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維基百科，自由的百科全書
主條目：親衛隊第36師
親衛隊第36武裝擲彈兵師
德語：36. Waffen-Grenadier-Division der SS
師徽
存在時期1940—1945年
國家或地區 納粹德國
部門 武裝親衛隊
種類步兵師
功能鎮壓匪徒
別稱黑色獵手
參與戰役
指揮官
著名指揮官奧斯卡·迪勒萬格

迪勒萬格旅（SS-Sturmbrigade Dirlewanger，1944年[1]），又稱親衛隊第36武裝擲彈兵師（德語：36. Waffen-Grenadier-Division der SS），黑色獵手（德語：Die schwarzen Jäger[2]），是納粹德國武裝親衛隊中的一支部隊。該部隊以其指揮官奧斯卡·迪勒萬格的名字命名，由罪犯組成。該部隊最初於1940年由被定罪的偷獵者組成，部署於針對波蘭抵抗運動的反游擊行動中。後來該旅在德占東歐服役，並在白俄羅斯的反游擊行動中發揮了尤其積極的作用。該部隊被認為是武裝親衛隊中最殘暴、最臭名昭著的部隊，其士兵被描述為「既不留情面也不指望寬恕的理想種族滅絕殺手」[a][3][4][5]。該部隊被認為是在波蘭和白俄羅斯行動的最臭名昭著的武裝親衛隊單位[6]，並且可以說是現代歐洲歷史上犯罪率最高和殘忍程度最糟糕的軍事單位[7]。

在行動期間，該部隊參與了對平民的大屠殺，並在德占東歐犯下了各種暴行，其殘暴行徑在德意志國防軍和武裝親衛隊軍官中都聲名狼藉。它體現了「東線反游擊活動源於對敵人的獵殺和動物化形象」[b][8]，還被描述為「一支非常強大和有效的戰鬥部隊，可能是歷史上任何戰爭中戰鬥力最強的反游擊部隊」[c][9]。該部隊不斷實施暴力、酷刑、強姦和謀殺等虐待行為，並且享受在所到之處肆意搶劫，甚至相互殘殺[10]。迪勒萬格本人也經常毆打和殺害自己的士兵，尤其是當士兵惹怒他時[11]。

根據法國歷史學家克里斯蒂安·英格勞（英語：Christian Ingrao）的說法，迪爾旺加的部隊犯下了二戰中最嚴重的暴行[12]，美國歷史學家提摩希·D·史奈德則指出，他們犯下的暴行比任何其他人都多[13]。該單位單是在白俄羅斯就至少殺害了3萬平民[14][15]，最高在白俄羅斯殺害了超過12萬人，並摧毀了200個村莊[16]。戰後，漢斯·馮·卡倫（Hans von Cullen）等幾名成員被臨時法庭處死。幾名指揮官試圖解除迪勒萬格的指揮權並解散該部隊，但納粹機構內部的權貴庇護迪勒萬格，並為他出面干預。該部隊的行動包括：1944年末的摧毀華沙；1944年8月的華沙起義期間，超過5萬華沙居民遇害的沃拉大屠殺；以及1944年8月至10月對斯洛伐克民族起義的殘酷鎮壓。

奧斯卡·迪勒萬格

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1944年的奧斯卡·迪勒萬格
主條目：奧斯卡·迪勒萬格

迪勒萬格旅由第一次世界大戰老兵和慣犯奧斯卡·迪勒萬格領導[15]。迪勒萬格被認為是一個不道德的暴力酒鬼，據稱患有施虐症[17]。他被描述為黨衛軍中「最邪惡的人」，也是第二次世界大戰中最殘暴的指揮官之一[18]。

1913年，迪勒萬格以機槍手身份加入德意志帝國陸軍，後在第八「符騰堡皇家」軍團服役，晉升為中尉，並在第一次世界大戰期間獲得一級和二級鐵十字勳章。戰後他加入了自由軍團，並參與鎮壓了德國十一月革命。1922年，他從法蘭克福大學畢業，獲得政治學博士學位。之後他先後在銀行和針織廠工作[19]。1923年，他加入了納粹黨。1934年，他因「鼓動與其發生性關係的未成年人犯罪」和盜竊政府財產被判處兩年監禁，導致他被開除出納粹黨（但他被允許重新申請入黨）[20]。獲釋後不久，迪爾旺加因性侵犯再次被捕，並被送往位於韋爾茨海姆的納粹集中營。絕望之下，他聯繫了自己一戰時期的老戰友戈特洛布·貝格爾，後者當時已是納粹高層，並與親衛隊全國領袖海因里希·希姆萊密切合作。貝格爾利用自己的影響力，幫助迪爾旺加加入了禿鷹軍團[20][21]。

1939年返回德國後，貝格爾幫助迪勒萬格加入了一般親衛隊，軍階為親衛隊下級突擊隊領袖。德軍入侵波蘭後，貝格安排迪勒萬格指揮並訓練一支由被定罪的偷獵者組成的軍事部隊，進行「鎮壓匪徒」[22][19][20]。

組建

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1940年3月，阿道夫·希特勒收到一位老戰士黨員妻子的來信，信中透露她的丈夫因在德國一處國家森林中偷獵而被捕入獄。他因無證狩獵被判刑。這位妻子在絕望的懇求中懇求希特勒釋放她的丈夫。她建議將他派往前線重拾榮譽，相信此舉能讓他洗心革面、恢復名譽[23]。

戈特洛布·貝格爾在接受國際軍事法庭審訊時透露，這封信是該部隊成立的主要依據[24]。

他同時聲明[25]：

迪爾旺格特別旅的成立源於1940年阿道夫·希特勒在西部戰役仍在進行時下達的一項命令。有一天，希姆萊打電話給我，告訴我希特勒命令將所有因持槍偷獵而被監禁的人集中起來，組成一個特別分隊。希特勒會有這樣一個有些不尋常且牽強的想法，原因如下：首先，他本人不喜歡狩獵，對所有獵人只有鄙視。只要有機會，他就會嘲笑他們。[d]

在考慮了信中提出的要求，加上受到對偷獵看法的影響後，希特勒決定採納這一概念，並將其轉化為實際的編隊[25]。

1940年3月23日，時任司法部（英語：Reich Ministry of Justice）顧問的弗朗茨·居特納接到希姆萊副官、親衛隊集團領袖卡爾·沃爾夫的電話，希特勒決定對所謂的「榮譽偷獵者」給予緩刑，並根據他們在戰場上的表現予以赦免。隨後，希特勒的命令得到確認，具體規定偷獵者應儘可能來自巴伐利亞和奧地利，不得犯有涉及設置陷阱的罪行，並應加入射手協會（Schützenverein）[2]。這些人需將狩獵和林地技能的知識，與傳統獵兵的勇氣和主動性相結合，同時具備那些敢於違法者的特質。1940年5月底，迪爾旺格被派往奧拉寧堡，負責指揮80名因偷獵罪被暫時釋放的精選人員。經過兩個月的訓練，55人被選中，其餘被送回監獄。1940年6月14日，「奧拉寧堡偷獵者部隊」（Wilddiebkommando Oranienburg）作為武裝親衛隊的一部分成立，並隸屬於親衛隊第3師的第5團[20]。希姆萊任命迪勒萬格為指揮官。該部隊被派往波蘭，四名因紀律原因而被選中的武裝親衛隊士官和另外二十名新兵加入了該部隊。到1940年9月，該部隊人數已超過300人。迪勒萬格被希姆萊晉升為親衛隊上級突擊隊領袖。隨著罪犯的湧入，部隊中偷獵者的比重減少，但許多前偷獵者晉升為士官負責訓練。被判犯有其他罪行的人，包括精神病罪犯[26]和同性戀者[27]:394，也加入了該部隊。

