跳转到内容

User:Kurgenera/Test28

本页使用了标题或全文手工转换
维基百科，自由的百科全书
主条目：親衛隊第36師
党卫队第36武装掷弹兵师
德語：36. Waffen-Grenadier-Division der SS
师徽
存在時期1940—1945年
國家或地區 納粹德國
部門 武装党卫队
種類步兵师
功能镇压匪徒
別稱黑色猎手
參與戰役
指挥官
著名指揮官奥斯卡·迪勒万格

迪勒万格旅（SS-Sturmbrigade Dirlewanger，1944年[1]），又称党卫队第36武装掷弹兵师（德語：36. Waffen-Grenadier-Division der SS），黑色猎手（德語：Die schwarzen Jäger[2]），是纳粹德国武装党卫队中的一支部队。该部队以其指挥官奥斯卡·迪勒万格的名字命名，由罪犯组成。该部队最初于1940年由被定罪的偷猎者组成，部署于针对波兰抵抗运动的反游击行动中。后来该旅在德占东欧服役，并在白俄罗斯的反游击行动中发挥了尤其积极的作用。该部队被认为是武装党卫队中最残暴、最臭名昭著的部队，其士兵被描述为“既不留情面也不指望宽恕的理想种族灭绝杀手”[a][3][4][5]。该部队被认为是在波兰和白俄罗斯行动的最臭名昭著的武装党卫队单位[6]，并且可以说是现代欧洲历史上犯罪率最高和残忍程度最糟糕的军事单位[7]。

在行动期间，该部队参与了对平民的大屠杀，并在德占东欧犯下了各种暴行，其残暴行径在德国国防军和武装党卫队军官中都声名狼藉。它体现了“东线反游击活动源于对敌人的猎杀和动物化形象”[b][8]，还被描述为“一支非常强大和有效的战斗部队，可能是历史上任何战争中战斗力最强的反游击部队”[c][9]。该部队不断实施暴力、酷刑、强奸和谋杀等虐待行为，并且享受在所到之处肆意抢劫，甚至相互残杀[10]。迪勒万格本人也经常殴打和杀害自己的士兵，尤其是当士兵惹怒他时[11]。

根据法国历史学家克里斯蒂安·英格劳（英语：Christian Ingrao）的说法，迪尔旺加的部队犯下了二战中最严重的暴行[12]，美国历史学家提摩希·D·史奈德则指出，他们犯下的暴行比任何其他人都多[13]。该单位单是在白俄罗斯就至少杀害了3万平民[14][15]，最高在白俄罗斯杀害了超过12万人，并摧毁了200个村庄[16]。战后，汉斯·冯·卡伦（Hans von Cullen）等几名成员被临时法庭处死。几名指挥官试图解除迪勒万格的指挥权并解散该部队，但纳粹机构内部的权贵庇护迪勒万格，并为他出面干预。该部队的行动包括：1944年末的摧毁华沙；1944年8月的华沙起义期间，超过5万华沙居民遇害的沃拉大屠杀；以及1944年8月至10月对斯洛伐克民族起义的残酷镇压。

奥斯卡·迪勒万格

[编辑]
1944年的奥斯卡·迪勒万格
主条目：奥斯卡·迪勒万格

迪勒万格旅由第一次世界大战老兵和惯犯奥斯卡·迪勒万格领导[15]。迪勒万格被认为是一个不道德的暴力酒鬼，据称患有施虐症[17]。他被描述为党卫军中“最邪恶的人”，也是第二次世界大战中最残暴的指挥官之一[18]。

1913年，迪勒万格以机枪手身份加入德意志帝国陆军，后在第八“符腾堡皇家”军团服役，晋升为中尉，并在第一次世界大战期间获得一级和二级铁十字勋章。战后他加入了自由军团，并参与镇压了德国十一月革命。1922年，他从法兰克福大学毕业，获得政治学博士学位。之后他先后在银行和针织厂工作[19]。1923年，他加入了纳粹党。1934年，他因“鼓动与其发生性关系的未成年人犯罪”和盗窃政府财产被判处两年监禁，导致他被开除出纳粹党（但他被允许重新申请入党）[20]。获释后不久，迪尔旺加因性侵犯再次被捕，并被送往位于韦尔茨海姆的纳粹集中营。绝望之下，他联系了自己一战时期的老战友戈特洛布·贝格尔，后者当时已是纳粹高层，并与党卫队全国领袖海因里希·希姆莱密切合作。贝格尔利用自己的影响力，帮助迪尔旺加加入了秃鹰军团[20][21]。

1939年返回德国后，贝格尔帮助迪勒万格加入了一般党卫队，军衔为親衛隊下級突擊隊領袖。德军入侵波兰后，贝格安排迪勒万格指挥并训练一支由被定罪的偷猎者组成的军事部队，进行“镇压匪徒”[22][19][20]。

组建

[编辑]

1940年3月，阿道夫·希特勒收到一位老战士党员妻子的来信，信中透露她的丈夫因在德国一处国家森林中偷猎而被捕入狱。他因无证狩猎被判刑。这位妻子在绝望的恳求中恳求希特勒释放她的丈夫。她建议将他派往前线重拾荣誉，相信此举能让他洗心革面、恢复名誉[23]。

戈特洛布·贝格尔在接受国际军事法庭审讯时透露，这封信是该部队成立的主要依据[24]。

他同时声明[25]：

迪尔旺格特别旅的成立源于1940年阿道夫·希特勒在西部战役仍在进行时下达的一项命令。有一天，希姆莱打电话给我，告诉我希特勒命令将所有因持枪偷猎而被监禁的人集中起来，组成一个特别分队。希特勒会有这样一个有些不寻常且牵强的想法，原因如下：首先，他本人不喜欢狩猎，对所有猎人只有鄙视。只要有机会，他就会嘲笑他们。[d]

在考虑了信中提出的要求，加上受到对偷猎看法的影响后，希特勒决定采纳这一概念，并将其转化为实际的编队[25]。

1940年3月23日，时任司法部（英语：Reich Ministry of Justice）顾问的弗朗茨·居特纳（英语：Franz Gürtner）接到希姆莱副官、親衛隊集團領袖卡尔·沃尔夫的电话，希特勒决定对所谓的“荣誉偷猎者”给予缓刑，并根据他们在战场上的表现予以赦免。随后，希特勒的命令得到确认，具体规定偷猎者应尽可能来自巴伐利亚和奥地利，不得犯有涉及设置陷阱的罪行，并应加入射手协会（Schützenverein）[2]。这些人需将狩猎和林地技能的知识，与传统猎兵的勇气和主动性相结合，同时具备那些敢于违法者的特质。1940年5月底，迪尔旺格被派往奥拉宁堡，负责指挥80名因偷猎罪被暂时释放的精选人员。经过两个月的训练，55人被选中，其余被送回监狱。1940年6月14日，“奥拉宁堡偷猎者部队”（Wilddiebkommando Oranienburg）作为武装党卫队的一部分成立，并隶属于党卫队第3师的第5团[20]。希姆莱任命迪勒万格为指挥官。该部队被派往波兰，四名因纪律原因而被选中的武装党卫队士官和另外二十名新兵加入了该部队。到1940年9月，该部队人数已超过300人。迪勒万格被希姆莱晋升为親衛隊上級突擊隊領袖。随着罪犯的涌入，部队中偷猎者的比重减少，但许多前偷猎者晋升为士官负责训练。被判犯有其他罪行的人，包括精神病罪犯[26]和同性恋者[27]:394，也加入了该部队。

从一开始，该部队因吸纳被禁止携带武器的罪犯（因此免于被征召入国防军）而受到纳粹党和党卫队的批评。为解决这一问题，党卫队宣布该部队不属于党卫队编制，但由其控制[28]。因此，部队更名为“迪勒万格特种部队”（Sonderkommando Dirlewanger）。1942年1月，为增强实力，该部队获准招募俄罗斯和乌克兰志愿者。到1943年2月，部队人数翻倍至700人（其中一半是德意志裔）[20]。1944年末，它成为武装党卫队部队。1944年5月，来自阿塞拜疆的550人（包括突厥斯坦人、伏尔加鞑靼人、阿塞拜疆人、吉尔吉斯人、乌兹别克人和塔吉克人）被编入迪尔旺格旅[29]。

随着战争的推进和对人力的需求增加，其他惩戒营相继成立，但这些惩戒部队主要针对犯有军事罪行的人，而被送往迪勒万格部队的则是犯下重大罪行的罪犯，如谋杀、强奸、纵火和盗窃。迪勒万格为他们提供了实施暴行的机会，其规模之大甚至在残暴的党卫队内部也引发了不满[20]。历史学家马丁·温德罗（英语：Martin Windrow）将这支部队描述为“可怕的乌合之众”，由“凶残的叛徒、变态的虐待狂以及从其他部队被开除的废物”组成[30]。一些纳粹官员却将该部队浪漫化，视其成员为“纯朴原始的德国人”，在“反抗法律”[26]。

部署历史

[编辑]

迪勒万格旅在苏联犯下了极端暴行，包括活活烧死妇女和儿童、放任饥饿的狗群撕咬她们，以及向犹太妇女注射士的宁[31][32]。在纽伦堡审判的记录中，苏联检察官频繁询问被控在东线犯下战争罪行的被告，是否了解迪尔旺格旅的情况。海因里希·希姆莱曾评论该部队的残暴，指出：“该团的风气，可以说，在许多情况下带有中世纪的色彩，使用棍棒之类的东西。如果有人对赢得战争表示怀疑，很可能当场倒毙在桌旁。”[e][33]

