于2020-08-01) (英语).
- ^ Gleason, Sarell. No. 358 Memorandum of Discussion at the 160th Meeting of the National Security Council, Washington, August 27, 1953. Eisenhower Library, Eisenhower papers, Whitman file. 1953-09-17 [2016-05-20]. (原始内容存档于2020-10-15) –通过Office of the Historian of the United States Department of State (英语).
- ^ Risen, James. Key Events in the 1953 Coup. The New York Times. 2000-04-16 [2016-05-21]. (原始内容存档于2017-09-06) (英语).
- ^ Berry, Burton Y. Telegram No. 343 The Ambassador in Iraq (Berry) to the Department of State. Office of the Historian of the U.S. Department of State. 1953-08-17 [2016-05-21]. (原始内容存档于2021-10-04) (英语).
- ^ Carsten Stahn; Jennifer S. Easterday; Jens Iverson. Jus Post Bellum: Mapping the Normative Foundations. OUP Oxford. 2014-02-13: 468. ISBN 978-0-19-150938-4 (英语).
- ^ Hughes, Thomas L. 67. Memorandum From the Director of the Bureau of Intelligence and Research (Hughes) to Secretary of State Rusk; SUBJECT: The Significance of the Assassination of Prime Minister Hasan Ali Mansur. Johnson Library, National Security File, Robert W. Komer Files, Iran, 1965–March 1966. 1965-01-28 [2016-05-21]. (原始内容存档于2021-10-04) –通过Office of the Historian of the U.S. Secretary of State (英语).
- ^ Staff writer(s). Chronology: U.S.–Iran relations 1906-2002. PBS News/Frontline. 2014 [2016-05-21]. (原始内容存档于2021-04-19) (英语).
- ^ Staff writer(s). Central Intelligence Agency\Directorate of Intelligence\Intelligence Report\Centers of Power in Iran. Source: Central Intelligence Agency, OCI Files, Job 79T00832A, Box 9, 46. Secret; No Foreign Dissem. Prepared in the Office of Current Intelligence and coordinated within CIA. 1972-05 [2016-05-21]. (原始内容存档于2021-03-27) –通过State Department Office of the Historian (英语).
- ^ Staff writer(s). How Iran's opposition inverts old slogans. BBC. 2009-12-07 [2016-05-21]. (原始内容存档于2010-01-02) (英语).
- ^ Staff writer(s). IRAN LEADERS BACK U.S. EMBASSY SEIZURE; Khomeini's Son Tells Students All American Ties Should Be Cut. The New York Times (Teheran). Reuters. 1979-11-06: A1, A12 (英语).
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- ^ Ian Black. 'Great Satan' warned of a burning hell. The Guardian. 2005-02-16 [2025-06-28] (英语).
- ^ How the "Great Satan" Became Just Great. Time. [2025-06-28]. (原始内容存档于2005-04-04) (英语).