從一開始，該部隊因吸納被禁止攜帶武器的罪犯（因此免於被徵召入國防軍）而受到納粹黨和親衛隊的批評。為解決這一問題，親衛隊宣布該部隊不屬於親衛隊編制，但由其控制[28]。因此，部隊更名為「迪勒萬格特種部隊」（Sonderkommando Dirlewanger）。1942年1月，為增強實力，該部隊獲准招募俄羅斯和烏克蘭志願者。到1943年2月，部隊人數翻倍至700人（其中一半是德意志裔）[20]。1944年末，它成為武裝親衛隊部隊。1944年5月，來自亞塞拜然的550人（包括突厥斯坦人、伏爾加韃靼人、亞塞拜然人、吉爾吉斯人、烏茲別克人和塔吉克人）被編入迪爾旺格旅[29]。

隨著戰爭的推進和對人力的需求增加，其他懲戒營相繼成立，但這些懲戒部隊主要針對犯有軍事罪行的人，而被送往迪勒萬格部隊的則是犯下重大罪行的罪犯，如謀殺、強姦、縱火和盜竊。迪勒萬格為他們提供了實施暴行的機會，其規模之大甚至在殘暴的親衛隊內部也引發了不滿[20]。歷史學家馬丁·溫德羅（英語：Martin Windrow）將這支部隊描述為「可怕的烏合之眾」，由「兇殘的叛徒、變態的虐待狂以及從其他部隊被開除的廢物」組成[30]。一些納粹官員卻將該部隊浪漫化，視其成員為「純樸原始的德國人」，在「反抗法律」[26]。

部署歷史

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迪勒萬格旅在蘇聯犯下了極端暴行，包括活活燒死婦女和兒童、放任飢餓的狗群撕咬她們，以及向猶太婦女注射士的寧[31][32]。在紐倫堡審判的記錄中，蘇聯檢察官頻繁詢問被控在東線犯下戰爭罪行的被告，是否了解迪爾旺格旅的情況。海因里希·希姆萊曾評論該部隊的殘暴，指出：「該團的風氣，可以說，在許多情況下帶有中世紀的色彩，使用棍棒之類的東西。如果有人對贏得戰爭表示懷疑，很可能當場倒斃在桌旁。」[e][33]

副指揮官庫爾特·魏斯（Kurt Weisse）被描述為迪爾旺格旅中在「殘暴、殘忍和徹頭徹尾的虐待狂」方面最接近迪爾旺格本人的人，並且「如果該部隊中有人符合典型的心理病態特徵，那就是他」[34]。

曾是親衛隊第3師成員的彼得·布赫納（Peter Buchner）也注意到迪勒萬格及其手下人的殘暴，他說道[35]：

迪勒萬格，毫無疑問，是個精神病患者，精神完全不正常，在很多方面都相當瘋狂。你完全可以想像他站在一個充滿新鮮屍體的萬人坑邊上，對著屍體自慰。他享受殺戮；對我們大多數士兵來說，殺戮是一項工作，是我們在職責範圍內被要求執行的任務，是在戰場上與敵方士兵交戰。我們不像他那樣以此為樂；他享受殺戮的行為，而他手下幾乎所有人都是如此，他們是一支由精神變態者組成的部隊，喜歡強姦男人、女人、女孩、男孩，甚至連老人也不放過。玩樂之後，他們就展開一場殺戮狂歡，並縱情酗酒。[f]

布赫納進一步指出，迪爾旺格接受幾乎任何交給他們的任務，甚至是那些久經沙場的老兵都無法完成的任務：

他們自成一派，經常被分配到最惡劣的任務，因為迪勒萬格瘋狂到會毫不猶豫、不加質疑地執行任何命令——他會直接去做。希特勒因此很欣賞他。在希特勒看來，迪爾旺格能完成那些連最久經沙場的老兵都無法下手去做的工作。[g]

他最後通過一個戰友目擊的故事總結了對該部隊的回憶：

一位震驚的戰友告訴我，他們曾強姦了一名女子，然後用鐵絲網裹住她，像烤豬一樣在火上活活烤死。[h]

波蘭

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1940年8月1日，該部隊正式轉入親衛隊第5師。一個月後，部隊被改名為迪勒萬格特別指揮隊[36]。1940年9月1日，他們被告知不會被派往前線，而是被分配到波蘭總督府盧布林（納粹根據尼斯科計劃（英語：Nisko Plan）建立的隔都）執行警衛任務[20][36]。部隊從薩克森豪森集中營獲得了數百名額外志願者補充，這些志願者包括偷獵者、黨衛軍成員或兩者兼有[37]。1940年9月，人數約為280-300人的迪勒萬格特別指揮隊開始從薩克森豪森乘火車前往盧布林，行程約10-14小時[37]。抵達後，該部隊被置於親衛隊旅隊領袖，盧布林地區高級親衛隊和警察領袖代表奧迪洛·格洛博奇尼克的指揮之下。儘管他們接受了額外的訓練，但他們的任務仍然是看守盧布林的隔都，在那裡他們經常虐待居民[37]。

據歷史學家馬修·庫珀（Matthew Cooper）記載，「無論迪勒萬格部隊在哪裡行動，腐敗和強姦都是日常生活的常態，肆意屠殺、毆打和搶劫比比皆是[i]」[38]。即使在總督府的殘酷政權下，該部隊的行為也引發了擔憂。高級黨衛軍和警察領袖弗里德里希-威廉·克呂格爾最終要求迅速將該部隊調離他的轄區，否則他將下令逮捕這些士兵[39]。

該部隊的罪行在1944年返回波蘭協助鎮壓華沙起義時仍在繼續，包括強姦和謀殺15名紅十字會護士，以及殺害數千名平民。部隊進入一家臨時軍醫院後，首先用刺刀和槍托殺死傷員，然後輪姦女性。之後，赤裸且流血的護士被帶到戶外，倒吊起來並射擊腹部[40][41]。該部隊在沃拉大屠殺期間繼續實施暴行，根據希姆萊的命令，超過4萬波蘭平民在報復行動中被殺害[42]。