副指挥官库尔特·魏斯（Kurt Weisse）被描述为迪尔旺格旅中在“残暴、残忍和彻头彻尾的虐待狂”方面最接近迪尔旺格本人的人，并且“如果该部队中有人符合典型的心理病态特征，那就是他”[34]。

曾是親衛隊第3師成员的彼得·布赫纳（Peter Buchner）也注意到迪勒万格及其手下人的残暴，他说道[35]：

迪勒万格，毫无疑问，是个精神病患者，精神完全不正常，在很多方面都相当疯狂。你完全可以想象他站在一个充满新鲜尸体的万人坑边上，对着尸体自慰。他享受杀戮；对我们大多数士兵来说，杀戮是一项工作，是我们在职责范围内被要求执行的任务，是在战场上与敌方士兵交战。我们不像他那样以此为乐；他享受杀戮的行为，而他手下几乎所有人都是如此，他们是一支由精神变态者组成的部队，喜欢强奸男人、女人、女孩、男孩，甚至连老人也不放过。玩乐之后，他们就展开一场杀戮狂欢，并纵情酗酒。[f]

布赫纳进一步指出，迪尔旺格接受几乎任何交给他们的任务，甚至是那些久经沙场的老兵都无法完成的任务：

他们自成一派，经常被分配到最恶劣的任务，因为迪勒万格疯狂到会毫不犹豫、不加质疑地执行任何命令——他会直接去做。希特勒因此很欣赏他。在希特勒看来，迪尔旺格能完成那些连最久经沙场的老兵都无法下手去做的工作。[g]

他最后通过一个战友目击的故事总结了对该部队的回忆：

一位震惊的战友告诉我，他们曾强奸了一名女子，然后用铁丝网裹住她，像烤猪一样在火上活活烤死。[h]

波兰

[编辑]

1940年8月1日，该部队正式转入親衛隊第5師。一个月后，部队被改名为迪勒万格特别指挥队[36]。1940年9月1日，他们被告知不会被派往前线，而是被分配到波兰总督府卢布林（纳粹根据尼斯科计划（英语：Nisko Plan）建立的隔都）执行警卫任务[20][36]。部队从萨克森豪森集中营获得了数百名额外志愿者补充，这些志愿者包括偷猎者、党卫军成员或两者兼有[37]。1940年9月，人数约为280-300人的迪勒万格特别指挥队开始从萨克森豪森乘火车前往卢布林，行程约10-14小时[37]。抵达后，该部队被置于親衛隊旅隊領袖，卢布林地区高级党卫队和警察领袖代表奥迪洛·格洛博奇尼克的指挥之下。尽管他们接受了额外的训练，但他们的任务仍然是看守卢布林的隔都，在那里他们经常虐待居民[37]。

据历史学家马修·库珀（Matthew Cooper）记载，“无论迪勒万格部队在哪里行动，腐败和强奸都是日常生活的常态，肆意屠杀、殴打和抢劫比比皆是[i]”[38]。即使在总督府的残酷政权下，该部队的行为也引发了担忧。高级党卫军和警察领袖弗里德里希-威廉·克吕格尔最终要求迅速将该部队调离他的辖区，否则他将下令逮捕这些士兵[39]。

该部队的罪行在1944年返回波兰协助镇压华沙起义时仍在继续，包括强奸和谋杀15名红十字会护士，以及杀害数千名平民。部队进入一家临时军医院后，首先用刺刀和枪托杀死伤员，然后轮奸女性。之后，赤裸且流血的护士被带到户外，倒吊起来并射击腹部[40][41]。该部队在沃拉大屠杀期间继续实施暴行，根据希姆莱的命令，超过4万波兰平民在报复行动中被杀害[42]。

白俄罗斯

[编辑]

白俄罗斯苏维埃社会主义共和国（今白俄罗斯）于1941年被占领，成为东方总督辖区的一部分。在该地区，迪勒万格部队由当地高级党卫军和警察领袖埃里希·冯·德姆·巴赫-策莱夫斯基指挥。迪勒万格因其“残暴和堕落”甚至在党卫军中也“无人能及”而臭名昭著[43]。该部队参与了所谓的“镇压匪徒”。迪勒万格惯用的作战方式是将平民集中到谷仓中，然后点燃谷仓，并向试图逃跑的人开枪，造成的受害者人数约为3万人[26]。一些估计称约200个村庄被摧毁，约12万人被杀害[44] 。迪勒万格还有另一种确定下一个目标村庄的策略：他会驾驶轻型侦察机飞过疑似藏有游击队的村庄上空。如果飞机遭到枪击，他会在地图上标记该村庄的位置。随后，他会返回地面，带领部队进攻，照例焚烧目标村庄并杀害所有居民[45]。

抵达白俄罗斯后不久，迪勒万格部队便被投入了行动。1942年3月2日至10日，他们在奥西波维奇东北部遭成功击溃一支强大的游击队并缴获大量武器。1942年3月12日，他们成功击败了切尔瓦科夫附近的一大群游击队。后来，他们在克利切夫遭到更大规模游击队的袭击。迪勒万格随后在莫吉廖夫西南部的森林地区发起了一场行动[46]。

4月，迪勒万格部队被划归由安全警察上校利奥·冯·布伦瑞克（Leo von Braunschweig）领导的中央警察团（英语：Police Regiment Centre）指挥，任务是清理[[德鲁季 河]]和别列津纳河附近的区域。1942年4月2日，该部队与第32和第307警察营一起被派往连接莫吉廖夫和博布鲁伊斯克的道路北部。据信该地区有超过600名全副武装的游击队员[47]。在行动中，迪勒万格部队成功解救了在伊利索瓦（Illisowa）附近被包围的德国陆军部队。他们对塞勒里（Selleri）和卢希扎（Lushiza）等被大量游击队占领的村庄发动了决定性进攻，毫不留情地将游击队追击到巴采维奇（Batsevichi）以北的危险沼泽地。1942年4月8日至15日，迪勒万格的部队包围并歼灭了几个顽强抵抗的游击队团体[48]。

迪勒万格部队在首次反游击任务中的表现给上级留下了深刻印象。1942年4月24日，迪勒万格致信党卫军总办公室，声称他的部队特别适合在复杂地形中对抗游击队，并正式请求将部队人数增加到250人[48]。

1942年5月初，迪勒万格及其部队对游击队活动进行了广泛搜索，但收效甚微。5月12日，他们怀疑苏恰村（Sucha）的居民藏匿游击队，将该村彻底烧毁。5月25日，部队的一辆福特指挥车在切采维奇附近10公里处遭到30名游击队的伏击，导致3名党卫军士官和3名国防军士兵死亡，另1名党卫军士官重伤。5月29日，迪勒万格的部队在多尔戈耶村“”附近俘获一名游击队员，并处决了另外5人。在博布鲁伊斯克附近的[[拉斯瓦达]（）又杀死一名游击队员。作为回应，该村被纵火烧毁，月末波德戈里耶附近另一村庄也被摧毁。

1943年5月20日，针对维捷布斯克地区游击活动的“科特布斯行动”开始，由俄罗斯中部及白俄罗斯高级党卫军和警察领袖（HSSPF）指挥，参与单位包括警察、党卫军及协作单位，其中包括迪勒万格党卫军特种营。1943年5月28日，迪勒万格及其部队参与行动，向帕利克湖以西5公里的119.1高地 heavily fortified position 推进。在激烈敌火下，迪勒万格带领一队工兵直接突袭该 fortifications。

1943年6月1日，迪勒万格及其幕僚在前往前线途中，突然遭到隐藏在周围沼泽地的游击队伏击。他们被迫进行残酷的近战，最终突破包围。同一沼泽地随后成为决定性反击的地点，消灭了游击队力量。这次行动是德国在白俄罗斯进行的最大规模反游击战役之一，至少造成2万名受害者丧生，而德军损失极小，阵亡士兵不足60人。然而，并非所有人都对迪勒万格的行动印象深刻。一名巡查“科特布斯行动”区域的民事宣传官报告称目睹了可怕场景——一些游击队员被活活烧死，其焦尸被流浪猪啃食。白俄罗斯总督辖区总委员威廉·库贝对此提出抗议，通过阿尔弗雷德·罗森堡向海因里希·希姆莱表达关切。对此，戈特洛布·伯格驳斥这些指控为无稽之谈，坚持认为迪勒万格的部队并非如所述。

1943年7月7日，该营接到由党卫军集团领袖库尔特·冯·戈特贝格领导的戈特贝格战斗群的作战命令，参与“赫尔曼行动”。主要任务包括打击明斯克以西地区的游击队、没收农产品和牲畜，以及确保劳动力。 In early May 1942, Dirlewanger and his men conducted extensive searches for partisan activity but found little success. On 12 May, they burned the village of Sucha to the ground, suspecting its inhabitants of harboring partisans. On 25 May, a Ford command car belonging to the unit was ambushed by a group of 30 partisans, 10 kilometers from Cecevici. The attack resulted in the deaths of three SS NCOs and three Wehrmacht soldiers, while another SS NCO was seriously wounded. On 29 May, Dirlewanger’s men captured a partisan and executed five others near the village of Dolgoje. Another partisan was killed at Raswada near Babruysk. In response, the village was set ablaze, followed by the destruction of another village near Podgor'e at the end of the month. [49]

