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大撒旦

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卡洛斯·拉特福所画的《大撒旦》讽刺图

大撒旦”(波斯语شيطان بزرگ罗马化Sheytân-e Bozorg)是伊朗美国的一种贬称,常与“美国去死”的口号并用,源于伊朗伊斯兰革命期间。尽管这个称号主要反映伊朗社会的反美情绪,但有时亦曾指向英国,不过用以讽刺英国的“老狐狸”一词在当地更为常见。

这个称号由伊朗宗教领袖鲁霍拉·穆萨维·霍梅尼于1979年11月5日首次提出,即伊朗人质危机爆发的翌日。他在演说中斥责美国是输出全球腐败的帝国主义势力[1]。霍梅尼同时也以“小撒旦”形容以色列,尤其是在美以关系密切的语境下。此外,在冷战格局下,他曾将苏联称为“次撒旦”,主张革命后的伊朗应同时对抗美国与苏联两大强权。

背景

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由于英国和美国长期干预伊朗内政,伊朗伊斯兰共和国政府一向怀有强烈的反西方情绪。早在1907年,英国与俄罗斯帝国签订协议,将伊朗划为各自的势力范围,引发伊朗国内极大愤怒。46年后,即1953年,当时的伊朗总理穆罕默德·摩萨台推动石油产业国有化,美国中央情报局和英国军情六处遂发动政变,推翻摩萨台政府,扶植亲西方的穆罕默德·礼萨·巴列维国王重新掌权[2]。当时艾森豪威尔政府忧虑,摩萨台的民族主义路线可能导致伊朗最终落入共产主义势力手中。在中央情报局与军情六处的策动和支持下,伊朗爆发大规模骚乱,摩萨台被推翻,巴列维国王重返权力中心,这不但保障西方对伊朗石油的控制,亦被视为阻止共产主义扩张的关键。主导这次军事政变的法兹卢拉·扎赫迪将军随后出任总理。这场政变代号为“阿贾克斯行动”。政变初期一度看似失败,巴列维国王甚至被迫短暂流亡[3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]

1965年,大阿亚图拉霍梅尼因为批评“白色革命”的多项改革而遭流放,当中包括赋予女性选举权、推动土地改革,以及备受争议的《驻军地位法案》,该法案保障美军人员在伊朗犯罪时享有外交豁免权[14][15][16]。到了1970年代初期,反对巴列维国王的声音在伊朗愈来愈强烈[17]。最终,霍梅尼回国并领导1979年伊朗革命。革命期间,示威者常高喊“国王去死”、“独立、自由、伊斯兰共和国”[18]和“美国去死”[19]等口号,成为当时的象征性呼声。

来源和使用

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据记载,霍梅尼于1979年11月5日曾形容“(美国是)大撒旦,是条受伤的毒蛇”。这个称号在伊斯兰革命期间及其后被广泛使用,至今在伊朗部分政治圈内仍然流传。在集会中提到这个称号时,群众常会同时高喊“美国去死!”。此外,“大撒旦”一词亦曾出现在一些学术期刊中[20]