白俄羅斯

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白俄羅斯蘇維埃社會主義共和國（今白俄羅斯）於1941年被占領，成為東方專員轄區的一部分。在該地區，迪勒萬格部隊由當地高級黨衛軍和警察領袖埃里希·馮·德姆·巴赫-策萊夫斯基指揮。迪勒萬格因其「殘暴和墮落」甚至在黨衛軍中也「無人能及」而臭名昭著[43]。該部隊參與了所謂的「鎮壓匪徒」。迪勒萬格慣用的作戰方式是將平民集中到穀倉中，然後點燃穀倉，並向試圖逃跑的人開槍，造成的受害者人數約為3萬人[26]。一些估計稱約200個村莊被摧毀，約12萬人被殺害[44] 。迪勒萬格還有另一種確定下一個目標村莊的策略：他會駕駛輕型偵察機飛過疑似藏有游擊隊的村莊上空。如果飛機遭到槍擊，他會在地圖上標記該村莊的位置。隨後，他會返回地面，帶領部隊進攻，照例焚燒目標村莊並殺害所有居民[45]。

抵達白俄羅斯後不久，迪勒萬格部隊便被投入了行動。1942年3月2日至10日，他們在奧西波維奇東北部遭成功擊潰一支強大的游擊隊並繳獲大量武器。1942年3月12日，他們成功擊敗了切爾瓦科夫附近的一大群游擊隊。後來，他們在克利切夫遭到更大規模游擊隊的襲擊。迪勒萬格隨後在莫吉廖夫西南部的森林地區發起了一場行動[46]。

4月，迪勒萬格部隊被劃歸由安全警察上校利奧·馮·布倫瑞克（Leo von Braunschweig）領導的中央警察團（英語：Police Regiment Centre）指揮，任務是清理[[德魯季 河]]和別列津納河附近的區域。1942年4月2日，該部隊與第32和第307警察營一起被派往連接莫吉廖夫和博布魯伊斯克的道路北部。據信該地區有超過600名全副武裝的游擊隊員[47]。在行動中，迪勒萬格部隊成功解救了在伊利索瓦（Illisowa）附近被包圍的德國陸軍部隊。他們對塞勒里（Selleri）和盧希扎（Lushiza）等被大量游擊隊占領的村莊發動了決定性進攻，毫不留情地將游擊隊追擊到巴采維奇（Batsevichi）以北的危險沼澤地。1942年4月8日至15日，迪勒萬格的部隊包圍並殲滅了幾個頑強抵抗的游擊隊團體[48]。

迪勒萬格部隊在首次反游擊任務中的表現給上級留下了深刻印象。1942年4月24日，迪勒萬格致信黨衛軍總辦公室，聲稱他的部隊特別適合在複雜地形中對抗游擊隊，並正式請求將部隊人數增加到250人[48]。

1942年5月初，迪勒萬格及其部隊對游擊隊活動進行了廣泛搜索，但收效甚微。5月12日，他們懷疑蘇恰村（Sucha）的居民藏匿游擊隊，將該村徹底燒毀。5月25日，部隊的一輛福特指揮車在切采維奇附近10公里處遭到30名游擊隊的伏擊，導致3名黨衛軍士官和3名國防軍士兵死亡，另1名黨衛軍士官重傷。5月29日，迪勒萬格的部隊在多爾戈耶村「」附近俘獲一名游擊隊員，並處決了另外5人。在博布魯伊斯克附近的[[拉斯瓦達]（）又殺死一名游擊隊員。作為回應，該村被縱火燒毀，月末波德戈里耶附近另一村莊也被摧毀。

1943年5月20日，針對維捷布斯克地區游擊活動的「科特布斯行動」開始，由俄羅斯中部及白俄羅斯高級黨衛軍和警察領袖（HSSPF）指揮，參與單位包括警察、黨衛軍及協作單位，其中包括迪勒萬格黨衛軍特種營。1943年5月28日，迪勒萬格及其部隊參與行動，向帕利克湖以西5公里的119.1高地 heavily fortified position 推進。在激烈敵火下，迪勒萬格帶領一隊工兵直接突襲該 fortifications。

1943年6月1日，迪勒萬格及其幕僚在前往前線途中，突然遭到隱藏在周圍沼澤地的游擊隊伏擊。他們被迫進行殘酷的近戰，最終突破包圍。同一沼澤地隨後成為決定性反擊的地點，消滅了游擊隊力量。這次行動是德國在白俄羅斯進行的最大規模反游擊戰役之一，至少造成2萬名受害者喪生，而德軍損失極小，陣亡士兵不足60人。然而，並非所有人都對迪勒萬格的行動印象深刻。一名巡查「科特布斯行動」區域的民事宣傳官報告稱目睹了可怕場景——一些游擊隊員被活活燒死，其焦屍被流浪豬啃食。白俄羅斯專員轄區總委員威廉·庫貝對此提出抗議，通過阿爾弗雷德·羅森堡向海因里希·希姆萊表達關切。對此，戈特洛布·伯格駁斥這些指控為無稽之談，堅持認為迪勒萬格的部隊並非如所述。

1943年7月7日，該營接到由黨衛軍集團領袖庫爾特·馮·戈特貝格領導的戈特貝格戰鬥群的作戰命令，參與「赫爾曼行動」。主要任務包括打擊明斯克以西地區的游擊隊、沒收農產品和牲畜，以及確保勞動力。 In early May 1942, Dirlewanger and his men conducted extensive searches for partisan activity but found little success. On 12 May, they burned the village of Sucha to the ground, suspecting its inhabitants of harboring partisans. On 25 May, a Ford command car belonging to the unit was ambushed by a group of 30 partisans, 10 kilometers from Cecevici. The attack resulted in the deaths of three SS NCOs and three Wehrmacht soldiers, while another SS NCO was seriously wounded. On 29 May, Dirlewanger’s men captured a partisan and executed five others near the village of Dolgoje. Another partisan was killed at Raswada near Babruysk. In response, the village was set ablaze, followed by the destruction of another village near Podgor'e at the end of the month. [49]

Operation Cottbus began on 20 May 1943 as part of the German effort to suppress partisan activity in the Vitebsk region. The operation involved Police, SS, and collaborationist units operating under the command of the Höherer SS- und Polizeiführer (HSSPF) Russland-Mitte und Weißruthenien. Among the participating forces was SS-Sonderbataillon Dirlewanger. On 28 May 1943, Dirlewanger and his unit took part in the operation and advanced toward a heavily fortified position at Hill 119.1, located 5 km west of Paliksee. Under intense enemy fire, Dirlewanger led a group of pioneers in a direct assault on the fortified area. [50]

On 1 June 1943, while en route to the front lines, Dirlewanger and his staff were suddenly ambushed by partisans hidden in the surrounding swamplands. Forced into brutal close combat, they managed to break through the encirclement. The same swampy area later became the site of a decisive counterattack, resulting in the destruction of the partisan force.[51] The operation was one of the largest anti-partisan campaigns conducted by the Germans in Belarus. At least 20,000 victims were killed, while German losses remained minimal, with fewer than 60 soldiers killed in action. Not everyone was impressed with Dirlewanger's actions. A civilian propaganda officer who toured the Operation Cottbus area reported witnessing horrific scenes—some partisans had been burned alive, and their charred remains were being eaten by roaming pigs.[52] Wilhelm Kube, the Generalkommissar of Generalbezirk Weißruthenien, protested Dirlewanger’s actions, raising his concerns through Alfred Rosenberg to Heinrich Himmler. In response, Gottlob Berger dismissed the accusations as nonsense, insisting that Dirlewanger’s battalion was not as described.[53]

On 7 July 1943, the battalion received an operational order from Kampfgruppe von Gottberg , led by SS-Gruppenführer Curt von Gottberg to participate in Operation Hermann. The primary tasks assigned were to combat partisans, confiscate agricultural products and livestock, and secure the labor force in the area west of Minsk.