Operation Cottbus began on 20 May 1943 as part of the German effort to suppress partisan activity in the Vitebsk region. The operation involved Police, SS, and collaborationist units operating under the command of the Höherer SS- und Polizeiführer (HSSPF) Russland-Mitte und Weißruthenien. Among the participating forces was SS-Sonderbataillon Dirlewanger. On 28 May 1943, Dirlewanger and his unit took part in the operation and advanced toward a heavily fortified position at Hill 119.1, located 5 km west of Paliksee. Under intense enemy fire, Dirlewanger led a group of pioneers in a direct assault on the fortified area. [50]

On 1 June 1943, while en route to the front lines, Dirlewanger and his staff were suddenly ambushed by partisans hidden in the surrounding swamplands. Forced into brutal close combat, they managed to break through the encirclement. The same swampy area later became the site of a decisive counterattack, resulting in the destruction of the partisan force.[51] The operation was one of the largest anti-partisan campaigns conducted by the Germans in Belarus. At least 20,000 victims were killed, while German losses remained minimal, with fewer than 60 soldiers killed in action. Not everyone was impressed with Dirlewanger's actions. A civilian propaganda officer who toured the Operation Cottbus area reported witnessing horrific scenes—some partisans had been burned alive, and their charred remains were being eaten by roaming pigs.[52] Wilhelm Kube, the Generalkommissar of Generalbezirk Weißruthenien, protested Dirlewanger’s actions, raising his concerns through Alfred Rosenberg to Heinrich Himmler. In response, Gottlob Berger dismissed the accusations as nonsense, insisting that Dirlewanger’s battalion was not as described.[53]

On 7 July 1943, the battalion received an operational order from Kampfgruppe von Gottberg , led by SS-Gruppenführer Curt von Gottberg to participate in Operation Hermann. The primary tasks assigned were to combat partisans, confiscate agricultural products and livestock, and secure the labor force in the area west of Minsk.

From 19 July to 21 July 1943, the first company led by acting commander Kurt Weisse reported killing a confirmed partisan and executing 301 suspects. A total of 1,025 work-capable people were taken for labor, and 57 horses were seized. Two villages were attacked—one was burned down, and the other was liquidated. Only seven members of the company were wounded, and two died of their wounds. On 27 July 1944, the battalion reported capturing 314 work-capable people for labor and seizing 62 cattle. The following day, the battalion engaged in combat against partisans, successfully killing 26 of them while losing only two soldiers.

For August, the battalion captured 26 civilians, including 8 children, and killed 19 partisans along with 20 Jews. Four individuals were taken prisoner during this period. On 7 August, a hand grenade incident occurred during a roundup of over 300 people, resulting in the death of one soldier and injuries to eight others. Additionally, 11 villages were burned down.[54]

In a post-war testimony, an anonymous member of the SS-Sonderbataillon Dirlewanger recalled what he witnessed during an anti-partisan operation in Belarus:[55]

During a march — and we had driven 200 km close to Smolensk — the villages were encircled. Nobody was allowed to leave or enter. The fields were searched and the people were sent back to the village. The next morning around 6:00 AM. all these people — it was a larger village with approximately 2,500 people — children, women, the elderly were pushed into four or five barns. Then Dirlewanger appeared with 10 men, officers, etc. and said: “Shoot them all immediately.” In front of the barn, he positioned four SD-men with machine pistols. The barn was opened and Dirlewanger said, “Fire freely.” Then there was indiscriminate shooting into the crowd of humans with the machine pistols, without distinction whether children, women, etc. were hit. It was a most horrendous action. The magazines were taken out, new ones were inserted. Then new aiming started. After that, the barn was closed again. The SD-men removed straw from the roofs and set the barns on fire. This was the most horrible spectacle which I have ever seen in my life. The barns were burning brightly. Nobody could escape until the barns fell down. Meanwhile, Dirlewanger and his staff positioned themselves with the Russian rapid fire guns about 50 meters away from the barn. Then from the barns some lightly wounded, some heavily wounded and others who had not yet been hit stormed out, burning all over their bodies. Now these bastards shot these people who tried to escape, with Dirlewanger in front, until there was nobody left. I have witnessed this example which I have described in at least four or five other cases. Each of these villages was leveled down to the ground.

According to historian Timothy Snyder:

As it inflicted its first fifteen thousand mortal casualties, the Special Commando Dirlewanger lost only ninety-two men—many of them, no doubt, to friendly fire and alcoholic accidents. A ratio such as that was possible only when the victims were unarmed civilians.[26]

In September 1942, the unit murdered 8,350 Jews in Baranovichi ghetto and then a further 389 people labelled "bandits" and 1,274 "bandit suspects".[26] According to the historian, Martin Kitchen, the unit "committed such shocking atrocities in the Soviet Union, in the pursuit of partisans, that even an SS court was called upon to investigate".[56] A witness reported Dirlewanger men roasting captured partisans alive and then throwing their bodies to a herd of hungry pigs.[57] Women were raped and then kept as "sexual cattle", in which they would be traded amongst the men for "two bottles of vodka", with even children being raped and tortured to death.[58]

On 10 August 1943, the expansion of the battalion to regimental size was authorized by SS-Führungshauptamt under Hans Jüttner. However, the order faced delays due to a shortage of soldiers to fill the newly planned regiment and a lack of weapons to equip them. To overcome this problem, Dirlewanger armed his troops with captured Soviet weapons stocks. The actual expansion of the Sonderbattalion into a regiment did not begin until May 1944, when two battalions were formed from the original 1st company and 2nd company. The formation of a third battalion was delayed due to a shortage of men and did not occur until August 1944.[59] Recruits were to come from criminals, Eastern volunteers (Osttruppen), and military delinquents. On 19 February 1944, permission to take volunteers from concentration camps was granted by Himmler in order to fill the battalion before it could be expanded to a regiment. Over 700 men signed up as volunteers for the battalion, and most of them arrived in June 1944. Additionally, the battalion included 300 anti-communists from Soviet territory. In March 1943, together with the Schutzmannschaft Battalion 118, carried out operations against partisans and civilians in the Smalyavichy and Lahoysk districts.[60] It participated in the Khatyn Massacre, which was perpetrated on 22 March. In November 1943, the battalion went into action with Army Group Centre to halt the Soviet advance, and suffered extreme casualties due to ineptitude.

On late November, Dirlewanger was sent home to Germany in Esslingen am Neckar to recover from his 11th wound after a recent battle, where a bullet grazed across his right arm and chest. While Dirlewanger was absent, the battalion's adjutant, SS-Hauptsturmführer Erwin Walser, took the position of acting battalion commander, while SS-Hauptsturmführer Kurt Weisse assumed the role of adjutant, which he held until the end of the war. Dirlewanger received the German Cross in gold on 5 December 1943 in recognition of his earnestness, but by 30 December 1943, the unit consisted of only 259 men. On January 1944, Dirlewanger came back to Belarus to take the command back and put Walser in the position of Personnel Officer. Large numbers of amnestied criminals were sent to rebuild the battalion and by late February 1944, the battalion was back to full strength. It was decided that Eastern volunteers would no longer be admitted to the unit, as the Russians had proven to be particularly unreliable in combat.

Until April 24, 1944, their communications relied on the attached Wehrmacht units available. This changed when a 16-man platoon was transferred to the regiment from the SS-administered Postschutz in Berlin. None of these transferred troops had a criminal record nor were assigned any probationary tasks.

On 26 June 1944, an attachment of German Ordnungspolizei artillerymen led by Hauptmann der Schutzpolizei Josef Steinhauer was assigned to the second battalion. Steinhauer was later appointed by Dirlewanger as the second battalion's commander.[61] On March 1944, Hauptmann der Schutzpolizei Herbert Meyer volunteered to serve in the battalion and was assigned as the commander of the first company. Meyer had been convicted of petty theft and embezzlement in November 1942 and was sent to the Danzig-Matzkau prison. He later served as the commander of the first battalion in Warsaw in August 1944 and remained in this position until the end of the war.[62]

On 30 June 1944, the regiment reported a total strength of 17 officers and 954 men, including non-commissioned officers. This strength does not included the 769 upcoming volunteers from several concentration camps that will be sent to the SS-Ersatzkompanie Dirlewanger stationed in Minsk.