参见

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外部链接

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参考文献

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  1. ^ Khomeini, Ruhollah. American plots against Iran (演讲). Iranian Central Insurance Office Staff. Imam's Sahifeh. Qum. 1979-11-05 [2016-05-22]. (原始内容存档于2016-05-22) (英语). 
  2. ^ Risen, James. SECRETS OF HISTORY: The C.I.A. in Iran -- A special report.; How a Plot Convulsed Iran in '53 (and in '79). The New York Times. 2000-04-16 [2016-05-21]. (原始内容存档于2021-09-02) (英语). 
  3. ^ Staff writer(s). The Battle for Iran (excerpt). Central Intelligence Agency. ~1975 [2016-05-20]. (原始内容存档于2020-12-17) –通过Foreign Policy Magazine (英语). 
  4. ^ Wilber, Donald. CIA Clandestine Service History, "Overthrow of Premier Mossadeq of Iran, November 1952-August 1953," March 1954, by Dr. Donald Wilber. (PDF). 1954-03 [2016-05-20]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2017-07-19) (英语). 
  5. ^ Wilber, Donald. CIA Clandestine Service History, 'Overthrow of Premier Mossadeq of Iran, November 1952-August 1953,' March 1954, by Dr. Donald Wilber. (PDF): iv. 1954-03 [2016-05-20]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2017-08-07) (英语). 
  6. ^ David M. Watry. Diplomacy at the Brink: Eisenhower, Churchill, and Eden in the Cold War. LSU Press. 2014-12-10: 93. ISBN 978-0-8071-5719-0 (英语). 
  7. ^ Acheson, Dean. Telegram from The Secretary of State to the Embassy in Iran. (Memo of conversation 1 February 1952 between U.S. Department of State and British representatives regarding the Iranian political situation). Office of the Historian of the United States Department of State. 1952-02-07 [2016-05-20]. (原始内容存档于2021-04-12) (英语). 
  8. ^ Henderson, Loy. The Ambassador in Iran (Henderson) to the Department of State, repeated to London. Office of the Historian of the United States Department of State. 1952-07-28 [2016-05-20]. (原始内容存档于2021-04-13) (英语). 
  9. ^ Henderson, Loy. The Ambassador in Iran (Henderson) to the Department of State, repeated to London. Office of the Historian of the United States Department of State. 1952-07-28 [2016-05-20]. (原始内容存档于2021-04-13) (英语). 
  10. ^ Staff writer(s). FOREIGN RELATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1952–1954. IRAN, 1951–1954: VOLUME X No. 339 Editorial Note regarding Department of State Bulletin 10 August 1953, page 178. Office of the Historian of the United States Department of State. 1953-07-28 [2016-05-20]. (原始内容存档于2020-08-01) (英语). 
  11. ^ Gleason, Sarell. No. 358 Memorandum of Discussion at the 160th Meeting of the National Security Council, Washington, August 27, 1953. Eisenhower Library, Eisenhower papers, Whitman file. 1953-09-17 [2016-05-20]. (原始内容存档于2020-10-15) –通过Office of the Historian of the United States Department of State (英语). 
  12. ^ Risen, James. Key Events in the 1953 Coup. The New York Times. 2000-04-16 [2016-05-21]. (原始内容存档于2017-09-06) (英语). 
  13. ^ Berry, Burton Y. Telegram No. 343 The Ambassador in Iraq (Berry) to the Department of State. Office of the Historian of the U.S. Department of State. 1953-08-17 [2016-05-21]. (原始内容存档于2021-10-04) (英语). 
  14. ^ Carsten Stahn; Jennifer S. Easterday; Jens Iverson. Jus Post Bellum: Mapping the Normative Foundations. OUP Oxford. 2014-02-13: 468. ISBN 978-0-19-150938-4 (英语). 
  15. ^ Hughes, Thomas L. 67. Memorandum From the Director of the Bureau of Intelligence and Research (Hughes) to Secretary of State Rusk; SUBJECT: The Significance of the Assassination of Prime Minister Hasan Ali Mansur. Johnson Library, National Security File, Robert W. Komer Files, Iran, 1965–March 1966. 1965-01-28 [2016-05-21]. (原始内容存档于2021-10-04) –通过Office of the Historian of the U.S. Secretary of State (英语). 
  16. ^ Staff writer(s). Chronology: U.S.–Iran relations 1906-2002. PBS News/Frontline. 2014 [2016-05-21]. (原始内容存档于2021-04-19) (英语). 
  17. ^ Staff writer(s). Central Intelligence Agency\Directorate of Intelligence\Intelligence Report\Centers of Power in Iran. Source: Central Intelligence Agency, OCI Files, Job 79T00832A, Box 9, 46. Secret; No Foreign Dissem. Prepared in the Office of Current Intelligence and coordinated within CIA. 1972-05 [2016-05-21]. (原始内容存档于2021-03-27) –通过State Department Office of the Historian (英语). 
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  19. ^ Staff writer(s). IRAN LEADERS BACK U.S. EMBASSY SEIZURE; Khomeini's Son Tells Students All American Ties Should Be Cut. The New York Times (Teheran). Reuters. 1979-11-06: A1, A12 (英语). 
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