From 19 July to 21 July 1943, the first company led by acting commander Kurt Weisse reported killing a confirmed partisan and executing 301 suspects. A total of 1,025 work-capable people were taken for labor, and 57 horses were seized. Two villages were attacked—one was burned down, and the other was liquidated. Only seven members of the company were wounded, and two died of their wounds. On 27 July 1944, the battalion reported capturing 314 work-capable people for labor and seizing 62 cattle. The following day, the battalion engaged in combat against partisans, successfully killing 26 of them while losing only two soldiers.

For August, the battalion captured 26 civilians, including 8 children, and killed 19 partisans along with 20 Jews. Four individuals were taken prisoner during this period. On 7 August, a hand grenade incident occurred during a roundup of over 300 people, resulting in the death of one soldier and injuries to eight others. Additionally, 11 villages were burned down.[54]

In a post-war testimony, an anonymous member of the SS-Sonderbataillon Dirlewanger recalled what he witnessed during an anti-partisan operation in Belarus:[55]

During a march — and we had driven 200 km close to Smolensk — the villages were encircled. Nobody was allowed to leave or enter. The fields were searched and the people were sent back to the village. The next morning around 6:00 AM. all these people — it was a larger village with approximately 2,500 people — children, women, the elderly were pushed into four or five barns. Then Dirlewanger appeared with 10 men, officers, etc. and said: 「Shoot them all immediately.」 In front of the barn, he positioned four SD-men with machine pistols. The barn was opened and Dirlewanger said, 「Fire freely.」 Then there was indiscriminate shooting into the crowd of humans with the machine pistols, without distinction whether children, women, etc. were hit. It was a most horrendous action. The magazines were taken out, new ones were inserted. Then new aiming started. After that, the barn was closed again. The SD-men removed straw from the roofs and set the barns on fire. This was the most horrible spectacle which I have ever seen in my life. The barns were burning brightly. Nobody could escape until the barns fell down. Meanwhile, Dirlewanger and his staff positioned themselves with the Russian rapid fire guns about 50 meters away from the barn. Then from the barns some lightly wounded, some heavily wounded and others who had not yet been hit stormed out, burning all over their bodies. Now these bastards shot these people who tried to escape, with Dirlewanger in front, until there was nobody left. I have witnessed this example which I have described in at least four or five other cases. Each of these villages was leveled down to the ground.

According to historian Timothy Snyder:

As it inflicted its first fifteen thousand mortal casualties, the Special Commando Dirlewanger lost only ninety-two men—many of them, no doubt, to friendly fire and alcoholic accidents. A ratio such as that was possible only when the victims were unarmed civilians.[26]

In September 1942, the unit murdered 8,350 Jews in Baranovichi ghetto and then a further 389 people labelled "bandits" and 1,274 "bandit suspects".[26] According to the historian, Martin Kitchen, the unit "committed such shocking atrocities in the Soviet Union, in the pursuit of partisans, that even an SS court was called upon to investigate".[56] A witness reported Dirlewanger men roasting captured partisans alive and then throwing their bodies to a herd of hungry pigs.[57] Women were raped and then kept as "sexual cattle", in which they would be traded amongst the men for "two bottles of vodka", with even children being raped and tortured to death.[58]

On 10 August 1943, the expansion of the battalion to regimental size was authorized by SS-Führungshauptamt under Hans Jüttner. However, the order faced delays due to a shortage of soldiers to fill the newly planned regiment and a lack of weapons to equip them. To overcome this problem, Dirlewanger armed his troops with captured Soviet weapons stocks. The actual expansion of the Sonderbattalion into a regiment did not begin until May 1944, when two battalions were formed from the original 1st company and 2nd company. The formation of a third battalion was delayed due to a shortage of men and did not occur until August 1944.[59] Recruits were to come from criminals, Eastern volunteers (Osttruppen), and military delinquents. On 19 February 1944, permission to take volunteers from concentration camps was granted by Himmler in order to fill the battalion before it could be expanded to a regiment. Over 700 men signed up as volunteers for the battalion, and most of them arrived in June 1944. Additionally, the battalion included 300 anti-communists from Soviet territory. In March 1943, together with the Schutzmannschaft Battalion 118, carried out operations against partisans and civilians in the Smalyavichy and Lahoysk districts.[60] It participated in the Khatyn Massacre, which was perpetrated on 22 March. In November 1943, the battalion went into action with Army Group Centre to halt the Soviet advance, and suffered extreme casualties due to ineptitude.

On late November, Dirlewanger was sent home to Germany in Esslingen am Neckar to recover from his 11th wound after a recent battle, where a bullet grazed across his right arm and chest. While Dirlewanger was absent, the battalion's adjutant, SS-Hauptsturmführer Erwin Walser, took the position of acting battalion commander, while SS-Hauptsturmführer Kurt Weisse assumed the role of adjutant, which he held until the end of the war. Dirlewanger received the German Cross in gold on 5 December 1943 in recognition of his earnestness, but by 30 December 1943, the unit consisted of only 259 men. On January 1944, Dirlewanger came back to Belarus to take the command back and put Walser in the position of Personnel Officer. Large numbers of amnestied criminals were sent to rebuild the battalion and by late February 1944, the battalion was back to full strength. It was decided that Eastern volunteers would no longer be admitted to the unit, as the Russians had proven to be particularly unreliable in combat.

Until April 24, 1944, their communications relied on the attached Wehrmacht units available. This changed when a 16-man platoon was transferred to the regiment from the SS-administered Postschutz in Berlin. None of these transferred troops had a criminal record nor were assigned any probationary tasks.

On 26 June 1944, an attachment of German Ordnungspolizei artillerymen led by Hauptmann der Schutzpolizei Josef Steinhauer was assigned to the second battalion. Steinhauer was later appointed by Dirlewanger as the second battalion's commander.[61] On March 1944, Hauptmann der Schutzpolizei Herbert Meyer volunteered to serve in the battalion and was assigned as the commander of the first company. Meyer had been convicted of petty theft and embezzlement in November 1942 and was sent to the Danzig-Matzkau prison. He later served as the commander of the first battalion in Warsaw in August 1944 and remained in this position until the end of the war.[62]

On 30 June 1944, the regiment reported a total strength of 17 officers and 954 men, including non-commissioned officers. This strength does not included the 769 upcoming volunteers from several concentration camps that will be sent to the SS-Ersatzkompanie Dirlewanger stationed in Minsk.