Anti-partisan operations continued until June 1944, when the Soviets launched Operation Bagration, which was aimed at the destruction of the Army Group Centre. The unit was caught up in the retreat and began falling back to the town of Lida. Under the Kampfgruppe von Gottberg, the unit held their position against the Soviet so that the remaining retreating Germans have the time to fall back to safety.[63] The regiment sustained heavy casualties during several rearguard actions and were detached from Kampfgruppe von Gottberg on 20 July 1944 .At the same time , they were sent to East Prussia for reconstitution at the Arys training center in the town of Lyck. The Sonderregiment arrived on 21 July 1944 and used their time to re-organised its regiment and received replacement.[64] In late July 1944, Dirlewanger left the regiment and flew to Berlin to lobby Gottlob Berger for more troops and equipment. The command of the regiment was given temporarily to SS-Hauptsturmfuhrer Kurt Weisse. The command was returned back to Dirlewanger when he flew back from Germany in August 1944.[65]

Return to Poland

[编辑]
Members of the 2nd Battalion "Kampfgruppe Steinhauer" SS-Sonderregiment "Dirlewanger" in central Warsaw in 1944.
Polish civilians murdered in the Wola massacre in Warsaw, August 1944
Photograph depicting Polish civilians murdered by SS forces during the Warsaw Uprising in the Wola district, August 1944

When the Armia Krajowa began the Warsaw Uprising on 1 August 1944, SS-Sonderregiment Dirlewanger was sent into action under the command of SS-Sturmbannführer Kurt Weisse, as part of the Kampfgruppe formation led by SS-Gruppenführer Heinz Reinefarth; once again serving alongside Bronislav Kaminski's militia (now named Waffen-Sturmbrigade RONA).[66]

On 3 August 1944, the regiment was informed to form a battalion-sized Kampfgruppen to support the suppression of the uprising. The first Kampfgruppe was formed out of the 1st Battalion and was named Kampfgruppe Meyer, with a strength of 356 men (excluding additional support troops). It was commanded by SS-Obersturmführer Herbert Meyer, who had now been fully rehabilitated. The second Kampfgruppe was formed from the regiment's 2nd Battalion and was named Kampfgruppe Steinhauer, led by SS-Sturmbannführer Josef Steinhauer, with a strength of 350 men. They arrived on 6 August 1944, and both Kampfgruppen were placed under the command of Reinefarth.[12] On that same day, Dirlewanger, together with Gottlob Berger, was seen visiting the SS-Hauptamt headquarters' mess in Berlin, celebrating the promotion of his courier, Kat, and his driver, Koe.[67] On 4 August 1944, Kampfgruppe Meyer departed for Warsaw by truck and arrived that night at the western outskirts of the city and stayed at Bernerowo Airfield. On the same day, Dirlewanger received a telegram directly from Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler which read:

Although I am very satisfied with your actions, as I recently told you personally, I must express my dissatisfaction that, despite the instruction to proceed immediately to your regiment by airplane — which had been prepared for you — you still wasted time in Berlin. I am accustomed to quick and immediate obedience.

Dirlewanger then traveled to East Prussia by car and reunited with a portion of his regiment, which had prepared to depart for Warsaw. Without further hesitation, Dirlewanger sought additional soldiers and equipment to reinforce his unit. This included attempts to gather men from military prisons and SS penal camps in locations such as Glatz (Kłodzko), Anklam, Torgau, Danzig-Matzkau, and Dachau, where Dirlewanger received an additional 2,400 men on September 24, 1944.

On 5 August 1944, under the leadership of Weisse, Kampfgruppe Meyer began their assault on the Wola district, advancing along the Litzmannstadt-Strasse, while the Posen Police Group advanced north of the street. The assault was delayed and continued into the night due to the street being heavily defended.[68]

Recently arrived troops from II. Battalion, 'Kampfgruppe Steinhauer,' that arrived on 7 August 1944. Note the lack of helmet usage, which was a common practice among Dirlewanger's troops.

On 6 August 1944, Kampfgruppe Steinhauer arrived in Warsaw and, along with Kampfgruppe Meyer, immediately began their attack to reach the Brühl Palace.They eventually had advanced through Chlodna and Elektoralna streets.[69] On the evening of 7 August 1944, after receiving orders from Himmler to return to his regiment, Dirlewanger flew back from Germany and united the two Kampfgruppen to form Kampfgruppe Dirlewanger. By August 7 Dirlewanger had occupied the Saxon Gardens and had linked with other German troops on the Kierbedzia Brigde.[70] The next day, they reached the palace and also captured the Theatre Square. During the assault, several hospitals were burned down, except for St. Stanisław Hospital, which was later used as the regiment's headquarters.[69]

On 8 August 1944, SS-Untersturmführer Max Schreiner, an experienced member of the regiment, led a group of troops in an assault on the Market Hall. This decisive action led to the complete defeat of the retreating Polish insurgents. Schreiner’s assault played a crucial role in the immediate capture of the Brühl Palace.[71]

When most of its units—including headquarters, the heavy machine-gun company, heavy mortar company, and antitank gun platoon—finally arrived in Warsaw, the Sonderregiment submitted its first combat strength report on 8 August. It recorded 881 men present for duty, including 16 officers. This was three days after Kampfgruppe Meyer had begun fighting.After retaking the Brühl Palace and rescuing Warsaw battle commander Generalleutnant Reiner Stahel, the regiment regrouped that evening as Kampfgruppe Dirlewanger.[72]

Dirlewanger, with the Waffen-Sturm-Brigade RONA, are notorious for being the two units which committed the worst crimes during the Warsaw Uprising.[73] Dirlewanger had a reputation for burying women and children alive.[74] A witness reported "drunken soldiers practicing Caesarean sections with bayonets".[75]

During the massacres, Dirlewanger was notorious for plundering, with it being noted that:

The desire to plunder . . . so great that they cut off fingers with a single blow, on which they noticed rings, so as not to waste time, they took out gold teeth with bayonets, and while plundering, out of greed, they killed each other.[57]

In what became known as the Wola massacre, Dirlewanger personnel, along with police units under command of Heinz Reinefarth, massacred Polish combatants along with civilian men, women and children, in the Wola District of Warsaw. However, the role of Dirlewanger in the Wola massacre itself may have been limited in the beginning days, and Dirlewanger may not have arrived himself until the 7th of August.[76] Up to 40,000 civilians were murdered in Wola in less than two weeks of August, including all hospital patients and staff.[77][78] According to the historian Alex J. Kay, Dirlewanger murdered some 12,500 people on 5 August.[79] Dirlewanger "burned prisoners alive with gasoline, impaled babies on bayonets and stuck them out of windows and hung women upside down from balconies".[80] Polish nurses were repeatedly raped, and in some instances, hand grenades were inserted into their vaginas and detonated, while other times a "shouting and flute concerto" followed with the driving of women to the gallows.[81]

Many otherwise unknown crimes committed by the unit at Wola were later revealed by Mathias Schenck, a Belgian national who was serving in the area as a German Army sapper. Regarding an incident in which hundreds of Polish children were murdered, Schenck stated:

We blew up the doors, I think of a school. Children were standing in the hall and on the stairs. Lots of children. All with their small hands up. We looked at them for a few moments until Dirlewanger ran in. He ordered to kill them all. They shot them and then they were walking over their bodies and breaking their little heads with butt ends. Blood and brain matter streamed down the stairs. There is a memorial plaque in that place stating that 350 children were killed. I think there were many more, maybe 500.[82]

Schenck noted the often mass rape of female civilians in cellars and basement, and noted an incident where the men of the brigade raided a cellar and noted the brutal death of a Polish girl:

Every time, when we stormed the cellars and women were inside the Dirlewanger soldiers raped them. Many times a group raped the same woman, quickly, still holding weapons in their hands. Then after one of the fights, I was standing shaking by the wall and couldn't calm my nerves. Dirlewanger soldiers burst in. One of them took a woman. She was pretty. She wasn't screaming. Then he was raping her, pushing her head strongly against the table, holding a bayonet in the other hand. First he cut open her blouse. Then one cut from stomach to throat. Blood gushed.[82]

The regiment arrived in Warsaw with only 865 enlisted personnel and 16 officers but it soon received 2,500 replacements. These included 1,900 German convicts from the SS military camp at Danzig-Matzkau. Extremely high casualties were inflicted on the unit during fighting in Warsaw by the Polish resistance.[83] During the course of the two-month urban warfare Dirlewanger's regiment lost 2,733 men, 315% of the unit's initial strength.[1] While some of the regiment's actions were criticized by Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski (who after the war described them as "a herd of pigs") and the sector commander, Generalmajor Günter Rohr, Dirlewanger was promoted to SS-Oberführer der Reserve on 12 August 1944 and was recommended for the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 30 September 1944 by Reinefarth .[84] He actually received the medal on 16 October 1944 at a reception hall of the Wawel Royal Castle in Krakow and was presented by Hans Frank.[3] In gratitude for the presentation of the award, Dirlewanger wrote to Hitler’s SS Adjutant, Hauptsturmführer Otto Günsche, three weeks later and told him:

[Y]ou know as well as I do that I received this high award for the soldierly achievements of my regiment, among other things. With this, the last unwelcome voices from “higher places” about my unit should have faded away! My men have achieved superhuman things in this fight to the death and destruction and have earned themselves a place in the honor book of the German soldier by their sweat, blood, and heroic sacrificial commitment!

During one fierce fight on 6 August 1944, Dirlewanger's men used civilians as body shields:

Dirlewanger's men spread out along the square and with armor support, rooted out several insurgent positions. Then the Sonderkommando attempted to advance further using a shield of Polish women and children in front of them — but the Poles fired anyway and drove the Germans back.[85]

By 3 October 1944, the remaining Polish insurgents had surrendered and the remnants of the regiment spent the next month guarding the line along the Vistula. During this time, the regiment was unofficially referred as a "brigade" in the message traffic. Though, in a memorandum issued by the SS-Fuhrunghauptamt on 11 October 1944, the unit still officially titled as SS-Sonderregiment Dirlewanger. In early October, it was decided to turn the unit into a Waffen-SS combat brigade and it was renamed 2. SS-Sturmbrigade Dirlewanger (2nd SS Assault Brigade Dirlewanger) in December 1944, and had soon reached its complement of 4,000 men.[1]

The journalist and history writer Nigel Cawthorne noted how Dirlewanger committed worse atrocities than the Kaminski Brigade, and how they enjoyed committing them:

Encouraged by their commander SS-Oberführer Oskar Dirlewanger, who told them to take no prisoners, the Dirlewanger troops looted, gang-raped women and children, played 'bayonet catch' with live babies and tortured captives by hacking off their arms, dousing them with petrol and setting them alight to run flaming down the street. The soldiers' behaviour was so bad that even Himmler became alarmed. He ordered a battalion of SS military policemen to stand by, in case the Dirlewanger troops turned on their own leaders or on nearby German units.[86]

Slovakia

[编辑]

When the Slovak National Uprising began in late August 1944, the regiment was committed to action. The brigade played a large part in putting down the rebellion by 30 October. After the total capitulation of the Warsaw Uprising, SS-Sonderregiment Dirlewanger expanded significantly, growing into a four-battalion force with the addition of new officers and troops. Before or after arriving in Slovakia , the fourth battalion was formed in order to make up spaces for the newly arrivals until the second regiment could be made.[87]

The unit was equipped with a few artillery pieces, primarily ex-Czech and ex-Soviet guns. However, the unit was still considered understrength, prompting Dirlewanger to seek additional manpower.[88] Before their departure from Warsaw, the strength of the unit was approximately less than 4500 men after receiving the nearly 2000 probationary troops from Wehrmacht prison , detention facilities and punishment cells.[89] Even after receiving more than 3000 men from the SS, Police and Wehrmacht, the unit still hadn’t reached their targeted strength of 6500 men.[90]

On 7 October, Dirlewanger toured several concentration camps in search of recruits for his understrength unit. During his visit to the Flossenbürg Concentration Camp, he met with the camp’s commandant, SS-Sturmbannführer Egon Zill. Zill proposed an idea to Dirlewanger: to recruit Communist and Socialist prisoners into his ranks. These prisoners were not ordinary inmates; they were deeply committed to their political ideologies. Zill suggested that Dirlewanger could exploit their loyalty to Germany.[90] Unspoken, however, Zill likely saw this as an opportunity to rid his camp of troublesome prisoners who were notorious for causing unrest. SS-Gruppenführer Richard Glück and SS-Standartenführer Hermann Pister also had adviced Dirlewanger to try form a unit consisting of former political opponent of the Nazi Party. That same day, Dirlewanger wrote a letter to Heinrich Himmler, requesting approval for the idea of recruiting political prisoners into his unit. The proposed criteria were that the commandants of the concentration camps would personally select 250 prisoners who had changed their political views and now desired to prove themselves by fighting for Germany. The age range would be flexible, with a maximum age of 45 years old, and exceptional cases could extend to 50 years old. On 15 October 1944 , Himmler approved the request.[91]

With the Slovak National Uprising still ongoing, the regiment was deployed to Slovakia. Around this time, the regiment was redesignated as SS-Sturmbrigade Dirlewanger though the exact date of this redesignation occurred is unknown.

On 10 October 1944, they began its rail movement toward Slovakia. They reached Krakow, and by 12 October, they had arrived in Nitra. Their arrival wasn't met without any resistance. On 16 October 1944, elements of the Sturmbrigade Dirlewanger were strafed and bombed by several LaGG-5 planes belonging to the Slovakian Air Force near the train station at Diviaky. On the same day, SS-Oberfuhrer Dirlewanger received his long-awaited Knight's Cross in Krakow. [92] On 18 October 1944, the brigade launched an assault to capture the area near Ostro Mountain. However, the offensive was met with fierce resistance, forcing them to retreat. Two days later, they renewed the attack but made little to no progress against the determined defenders. On 25 October, the brigade finally succeeded in capturing the towns of Biely Potok and Necpaly after intense fighting. Between 27 and 30 October, the brigade continued its operations, engaging in relentless combat against Slovakian partisans in the surrounding areas.[93] By 30 October, Banská Bystrica had been fully taken, and the resistance had been completely crushed, allowing the brigade to continue their formation in the town of Revúca. As part of their usual anti-partisan duties, the brigade proceeded to eliminate any remaining small elements of partisans who had fled into the surrounding areas.[94]

At the end of October, Dirlewanger appointed Weisse as the acting Brigade commander while he traveled to various concentration camps to recruit new political prisoners. Simultaneously, SS-Sturmbannführer Josef Steinhauer assumed the role of acting commander of the first regiment, temporarily delegating command of his battalion to another officer. Steinhauer was tasked with forming the regimental staff and staff company; however, due to a critical manpower shortage, the regiment's headquarters could not be deployed to the frontline.[95] The Brigade's three battalions now operated under the structure of SS-Sturmregiment 1 with SS-Untersturmführer der Reserve Siegfried Polack as the third battalion's new commander. Before the end of October or in early November, the IV. Battalion was renumbered as the II. Battalion of the newly established Sturmregiment 2, commanded by SS-Hauptsturmführer Ewald Ehlers, who had joined the unit in September 1944. The regiment's First Battalion was also formed in late October, led by former Nazi politician SS-Obersturmführer Wilhelm Stegmann, who had been drafted into the SS on 1 October 1944. The third battalion of the Sturmregiment-2 are the last to ber formed in November and it was the unit with the largest amount of political prisoners with the number of 400. The battalion was commanded by a former Luftwaffe officer named Kurt Nitzkowski.

With the outcome of the war no longer in doubt, large numbers of communist and socialist political prisoners began applying to join the unit in the hopes of defecting to the Soviets.[96]

On 3 November 1944, the SS Main Economic and Administrative Office had issued quotas to all primary concentration camps for the suitable selection of political prisoners. The quota for political prisoner volunteers , that totalled up to 1910 men are as follows:

Concentration camp Quota
Auschwitz 400
Buchenwald 150
Dachau 300
Flossenbürg 45
Gross-Rosen 30
Mauthausen 10
Neuengamme 130
Ravensbrück 80
Sachsenhausen 750
Stutthof 15

The recruitment process underwent for first two weeks of November. Unfortunately, Only 770 volunteers from all of the camps are accepted as recruited. To make up the missing 1,140 men, Dirlewanger recruited a mix of asocial elements and career criminals, bringing the total number of recruits to the targeted 1,910. The political prisoners received their training in either Krakow or Mošovce.

SS-Brigadeführer Fritz Schmedes, former commander of the 4th SS Polizei Panzergrenadier Division, was assigned to the Dirlewanger Brigade by Himmler as punishment for refusing to carry out orders. With his extensive combat experience, Schmedes became the unofficial advisor to Dirlewanger on front-line combat.

Hungary

[编辑]

Ipolyság, also known today as Šahy, is a historic town situated on the northern bank of the Ipoly River (Ipeľ), which forms part of the northern border between Hungary and modern-day Slovakia. It was a strategic point for the Germans to defend, as the Ipolyság Gap provided a direct route for Soviet forces to advance into Slovakia. Securing Ipolyság was also crucial for protecting the northern flank of Budapest, preventing any potential encirclement of the Hungarian capital.[97]

To mount an effective defense of the Ipolyság area, the Germans and Hungarians desperately needed infantry and heavy anti-tank weapons. Despite the presence of the reinforced Hungarian 2nd Panzer Division, it remained critically weak, even after being supplemented by engineers from Pionier-Regiment Stab 36 and a Panzergrenadier battalion from the German 24th Panzer Division. These reinforcements were insufficient to hold the Ipolyság Gap for long, leaving the area vulnerable to the Soviet advance.[97]

By 9 December 1944, all available units of Army Group South had already been deployed to the frontlines at Lake Balaton and Budapest and could not be spared. Additionally, some forces were being withheld for Operation Spätlese. Hoping that Berlin could provide reinforcements, Generalleutnant Helmuth von Grolmann, Chief of Staff of Army Group South, contacted Walter Wenck to discuss the possibility of receiving additional units. However, Wenck, whose office had already authorized the deployment of three panzer divisions for Operation Spätlese, was unable to allocate any further forces.[98] Shortly after, von Grolmann reached out to SS-Obersturmbannführer Hans Greiner, the Chief of Staff of the Deutscher Befehlshaber in der Slowakei, to inquire about any available reinforcements for the Ipolyság Gap. Greiner informed him that only two combat-ready units met the operational requirements: the Panzer-Feldausbildungs-Division Tatra, an armored training unit, and SS-Sturmbrigade Dirlewanger.[98]

Von Grolmann was also informed that the German commander in Slovakia, SS-Obergruppenführer Hermann Höfle, who also served as the Höherer SS und Polizeiführer in the region, could not spare either unit at the moment. Höfle was mobilizing his own forces to defend Slovakia’s southern border against the advancing Red Army. Panzer-Division Tatra was severely understrength, consisting of only three Panzergrenadier regiments, a small artillery battalion, and a few heavy guns. In comparison, the exact strength of SS-Sturmbrigade Dirlewanger was uncertain, but the unit had gained notoriety among the Wehrmacht command for its brutal involvement in the Warsaw Uprising. Due to these factors, von Grolmann preferred Panzer-Division Tatra and wanted it deployed as soon as possible. However, even if Höfle were to release any unit, it would likely be Dirlewanger Brigade. That evening, Greiner informed Oberstleutnant Heinrich Schäfer, First General Staff Officer of Army Group South, that he intended to send Dirlewanger Brigade—described as having “six very strong battalions”—to Ipolyság. Schäfer suggested that both Panzer-Division Tatra and SS-Sturmbrigade Dirlewanger be deployed together to strengthen the defense, but the proposal was ultimately rejected. The reasoning given was that it was important to keep Tatra Division in its current position for "political reasons".[98]

According to Höfle:

the most readily available [unit] for this mission and was also my only unit with artillery and heavy mortars of any significance … I … immediately ordered the Dirlewanger Brigade to continue its march [and] directed the bulk of its troops to the section of the [Hungarian–Slovak] border between Esztergom and the Starárieka [River] north of Balassagyarmat … [I] arranged for the motorized transport of two battalions to Ipolysag.