Anti-partisan operations continued until June 1944, when the Soviets launched Operation Bagration, which was aimed at the destruction of the Army Group Centre. The unit was caught up in the retreat and began falling back to the town of Lida. Under the Kampfgruppe von Gottberg, the unit held their position against the Soviet so that the remaining retreating Germans have the time to fall back to safety.[63] The regiment sustained heavy casualties during several rearguard actions and were detached from Kampfgruppe von Gottberg on 20 July 1944 .At the same time , they were sent to East Prussia for reconstitution at the Arys training center in the town of Lyck. The Sonderregiment arrived on 21 July 1944 and used their time to re-organised its regiment and received replacement.[64] In late July 1944, Dirlewanger left the regiment and flew to Berlin to lobby Gottlob Berger for more troops and equipment. The command of the regiment was given temporarily to SS-Hauptsturmfuhrer Kurt Weisse. The command was returned back to Dirlewanger when he flew back from Germany in August 1944.[65]

Return to Poland

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Members of the 2nd Battalion "Kampfgruppe Steinhauer" SS-Sonderregiment "Dirlewanger" in central Warsaw in 1944.
Polish civilians murdered in the Wola massacre in Warsaw, August 1944
Photograph depicting Polish civilians murdered by SS forces during the Warsaw Uprising in the Wola district, August 1944

When the Armia Krajowa began the Warsaw Uprising on 1 August 1944, SS-Sonderregiment Dirlewanger was sent into action under the command of SS-Sturmbannführer Kurt Weisse, as part of the Kampfgruppe formation led by SS-Gruppenführer Heinz Reinefarth; once again serving alongside Bronislav Kaminski's militia (now named Waffen-Sturmbrigade RONA).[66]

On 3 August 1944, the regiment was informed to form a battalion-sized Kampfgruppen to support the suppression of the uprising. The first Kampfgruppe was formed out of the 1st Battalion and was named Kampfgruppe Meyer, with a strength of 356 men (excluding additional support troops). It was commanded by SS-Obersturmführer Herbert Meyer, who had now been fully rehabilitated. The second Kampfgruppe was formed from the regiment's 2nd Battalion and was named Kampfgruppe Steinhauer, led by SS-Sturmbannführer Josef Steinhauer, with a strength of 350 men. They arrived on 6 August 1944, and both Kampfgruppen were placed under the command of Reinefarth.[12] On that same day, Dirlewanger, together with Gottlob Berger, was seen visiting the SS-Hauptamt headquarters' mess in Berlin, celebrating the promotion of his courier, Kat, and his driver, Koe.[67] On 4 August 1944, Kampfgruppe Meyer departed for Warsaw by truck and arrived that night at the western outskirts of the city and stayed at Bernerowo Airfield. On the same day, Dirlewanger received a telegram directly from Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler which read:

Although I am very satisfied with your actions, as I recently told you personally, I must express my dissatisfaction that, despite the instruction to proceed immediately to your regiment by airplane — which had been prepared for you — you still wasted time in Berlin. I am accustomed to quick and immediate obedience.

Dirlewanger then traveled to East Prussia by car and reunited with a portion of his regiment, which had prepared to depart for Warsaw. Without further hesitation, Dirlewanger sought additional soldiers and equipment to reinforce his unit. This included attempts to gather men from military prisons and SS penal camps in locations such as Glatz (Kłodzko), Anklam, Torgau, Danzig-Matzkau, and Dachau, where Dirlewanger received an additional 2,400 men on September 24, 1944.

On 5 August 1944, under the leadership of Weisse, Kampfgruppe Meyer began their assault on the Wola district, advancing along the Litzmannstadt-Strasse, while the Posen Police Group advanced north of the street. The assault was delayed and continued into the night due to the street being heavily defended.[68]

Recently arrived troops from II. Battalion, 'Kampfgruppe Steinhauer,' that arrived on 7 August 1944. Note the lack of helmet usage, which was a common practice among Dirlewanger's troops.

On 6 August 1944, Kampfgruppe Steinhauer arrived in Warsaw and, along with Kampfgruppe Meyer, immediately began their attack to reach the Brühl Palace.They eventually had advanced through Chlodna and Elektoralna streets.[69] On the evening of 7 August 1944, after receiving orders from Himmler to return to his regiment, Dirlewanger flew back from Germany and united the two Kampfgruppen to form Kampfgruppe Dirlewanger. By August 7 Dirlewanger had occupied the Saxon Gardens and had linked with other German troops on the Kierbedzia Brigde.[70] The next day, they reached the palace and also captured the Theatre Square. During the assault, several hospitals were burned down, except for St. Stanisław Hospital, which was later used as the regiment's headquarters.[69]

On 8 August 1944, SS-Untersturmführer Max Schreiner, an experienced member of the regiment, led a group of troops in an assault on the Market Hall. This decisive action led to the complete defeat of the retreating Polish insurgents. Schreiner’s assault played a crucial role in the immediate capture of the Brühl Palace.[71]

When most of its units—including headquarters, the heavy machine-gun company, heavy mortar company, and antitank gun platoon—finally arrived in Warsaw, the Sonderregiment submitted its first combat strength report on 8 August. It recorded 881 men present for duty, including 16 officers. This was three days after Kampfgruppe Meyer had begun fighting.After retaking the Brühl Palace and rescuing Warsaw battle commander Generalleutnant Reiner Stahel, the regiment regrouped that evening as Kampfgruppe Dirlewanger.[72]

Dirlewanger, with the Waffen-Sturm-Brigade RONA, are notorious for being the two units which committed the worst crimes during the Warsaw Uprising.[73] Dirlewanger had a reputation for burying women and children alive.[74] A witness reported "drunken soldiers practicing Caesarean sections with bayonets".[75]

During the massacres, Dirlewanger was notorious for plundering, with it being noted that:

The desire to plunder . . . so great that they cut off fingers with a single blow, on which they noticed rings, so as not to waste time, they took out gold teeth with bayonets, and while plundering, out of greed, they killed each other.[57]

In what became known as the Wola massacre, Dirlewanger personnel, along with police units under command of Heinz Reinefarth, massacred Polish combatants along with civilian men, women and children, in the Wola District of Warsaw. However, the role of Dirlewanger in the Wola massacre itself may have been limited in the beginning days, and Dirlewanger may not have arrived himself until the 7th of August.[76] Up to 40,000 civilians were murdered in Wola in less than two weeks of August, including all hospital patients and staff.[77][78] According to the historian Alex J. Kay, Dirlewanger murdered some 12,500 people on 5 August.[79] Dirlewanger "burned prisoners alive with gasoline, impaled babies on bayonets and stuck them out of windows and hung women upside down from balconies".[80] Polish nurses were repeatedly raped, and in some instances, hand grenades were inserted into their vaginas and detonated, while other times a "shouting and flute concerto" followed with the driving of women to the gallows.[81]

Many otherwise unknown crimes committed by the unit at Wola were later revealed by Mathias Schenck, a Belgian national who was serving in the area as a German Army sapper. Regarding an incident in which hundreds of Polish children were murdered, Schenck stated:

We blew up the doors, I think of a school. Children were standing in the hall and on the stairs. Lots of children. All with their small hands up. We looked at them for a few moments until Dirlewanger ran in. He ordered to kill them all. They shot them and then they were walking over their bodies and breaking their little heads with butt ends. Blood and brain matter streamed down the stairs. There is a memorial plaque in that place stating that 350 children were killed. I think there were many more, maybe 500.[82]

Schenck noted the often mass rape of female civilians in cellars and basement, and noted an incident where the men of the brigade raided a cellar and noted the brutal death of a Polish girl:

Every time, when we stormed the cellars and women were inside the Dirlewanger soldiers raped them. Many times a group raped the same woman, quickly, still holding weapons in their hands. Then after one of the fights, I was standing shaking by the wall and couldn't calm my nerves. Dirlewanger soldiers burst in. One of them took a woman. She was pretty. She wasn't screaming. Then he was raping her, pushing her head strongly against the table, holding a bayonet in the other hand. First he cut open her blouse. Then one cut from stomach to throat. Blood gushed.[82]

The regiment arrived in Warsaw with only 865 enlisted personnel and 16 officers but it soon received 2,500 replacements. These included 1,900 German convicts from the SS military camp at Danzig-Matzkau. Extremely high casualties were inflicted on the unit during fighting in Warsaw by the Polish resistance.[83] During the course of the two-month urban warfare Dirlewanger's regiment lost 2,733 men, 315% of the unit's initial strength.[1] While some of the regiment's actions were criticized by Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski (who after the war described them as "a herd of pigs") and the sector commander, Generalmajor Günter Rohr, Dirlewanger was promoted to SS-Oberführer der Reserve on 12 August 1944 and was recommended for the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 30 September 1944 by Reinefarth .[84] He actually received the medal on 16 October 1944 at a reception hall of the Wawel Royal Castle in Krakow and was presented by Hans Frank.[3] In gratitude for the presentation of the award, Dirlewanger wrote to Hitler’s SS Adjutant, Hauptsturmführer Otto Günsche, three weeks later and told him:

[Y]ou know as well as I do that I received this high award for the soldierly achievements of my regiment, among other things. With this, the last unwelcome voices from 「higher places」 about my unit should have faded away! My men have achieved superhuman things in this fight to the death and destruction and have earned themselves a place in the honor book of the German soldier by their sweat, blood, and heroic sacrificial commitment!

During one fierce fight on 6 August 1944, Dirlewanger's men used civilians as body shields:

Dirlewanger's men spread out along the square and with armor support, rooted out several insurgent positions. Then the Sonderkommando attempted to advance further using a shield of Polish women and children in front of them — but the Poles fired anyway and drove the Germans back.[85]

By 3 October 1944, the remaining Polish insurgents had surrendered and the remnants of the regiment spent the next month guarding the line along the Vistula. During this time, the regiment was unofficially referred as a "brigade" in the message traffic. Though, in a memorandum issued by the SS-Fuhrunghauptamt on 11 October 1944, the unit still officially titled as SS-Sonderregiment Dirlewanger. In early October, it was decided to turn the unit into a Waffen-SS combat brigade and it was renamed 2. SS-Sturmbrigade Dirlewanger (2nd SS Assault Brigade Dirlewanger) in December 1944, and had soon reached its complement of 4,000 men.[1]

The journalist and history writer Nigel Cawthorne noted how Dirlewanger committed worse atrocities than the Kaminski Brigade, and how they enjoyed committing them:

Encouraged by their commander SS-Oberführer Oskar Dirlewanger, who told them to take no prisoners, the Dirlewanger troops looted, gang-raped women and children, played 'bayonet catch' with live babies and tortured captives by hacking off their arms, dousing them with petrol and setting them alight to run flaming down the street. The soldiers' behaviour was so bad that even Himmler became alarmed. He ordered a battalion of SS military policemen to stand by, in case the Dirlewanger troops turned on their own leaders or on nearby German units.[86]

Slovakia

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When the Slovak National Uprising began in late August 1944, the regiment was committed to action. The brigade played a large part in putting down the rebellion by 30 October. After the total capitulation of the Warsaw Uprising, SS-Sonderregiment Dirlewanger expanded significantly, growing into a four-battalion force with the addition of new officers and troops. Before or after arriving in Slovakia , the fourth battalion was formed in order to make up spaces for the newly arrivals until the second regiment could be made.[87]

The unit was equipped with a few artillery pieces, primarily ex-Czech and ex-Soviet guns. However, the unit was still considered understrength, prompting Dirlewanger to seek additional manpower.[88] Before their departure from Warsaw, the strength of the unit was approximately less than 4500 men after receiving the nearly 2000 probationary troops from Wehrmacht prison , detention facilities and punishment cells.[89] Even after receiving more than 3000 men from the SS, Police and Wehrmacht, the unit still hadn’t reached their targeted strength of 6500 men.[90]

On 7 October, Dirlewanger toured several concentration camps in search of recruits for his understrength unit. During his visit to the Flossenbürg Concentration Camp, he met with the camp’s commandant, SS-Sturmbannführer Egon Zill. Zill proposed an idea to Dirlewanger: to recruit Communist and Socialist prisoners into his ranks. These prisoners were not ordinary inmates; they were deeply committed to their political ideologies. Zill suggested that Dirlewanger could exploit their loyalty to Germany.[90] Unspoken, however, Zill likely saw this as an opportunity to rid his camp of troublesome prisoners who were notorious for causing unrest. SS-Gruppenführer Richard Glück and SS-Standartenführer Hermann Pister also had adviced Dirlewanger to try form a unit consisting of former political opponent of the Nazi Party. That same day, Dirlewanger wrote a letter to Heinrich Himmler, requesting approval for the idea of recruiting political prisoners into his unit. The proposed criteria were that the commandants of the concentration camps would personally select 250 prisoners who had changed their political views and now desired to prove themselves by fighting for Germany. The age range would be flexible, with a maximum age of 45 years old, and exceptional cases could extend to 50 years old. On 15 October 1944 , Himmler approved the request.[91]

With the Slovak National Uprising still ongoing, the regiment was deployed to Slovakia. Around this time, the regiment was redesignated as SS-Sturmbrigade Dirlewanger though the exact date of this redesignation occurred is unknown.

On 10 October 1944, they began its rail movement toward Slovakia. They reached Krakow, and by 12 October, they had arrived in Nitra. Their arrival wasn't met without any resistance. On 16 October 1944, elements of the Sturmbrigade Dirlewanger were strafed and bombed by several LaGG-5 planes belonging to the Slovakian Air Force near the train station at Diviaky. On the same day, SS-Oberfuhrer Dirlewanger received his long-awaited Knight's Cross in Krakow. [92] On 18 October 1944, the brigade launched an assault to capture the area near Ostro Mountain. However, the offensive was met with fierce resistance, forcing them to retreat. Two days later, they renewed the attack but made little to no progress against the determined defenders. On 25 October, the brigade finally succeeded in capturing the towns of Biely Potok and Necpaly after intense fighting. Between 27 and 30 October, the brigade continued its operations, engaging in relentless combat against Slovakian partisans in the surrounding areas.[93] By 30 October, Banská Bystrica had been fully taken, and the resistance had been completely crushed, allowing the brigade to continue their formation in the town of Revúca. As part of their usual anti-partisan duties, the brigade proceeded to eliminate any remaining small elements of partisans who had fled into the surrounding areas.[94]

At the end of October, Dirlewanger appointed Weisse as the acting Brigade commander while he traveled to various concentration camps to recruit new political prisoners. Simultaneously, SS-Sturmbannführer Josef Steinhauer assumed the role of acting commander of the first regiment, temporarily delegating command of his battalion to another officer. Steinhauer was tasked with forming the regimental staff and staff company; however, due to a critical manpower shortage, the regiment's headquarters could not be deployed to the frontline.[95] The Brigade's three battalions now operated under the structure of SS-Sturmregiment 1 with SS-Untersturmführer der Reserve Siegfried Polack as the third battalion's new commander. Before the end of October or in early November, the IV. Battalion was renumbered as the II. Battalion of the newly established Sturmregiment 2, commanded by SS-Hauptsturmführer Ewald Ehlers, who had joined the unit in September 1944. The regiment's First Battalion was also formed in late October, led by former Nazi politician SS-Obersturmführer Wilhelm Stegmann, who had been drafted into the SS on 1 October 1944. The third battalion of the Sturmregiment-2 are the last to ber formed in November and it was the unit with the largest amount of political prisoners with the number of 400. The battalion was commanded by a former Luftwaffe officer named Kurt Nitzkowski.

With the outcome of the war no longer in doubt, large numbers of communist and socialist political prisoners began applying to join the unit in the hopes of defecting to the Soviets.[96]

On 3 November 1944, the SS Main Economic and Administrative Office had issued quotas to all primary concentration camps for the suitable selection of political prisoners. The quota for political prisoner volunteers , that totalled up to 1910 men are as follows:

Concentration camp Quota
Auschwitz 400
Buchenwald 150
Dachau 300
Flossenbürg 45
Gross-Rosen 30
Mauthausen 10
Neuengamme 130
Ravensbrück 80
Sachsenhausen 750
Stutthof 15

The recruitment process underwent for first two weeks of November. Unfortunately, Only 770 volunteers from all of the camps are accepted as recruited. To make up the missing 1,140 men, Dirlewanger recruited a mix of asocial elements and career criminals, bringing the total number of recruits to the targeted 1,910. The political prisoners received their training in either Krakow or Mošovce.

SS-Brigadeführer Fritz Schmedes, former commander of the 4th SS Polizei Panzergrenadier Division, was assigned to the Dirlewanger Brigade by Himmler as punishment for refusing to carry out orders. With his extensive combat experience, Schmedes became the unofficial advisor to Dirlewanger on front-line combat.

Hungary

[編輯]

Ipolyság, also known today as Šahy, is a historic town situated on the northern bank of the Ipoly River (Ipeľ), which forms part of the northern border between Hungary and modern-day Slovakia. It was a strategic point for the Germans to defend, as the Ipolyság Gap provided a direct route for Soviet forces to advance into Slovakia. Securing Ipolyság was also crucial for protecting the northern flank of Budapest, preventing any potential encirclement of the Hungarian capital.[97]

To mount an effective defense of the Ipolyság area, the Germans and Hungarians desperately needed infantry and heavy anti-tank weapons. Despite the presence of the reinforced Hungarian 2nd Panzer Division, it remained critically weak, even after being supplemented by engineers from Pionier-Regiment Stab 36 and a Panzergrenadier battalion from the German 24th Panzer Division. These reinforcements were insufficient to hold the Ipolyság Gap for long, leaving the area vulnerable to the Soviet advance.[97]

By 9 December 1944, all available units of Army Group South had already been deployed to the frontlines at Lake Balaton and Budapest and could not be spared. Additionally, some forces were being withheld for Operation Spätlese. Hoping that Berlin could provide reinforcements, Generalleutnant Helmuth von Grolmann, Chief of Staff of Army Group South, contacted Walter Wenck to discuss the possibility of receiving additional units. However, Wenck, whose office had already authorized the deployment of three panzer divisions for Operation Spätlese, was unable to allocate any further forces.[98] Shortly after, von Grolmann reached out to SS-Obersturmbannführer Hans Greiner, the Chief of Staff of the Deutscher Befehlshaber in der Slowakei, to inquire about any available reinforcements for the Ipolyság Gap. Greiner informed him that only two combat-ready units met the operational requirements: the Panzer-Feldausbildungs-Division Tatra, an armored training unit, and SS-Sturmbrigade Dirlewanger.[98]

Von Grolmann was also informed that the German commander in Slovakia, SS-Obergruppenführer Hermann Höfle, who also served as the Höherer SS und Polizeiführer in the region, could not spare either unit at the moment. Höfle was mobilizing his own forces to defend Slovakia’s southern border against the advancing Red Army. Panzer-Division Tatra was severely understrength, consisting of only three Panzergrenadier regiments, a small artillery battalion, and a few heavy guns. In comparison, the exact strength of SS-Sturmbrigade Dirlewanger was uncertain, but the unit had gained notoriety among the Wehrmacht command for its brutal involvement in the Warsaw Uprising. Due to these factors, von Grolmann preferred Panzer-Division Tatra and wanted it deployed as soon as possible. However, even if Höfle were to release any unit, it would likely be Dirlewanger Brigade. That evening, Greiner informed Oberstleutnant Heinrich Schäfer, First General Staff Officer of Army Group South, that he intended to send Dirlewanger Brigade—described as having 「six very strong battalions」—to Ipolyság. Schäfer suggested that both Panzer-Division Tatra and SS-Sturmbrigade Dirlewanger be deployed together to strengthen the defense, but the proposal was ultimately rejected. The reasoning given was that it was important to keep Tatra Division in its current position for "political reasons".[98]

According to Höfle:

the most readily available [unit] for this mission and was also my only unit with artillery and heavy mortars of any significance … I … immediately ordered the Dirlewanger Brigade to continue its march [and] directed the bulk of its troops to the section of the [Hungarian–Slovak] border between Esztergom and the Starárieka [River] north of Balassagyarmat … [I] arranged for the motorized transport of two battalions to Ipolysag.