Whether he wished to or not, Höfle had been directly ordered by the Wehrmacht’s Supreme Commander to contribute to the defense of the Ipolyság Gap. What had previously been a voluntary effort was now a mandatory obligation. Without hesitation, Höfle—just as Greiner had informed von Grolmann earlier that day—offered up two battalions from SS-Sturmbrigade Dirlewanger. Walter Wenck accepted the proposal immediately, seemingly convinced that the brigade was as strong as advertised. Though Höfle had not consulted Himmler regarding this decision.[99]

Like von Grolmann, Wenck likely did not fully understand the true composition or combat readiness of Dirlewanger Brigade. He seemingly believed that Höfle was deploying a full-strength, battle-ready SS assault brigade capable of repelling the Soviet attack and securing the Ipolyság River valley. In reality, as previously described, the brigade was far from such a force. After consulting Guderian, who agreed with his recommendation, Wenck secured Hitler’s official approval to order Höfle to deploy Dirlewanger’s unit. With the Führer’s authorization confirmed, the brigade was placed on alert for movement on the evening of 9 December.[100] To expedite their deployment and ensure they reached their positions as quickly as possible, the II. and III. Battalions of SS-Sturmregiment 2 were assigned to the Hungarian 2nd Panzer Division. Rather than being subordinated to Dirlewanger’s headquarters or their respective Sturmregiment command, these battalions were placed directly under Hungarian command.[100]

Meanwhile, Dirlewanger himself was ordered to report to Army Group South’s headquarters to oversee the coordination of his unit’s deployment.[100] Höfle’s decision to deploy the brigade not only positioned it where it was needed but also kept it as far away from his territory as possible, as Dirlewanger’s men had already begun terrorizing the local Slovak population, posing a significant threat to stability in the region.[101]

In December, the brigade was sent to the front in Hungary. While fighting there, several new battalions made up of communist and socialist volunteers fell apart. During a month of fighting, the brigade suffered many casualties and was pulled back to Slovakia to refit and reorganize.

Germany

[编辑]

In February 1945, orders were given to expand the brigade to a division but before this could begin it was sent north to the Oder-Neisse line to halt the Soviet advance. On 14 February 1945, the brigade was renamed the 36th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS.[1] With its expansion to a division of 4,000 men, regular army units were attached to the formation, a Grenadier regiment, a Pionier brigade, and a Panzerjäger battalion. Individual Sturmpionier demolition engineers had already been attached to the force during the fighting in Warsaw. The next day, Dirlewanger was seriously wounded in combat for the twelfth time during the counterattack to recapture the town of Sommerfeld. He was sent to the rear and Schmedes took command; Dirlewanger would not return to the division.

The division was pushed back to the northeast when the final Soviet offensive began on 16 April 1945. Desertion became more and more common, and when Schmedes attempted to reorganize the division on 25 April, he found that it had virtually ceased to exist. On 28 April 1945, SS-Sturmbannführer Ewald Ehlers, who now command the 73rd Waffen Grenadier Regiment, was severely wounded and lost an arm during the battle in Halbe, according to former Oberst SS-Hauptsturmführer Harald Momm who commanded the II.battalion in Ehlers's regiment. Ehlers joined the unit on 15 September 1944 . Ehlers served in the SS-Totenkopfverbände as a company commander in Sachsenhausen concentration camp. Some account had him hung by his own troops and disemboweled.[102] On 1 May 1945, the Soviets wiped out all that was left of the unit in the Halbe pocket. Only a small remnant of the division managed an escape attempt to reach the US Army lines on the Elbe river. SS-Obersturmbannführer Kurt Weisse led a large group of around 400 men escaping from Halbe Pocket . He was later put in British captivity and escaped on 5 March 1946. His later fate is unknown.[103] Schmedes and his staff(excluding Kurt Weisse) were taken prisoner in Soviet captivity. Schmedes was not charged with any crime and discharged shortly due to poor health.[104] Only about 700 men of the division survived the war. In June 1945, Dirlewanger was captured by French forces in Germany and died in their custody by 8 June, allegedly beaten to death by Polish soldiers in Altshausen.[105][106]

战斗序列

[编辑]
党卫队突击旅“迪尔旺格”（1944年10月）
  • 旅部
  • 党卫军第1团
  • 党卫军第2团
  • 炮兵营
  • 轻步兵连
  • 工兵连
  • 通信连
党卫队第36武装掷弹兵师（1945年3月）
  • 师部
  • 党卫队第72武装掷弹兵团
  • 党卫队第73武装掷弹兵团
  • 斯坦斯多夫1号装甲营
  • 第36炮兵营
  • 第36轻步兵连
  • 第1244国民掷弹兵团
  • 第687工兵旅（陆军）
  • 第681重型反坦克营（陆军）

传奇

[编辑]

该师的交叉手榴弹师徽仍然被新纳粹使用[107]，比如Wolfsbrigade 44和乌克兰的一些军事单位[108]。

在20世纪90年代，一支同名的瑞典新纳粹摇滚乐队声名狼藉，据报道，其为瑞典新纳粹界最受欢迎的乐队之一[109][110][111]。

参考资料

[编辑]

文本注释

[编辑]
  1. ^ 原文是：The ideal genocidal killers who neither gave nor expected quarter
  2. ^ 原文是：anti-partisan activity on the Eastern front that emerged from the image of the hunt and the animalization of the enemy
  3. ^ 原文是：a very formidable and effective fighting unit. It may well have been the best anti-partisan troop to ever fight in any war at any time.
  4. ^ 原文是：The special Dirlewanger Brigade owes its existence to an order of Adolf Hitler given in 1940 while the campaign in the West was still going on. One day Himmler called me up and told me that Hitler had ordered all men convicted of poaching with firearms who were [currently] in prison were to be collected and formed into a special detachment. That Hitler should have such a somewhat unusual and far-fetched idea at all is due to the following reason: first of all, he himself didn’t like hunting and had nothing but scorn for all hunters. Whenever he could ridicule them he did.
  5. ^ 原文是：The tone in the regiment is, I may say, in many cases a medieval one with cudgels and such things. If anyone expresses doubts about winning the war he is likely to fall dead from the table.
  6. ^ 原文是：Dirlewanger, yes, he was definitely one of those mental cases, a man not at all sound of mind, quite insane in many respects. He was a man you could quite easily imagine standing at the edge of a mass burial pit, full of fresh corpses, masturbating over them. He enjoyed killing; to most of us soldiers killing was a job, a task we were expected to carry out in the course of our duty, to engage other soldiers in battle. We didn't revel in it like he did; he enjoyed the act of killing and almost all of those under his command were the same, they were a division of psychopaths who enjoyed raping men and women, girls and boys and even the elderly were not spared their sexual perversion, and when they had their fun, they then went on a rampage of murder and bingeing on alcohol.
  7. ^ 原文是：They were a law unto themselves and often given the worst tasks, because Dirlewanger was crazy enough to do anything he was ordered to do, without any hesitation or question – he would just go and do it. Hitler liked him for that reason. In Hitler's view Dirlewanger could do the jobs that even the most battle- hardened soldiers could not bring themselves to do.
  8. ^ 原文是：A shocked comrade told me they once raped a woman before wrapping her in barbed wire and roasting her alive over a fire, like a hog on a spit.
  9. ^ 原文是：wherever the Dirlewanger unit operated, corruption and rape formed an every-day part of life and indiscriminate slaughter, beatings and looting were rife