Whether he wished to or not, Höfle had been directly ordered by the Wehrmacht’s Supreme Commander to contribute to the defense of the Ipolyság Gap. What had previously been a voluntary effort was now a mandatory obligation. Without hesitation, Höfle—just as Greiner had informed von Grolmann earlier that day—offered up two battalions from SS-Sturmbrigade Dirlewanger. Walter Wenck accepted the proposal immediately, seemingly convinced that the brigade was as strong as advertised. Though Höfle had not consulted Himmler regarding this decision.[99]

Like von Grolmann, Wenck likely did not fully understand the true composition or combat readiness of Dirlewanger Brigade. He seemingly believed that Höfle was deploying a full-strength, battle-ready SS assault brigade capable of repelling the Soviet attack and securing the Ipolyság River valley. In reality, as previously described, the brigade was far from such a force. After consulting Guderian, who agreed with his recommendation, Wenck secured Hitler’s official approval to order Höfle to deploy Dirlewanger’s unit. With the Führer’s authorization confirmed, the brigade was placed on alert for movement on the evening of 9 December.[100] To expedite their deployment and ensure they reached their positions as quickly as possible, the II. and III. Battalions of SS-Sturmregiment 2 were assigned to the Hungarian 2nd Panzer Division. Rather than being subordinated to Dirlewanger’s headquarters or their respective Sturmregiment command, these battalions were placed directly under Hungarian command.[100]

Meanwhile, Dirlewanger himself was ordered to report to Army Group South’s headquarters to oversee the coordination of his unit’s deployment.[100] Höfle’s decision to deploy the brigade not only positioned it where it was needed but also kept it as far away from his territory as possible, as Dirlewanger’s men had already begun terrorizing the local Slovak population, posing a significant threat to stability in the region.[101]

In December, the brigade was sent to the front in Hungary. While fighting there, several new battalions made up of communist and socialist volunteers fell apart. During a month of fighting, the brigade suffered many casualties and was pulled back to Slovakia to refit and reorganize.

Germany

[編輯]

In February 1945, orders were given to expand the brigade to a division but before this could begin it was sent north to the Oder-Neisse line to halt the Soviet advance. On 14 February 1945, the brigade was renamed the 36th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS.[1] With its expansion to a division of 4,000 men, regular army units were attached to the formation, a Grenadier regiment, a Pionier brigade, and a Panzerjäger battalion. Individual Sturmpionier demolition engineers had already been attached to the force during the fighting in Warsaw. The next day, Dirlewanger was seriously wounded in combat for the twelfth time during the counterattack to recapture the town of Sommerfeld. He was sent to the rear and Schmedes took command; Dirlewanger would not return to the division.

The division was pushed back to the northeast when the final Soviet offensive began on 16 April 1945. Desertion became more and more common, and when Schmedes attempted to reorganize the division on 25 April, he found that it had virtually ceased to exist. On 28 April 1945, SS-Sturmbannführer Ewald Ehlers, who now command the 73rd Waffen Grenadier Regiment, was severely wounded and lost an arm during the battle in Halbe, according to former Oberst SS-Hauptsturmführer Harald Momm who commanded the II.battalion in Ehlers's regiment. Ehlers joined the unit on 15 September 1944 . Ehlers served in the SS-Totenkopfverbände as a company commander in Sachsenhausen concentration camp. Some account had him hung by his own troops and disemboweled.[102] On 1 May 1945, the Soviets wiped out all that was left of the unit in the Halbe pocket. Only a small remnant of the division managed an escape attempt to reach the US Army lines on the Elbe river. SS-Obersturmbannführer Kurt Weisse led a large group of around 400 men escaping from Halbe Pocket . He was later put in British captivity and escaped on 5 March 1946. His later fate is unknown.[103] Schmedes and his staff(excluding Kurt Weisse) were taken prisoner in Soviet captivity. Schmedes was not charged with any crime and discharged shortly due to poor health.[104] Only about 700 men of the division survived the war. In June 1945, Dirlewanger was captured by French forces in Germany and died in their custody by 8 June, allegedly beaten to death by Polish soldiers in Altshausen.[105][106]

戰鬥序列

[編輯]
親衛隊突擊旅「迪爾旺格」（1944年10月）
  • 旅部
  • 黨衛軍第1團
  • 黨衛軍第2團
  • 砲兵營
  • 輕步兵連
  • 工兵連
  • 通信連
親衛隊第36武裝擲彈兵師（1945年3月）
  • 師部
  • 親衛隊第72武裝擲彈兵團
  • 親衛隊第73武裝擲彈兵團
  • 斯坦斯多夫1號裝甲營
  • 第36砲兵營
  • 第36輕步兵連
  • 第1244國民擲彈兵團
  • 第687工兵旅（陸軍）
  • 第681重型反戰車營（陸軍）

傳奇

[編輯]

該師的交叉手榴彈師徽仍然被新納粹使用[107]，比如Wolfsbrigade 44和烏克蘭的一些軍事單位[108]。

在20世紀90年代，一支同名的瑞典新納粹搖滾樂隊聲名狼藉，據報道，其為瑞典新納粹界最受歡迎的樂隊之一[109][110][111]。

參考資料

[編輯]

文本注釋

[編輯]
  1. ^ 原文是：The ideal genocidal killers who neither gave nor expected quarter
  2. ^ 原文是：anti-partisan activity on the Eastern front that emerged from the image of the hunt and the animalization of the enemy
  3. ^ 原文是：a very formidable and effective fighting unit. It may well have been the best anti-partisan troop to ever fight in any war at any time.
  4. ^ 原文是：The special Dirlewanger Brigade owes its existence to an order of Adolf Hitler given in 1940 while the campaign in the West was still going on. One day Himmler called me up and told me that Hitler had ordered all men convicted of poaching with firearms who were [currently] in prison were to be collected and formed into a special detachment. That Hitler should have such a somewhat unusual and far-fetched idea at all is due to the following reason: first of all, he himself didn’t like hunting and had nothing but scorn for all hunters. Whenever he could ridicule them he did.
  5. ^ 原文是：The tone in the regiment is, I may say, in many cases a medieval one with cudgels and such things. If anyone expresses doubts about winning the war he is likely to fall dead from the table.
  6. ^ 原文是：Dirlewanger, yes, he was definitely one of those mental cases, a man not at all sound of mind, quite insane in many respects. He was a man you could quite easily imagine standing at the edge of a mass burial pit, full of fresh corpses, masturbating over them. He enjoyed killing; to most of us soldiers killing was a job, a task we were expected to carry out in the course of our duty, to engage other soldiers in battle. We didn't revel in it like he did; he enjoyed the act of killing and almost all of those under his command were the same, they were a division of psychopaths who enjoyed raping men and women, girls and boys and even the elderly were not spared their sexual perversion, and when they had their fun, they then went on a rampage of murder and bingeing on alcohol.
  7. ^ 原文是：They were a law unto themselves and often given the worst tasks, because Dirlewanger was crazy enough to do anything he was ordered to do, without any hesitation or question – he would just go and do it. Hitler liked him for that reason. In Hitler's view Dirlewanger could do the jobs that even the most battle- hardened soldiers could not bring themselves to do.
  8. ^ 原文是：A shocked comrade told me they once raped a woman before wrapping her in barbed wire and roasting her alive over a fire, like a hog on a spit.
  9. ^ 原文是：wherever the Dirlewanger unit operated, corruption and rape formed an every-day part of life and indiscriminate slaughter, beatings and looting were rife

腳註

[編輯]
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參考文獻

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外部連結

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Template:SS Brigades

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