脚注

[编辑]
  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Gordon Williamson, Stephen Andrew (20 March 2012), The Waffen-SS: 24. to 38. Divisions, & Volunteer Legions[永久失效連結] Osprey Publishing 2004, pp. 16, 36. ISBN 1-78096-577-X.
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Ingrao, Christian. The SS Dirlewanger Brigade – The History of the Black Hunters. Skyhorse Publishing. 2011: 98–99. ISBN 978-1-62087-631-2. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 MacLean, French L. The Cruel Hunters: SS-Sonderkommando Dirlewanger Hitler's Most Notorious Anti-Partisan Unit. Schiffer Military History. 1998: 201. ISBN 978-0764304835 （英语）. 
  4. ^ Bishop, Chris. SS: Hell on the Western Front. Staplehurst: Spellmount. 2003: 92. ISBN 1-86227-185-2. 
  5. ^ Finder, Gabriel N.; Prusin, Alexander V. Justice Behind the Iron Curtain: Nazis on Trial in Communist Poland. University of Toronto Press. 2018: 220. ISBN 978-1-4875-2268-1 （英语）. 
  6. ^ Snyder, Timothy. Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin. Basic Books. 2010: 303. ISBN 978-0-465-00239-9 （英语）. 
  7. ^ Nash, Douglas E. The Defeat of the Damned: The Destruction of the Dirlewanger Brigade at the Battle of Ipolysag, December 1944. Havertown, PA: Casemate Publishers. 2023: xi–xii. ISBN 978-1-63624-211-8. OCLC 1346537306 （英语）. 
  8. ^ Westermann, Edward B. Drunk on Genocide: Alcohol and Mass Murder in Nazi Germany. Cornell University Press. 2021: 79. ISBN 978-1-5017-5421-0 （英语）. 
  9. ^ Smesler, Ronald; Davies II, Edward J. The Myth of the Eastern Front: The Nazi-Soviet War in American Popular Culture. Cambridge University Press. 2008: 166. ISBN 978-0-521-83365-3 （英语）. 
  10. ^ Lewy, Guenter. Perpetrators: The World of the Holocaust Killers. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press. 2017: 46. ISBN 978-0-19-066113-7. 
  11. ^ Stein, George H. The Waffen SS. Cornell University Press. 1984: 268. ISBN 0-8014-9275-0. 
  12. ^ 12.0 12.1 Schlagdenhauffen, Régis (编). Queer in Europe During the Second World War. Council of Europe Publishing. 2018: 32. ISBN 978-92-871-8464-1 （英语）. 
  13. ^ Snyder, Timothy. Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin. Basic Books. 2010: 241. ISBN 978-0-465-00239-9 （英语）. 
  14. ^ Bartrop, Paul R.; Grimm, Eve E. Perpetrating the Holocaust: Leaders, Enablers, and Collaborators. ABC-CLIO. 2019: 75. ISBN 978-1-4408-5896-3 （英语）. 
  15. ^ 15.0 15.1 Kay, Alex J. Empire of Destruction: A History of Nazi Mass Killing. Yale University Press. 2021: 271. ISBN 978-0-300-26253-7 （英语）. 
  16. ^ Гриневич, Е.М.; Денисова, Н.А.; Кириллова, Н.В.; Селеменев, В.Д. Адамушко, В.И.; Баландин, В.В.; Дюков, А.Р.; Зельский, А.Г.; Селеменев, В.Д.; Скалабан, В.В. , 编. Трагедия белорусских деревень 1941–1944: Документы и материалы [The Tragedy of Belarusian Villages 1941–1944: Documents and Materials] (PDF). Фонд «Историческая память». 2011: 6, 411. ISBN 9-785-9990-0014-9 （俄语）. 
  17. ^ Stang, Knut. Oskar Dirlewanger: Protagonist der Terrorkriegsführung. Mallmann, Klaus-Michael (编). Karrieren der Gewalt: Nationalsozialistische Täterbiographien. Darmstadt, Germany: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft. 2004: 77. ISBN 3-534-16654-X （German）. 
  18. ^ Bishop, Chris. SS: Hell on the Western Front. Staplehurst: Spellmount. 2003: 92. ISBN 1-86227-185-2. 
  19. ^ 19.0 19.1 Wistrich, Robert S. Who's Who of Nazi Germany: Dirlewanger, Oskar. Routledge. 2001: 44. ISBN 0-415-26038-8. 
  20. ^ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4 20.5 20.6 Stein, George H. The Waffen SS. Cornell University Press. 1984: 266–268. ISBN 0-8014-9275-0. 
  21. ^ Maguire, Peter H. Law and War: International Law and American History, Revised Edition. New York, New York: Columbia University Press. 2013: 128. ISBN 978-0-231-51819-2. 
  22. ^ Bishop, Chris & Michael Williams. SS: Hell on the Western Front. Zenith Imprint. 2003: 92. ISBN 0-7603-1402-0. [永久失效連結]
  23. ^ The Defeat of the Damned by Douglas E. Nash (Ebook) - Read free for 30 days. Everand: 26–27. [2025-04-20] （英语）. 
  24. ^ The Defeat of the Damned by Douglas E. Nash (Ebook) - Read free for 30 days. Everand: 27. [2025-04-20] （英语）. 
  25. ^ 25.0 25.1 The Defeat of the Damned by Douglas E. Nash (Ebook) - Read free for 30 days. Everand: 28. [2025-04-20] （英语）. 
  26. ^ 26.0 26.1 26.2 26.3 26.4 Timothy Snyder. Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin. Basic Books. 2 October 2012: 241–242, 304 [28 June 2013]. ISBN 978-0-465-03147-4. [永久失效連結]
  27. ^ Giles, Geoffrey J. The Persecution of Gay Men and Lesbians During the Third Reich. The Routledge History of the Holocaust. Routledge. 2010: 385–396. ISBN 978-0-203-83744-3. 
  28. ^ Weale, Adrian. The SS: A New History. Hachette UK. 2010. ISBN 978-0-349-11752-2. 
  29. ^ Rolf Michaelis Die SS-Sturmbrigade „Dirlewanger". Vom Warschauer Aufstand bis zum Kessel von Halbe. Band II. 1. Auflage. Verlag Rolf Michaelis, 2003, ISBN 3-930849-32-1
  30. ^ Windrow, Francis K. Mason, Martin. The World's Greatest Military Leaders. Gramercy Books. 2000: 117. ISBN 978-0-517-16161-6. 
  31. ^ Snyder, Timothy. Bloodlands: Europe between Hitler and Stalin. New York: Basic Books. 2010: 246. ISBN 978-0-465-00239-9. 
  32. ^ Grunberger, Richard. The 12-Year Reich: A Social History of Nazi Germany, 1933–1945. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1971; pp. 114–115.
  33. ^ Maguire, Peter. Law and War: International Law and American History. Columbia University Press. 2010: 128. ISBN 9780231146463 （英语）. 
  34. ^ Nash, Douglas E. The Defeat of the Damned: The Destruction of the Dirlewanger Brigade at the Battle of Ipolysag, December 1944. Havertown, PA: Casemate Publishers. 2023: 39. ISBN 978-1-63624-211-8. OCLC 1346537306 （英语）. 
  35. ^ Heath, Tim. Sex Under the Swastika: Erotica, Scandal and the Occult in Hitler's Third Reich. Pen and Sword History. 2023: 85. ISBN 978-1-5267-9145-0 （英语）. 
  36. ^ 36.0 36.1 The Defeat of the Damned: The Destruction of the Dirlewanger Brigade at the Battle of Ipolysag, December 1944. Everand: 35. [2025-03-03] （英语）. 
  37. ^ 37.0 37.1 37.2 The Defeat of the Damned: The Destruction of the Dirlewanger Brigade at the Battle of Ipolysag, December 1944. Everand: 36. [2025-03-03] （英语）. 
  38. ^ Cooper, Matthew. The Nazi War Against Soviet Partisans, 1941–1944. : 88. 
  39. ^ Nash, Douglas E. The Defeat of the Damned: The Destruction of the Dirlewanger Brigade at the Battle of Ipolysag, December 1944. Casemate. 2023: 9. ISBN 9781636242125 （英语）. 
  40. ^ Oskar Dirlewanger: The SS Butcher of Warsaw. www.historyanswers.co.uk. 16 April 2015. 
  41. ^ Overy, R. J. Blood and ruins: the great imperial war, 1931-1945. [London] UK. 2021: 809. ISBN 978-0-7139-9562-6. OCLC 1267476841. 
  42. ^ Windrow, Martin; Mason, Francis K. The World's Greatest Military Leaders. Gramercy. 2000: 117. ISBN 0-517-16161-3. 
  43. ^ Richie, Alexandra. Warsaw 1944: Hitler, Himmler, and the Warsaw Uprising. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. 2013: 49. ISBN 978-0-374-28655-2 （英语）. 
  44. ^ Tyson, Joseph Howard. The Surreal Reich. iUniverse. 2010: 434–436 （英语）. 
  45. ^ MacLean, French L. The cruel hunters : SS-Sonderkommando Dirlewanger, Hitler's most notorious anti-partisan unit. Internet Archive. Atglen, PA : Schiffer Pub. 1998: 73. ISBN 978-0-7643-0483-5. 
  46. ^ MacLean, French L. The cruel hunters : SS-Sonderkommando Dirlewanger, Hitler's most notorious anti-partisan unit. Internet Archive. Atglen, PA : Schiffer Pub. 1998: 70. ISBN 978-0-7643-0483-5. 
  47. ^ MacLean, French L. The cruel hunters : SS-Sonderkommando Dirlewanger, Hitler's most notorious anti-partisan unit. Internet Archive. Atglen, PA : Schiffer Pub. 1998: 70–71. ISBN 978-0-7643-0483-5. 
  48. ^ 48.0 48.1 MacLean, French L. The cruel hunters : SS-Sonderkommando Dirlewanger, Hitler's most notorious anti-partisan unit. Internet Archive. Atglen, PA : Schiffer Pub. 1998: 71. ISBN 978-0-7643-0483-5. 
  49. ^ MacLean, French L. The cruel hunters : SS-Sonderkommando Dirlewanger, Hitler's most notorious anti-partisan unit. Internet Archive. Atglen, PA : Schiffer Pub. 1998: 73. ISBN 978-0-7643-0483-5. 
  50. ^ MacLean, French L. The cruel hunters : SS-Sonderkommando Dirlewanger, Hitler's most notorious anti-partisan unit. Internet Archive. Atglen, PA : Schiffer Pub. 1998: 140. ISBN 978-0-7643-0483-5. 
  51. ^ MacLean, French L. The cruel hunters : SS-Sonderkommando Dirlewanger, Hitler's most notorious anti-partisan unit. Internet Archive. Atglen, PA : Schiffer Pub. 1998: 140. ISBN 978-0-7643-0483-5. 
  52. ^ MacLean, French L. The cruel hunters : SS-Sonderkommando Dirlewanger, Hitler's most notorious anti-partisan unit. Internet Archive. Atglen, PA : Schiffer Pub. 1998: 141. ISBN 978-0-7643-0483-5. 
  53. ^ MacLean, French L. The cruel hunters : SS-Sonderkommando Dirlewanger, Hitler's most notorious anti-partisan unit. Internet Archive. Atglen, PA : Schiffer Pub. 1998: 141. ISBN 978-0-7643-0483-5. 
  54. ^ MacLean, French L. The cruel hunters : SS-Sonderkommando Dirlewanger, Hitler's most notorious anti-partisan unit. Internet Archive. Atglen, PA : Schiffer Pub. 1998: 130–131. ISBN 978-0-7643-0483-5. 
  55. ^ MacLean, French L. The cruel hunters : SS-Sonderkommando Dirlewanger, Hitler's most notorious anti-partisan unit. Internet Archive. Atglen, PA : Schiffer Pub. 1998: 133–134. ISBN 978-0-7643-0483-5. 
  56. ^ Martin Kitchen, The Third Reich: Charisma and Community, p. 267
  57. ^ 57.0 57.1 Grochot, Arkadiusz. Bestie w ludzkiej skórze. To oni dopuścili się najpotworniejszych zbrodni w czasie powstania warszawskiego. CiekawostkiHistoryczne.pl. 2019-06-21 [2024-05-16] （pl-PL）. 
  58. ^ Rodak, Wojciech. Oskar Dirlewanger i SS Sturmbrigade Dirlewanger. Dirlewangerowcy - potwory na ulicach Warszawy 1944 [POWSTANIE WARSZAWSKIE]. i.pl. 2019-08-01 [2024-05-16] （波兰语）. 
  59. ^ The Defeat of the Damned: The Destruction of the Dirlewanger Brigade at the Battle of Ipolysag, December 1944. Everand: 52–53. [2024-11-13] （英语）. 
  60. ^ Так убивали людей. sb.by. 2014-12-18 [2024-05-07]. （原始内容存档于2014-02-21） （俄语）. 
  61. ^ The Defeat of the Damned: The Destruction of the Dirlewanger Brigade at the Battle of Ipolysag, December 1944. Everand: 53. [2024-11-13] （英语）. 
  62. ^ The Defeat of the Damned: The Destruction of the Dirlewanger Brigade at the Battle of Ipolysag, December 1944. Everand: 57. [2024-11-13] （英语）. 
  63. ^ The Defeat of the Damned: The Destruction of the Dirlewanger Brigade at the Battle of Ipolysag, December 1944. Everand: 66. [2024-11-13] （英语）. 
  64. ^ The Defeat of the Damned: The Destruction of the Dirlewanger Brigade at the Battle of Ipolysag, December 1944. Everand: 66–68. [2024-11-13] （英语）. 
  65. ^ The Defeat of the Damned: The Destruction of the Dirlewanger Brigade at the Battle of Ipolysag, December 1944. Everand: 69. [2024-11-13] （英语）. 
  66. ^ Marcus Wendel (24 December 2010), 29. Waffen-Grenadier-Division der SS (russische Nr. 1) Axis History. Retrieved 30 June 2013.
  67. ^ Kuberski, Hubert. Walki SS-Sonderregiment Dirlewanger o Wolę a egzekucje zbiorowe ludności cywilnej [The fights of the SS-Sonderregiment Dirlewanger for the Wola District and collective executions of the civilian population]. Dzieje Najnowsze. 2021-01-01: 139–140. 
  68. ^ MacLean, French L. The cruel hunters : SS-Sonderkommando Dirlewanger, Hitler's most notorious anti-partisan unit. Internet Archive. Atglen, PA : Schiffer Pub. 1998: 127–128. ISBN 978-0-7643-0483-5. 
  69. ^ 69.0 69.1 MacLean, French L. The cruel hunters : SS-Sonderkommando Dirlewanger, Hitler's most notorious anti-partisan unit. Internet Archive. Atglen, PA : Schiffer Pub. 1998: 182. ISBN 978-0-7643-0483-5. 
  70. ^ MacLean, French L. The cruel hunters : SS-Sonderkommando Dirlewanger, Hitler's most notorious anti-partisan unit. Internet Archive. Atglen, PA : Schiffer Pub. 1998: 183. ISBN 978-0-7643-0483-5. 
  71. ^ MacLean, French L. The cruel hunters : SS-Sonderkommando Dirlewanger, Hitler's most notorious anti-partisan unit. Internet Archive. Atglen, PA : Schiffer Pub. 1998: 185–186. ISBN 978-0-7643-0483-5. 
  72. ^ The Defeat of the Damned: The Destruction of the Dirlewanger Brigade at the Battle of Ipolysag, December 1944. Everand: 71. [2025-02-23] （英语）. 
  73. ^ Lukas, Richard C. Forgotten Holocaust: The Poles Under German Occupation 1939–1944. University Press of Kentucky. 1986: 199. ISBN 0-8131-1566-3. 
  74. ^ Sangster, Andrew. Göbbels, Himmler and Göring: The Unholy Trinity. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. 2018: 271. ISBN 9781527526402. 
  75. ^ Brzezinski, Matthew. Isaac's Army: A Story of Courage and Survival in Nazi-Occupied Poland. Random House. 2012: 350. ISBN 9780679645306. 
  76. ^ Kuberski, Hubert. Walki SS-Sonderregiment Dirlewanger o Wolę a egzekucje zbiorowe ludności cywilnej. Dzieje Najnowsze. 2021-05-09, 53 (1): 137–176. ISSN 2451-1323. doi:10.12775/DN.2021.1.06 （波兰语）. 
  77. ^ WŁodzimierz Nowak, Angelika Kuźniak. Mójwarszawski szał. Druga strona Powstania (My Warsaw madness. The other side of the Uprising) (PDF). Gazeta.pl: 5 of 8. 23 August 2004 [30 June 2013]. （原始内容 (PDF file, direct download 171 KB)存档于27 June 2013）. 
  78. ^ Andrzej Dryszel. Masakra Woli (The Wola Massacre). Issue 31/2011. Archiwum. Tygodnik PRZEGLĄD weekly. 2011 [30 June 2013]. （原始内容存档于15 September 2014）. 
  79. ^ Kay, Alex J. Empire of Destruction: A History of Nazi Mass Killing. Yale University Press. 2021: 276. ISBN 978-0-300-26253-7 （英语）. 
  80. ^ MacLean, French L. The Cruel Hunters: SS-Sonderkommando Dirlewanger Hitler's Most Notorious Anti-Partisan Unit. Schiffer Military History. 1998: 177. ISBN 978-0764304835 （英语）. 
  81. ^ Brewing, Daniel. In the Shadow of Auschwitz: German Massacres Against Polish Civilians, 1939–1945. Berghahn Books. 2022: 266. ISBN 978-1-80073-089-2 （英语）. 
  82. ^ 82.0 82.1 Warsaw Uprising: My Warsaw Madness. www.warsawuprising.com. [22 December 2007]. （原始内容存档于21 August 2019）. 
  83. ^ Mats Olson, Chris Webb, & Carmelo Lisciotto, Oskar Dirlewanger Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team. Retrieved 30 June 2013.
  84. ^ Andrew Borowiec, Destroy Warsaw!: Hitler's Punishment, Stalin's Revenge, p. 101
  85. ^ MacLean, French L. The Cruel Hunters: SS-Sonderkommando Dirlewanger Hitler's Most Notorious Anti-Partisan Unit. Schiffer Military History. 1998: 182. ISBN 978-0764304835 （英语）. 
  86. ^ Cawthorne, Nigel. The Story of the SS: Hitler's Infamous Legions of Death. New York: Chartwell Books. 2012: 180. ISBN 978-0-7858-2714-6 （英语）. 
  87. ^ Nash, Douglas E. The Defeat of the Damned: The Destruction of the Dirlewanger Brigade at the Battle of Ipolysag, December 1944. Casemate. 2023-10-15: 48. ISBN 978-1-63624-212-5 （英语）. 
  88. ^ MacLean, French L. The cruel hunters : SS-Sonderkommando Dirlewanger, Hitler's most notorious anti-partisan unit. Internet Archive. Atglen, PA : Schiffer Pub. 1998: 200. ISBN 978-0-7643-0483-5. 
  89. ^ Nash, Douglas E. The Defeat of the Damned: The Destruction of the Dirlewanger Brigade at the Battle of Ipolysag, December 1944. Casemate. 2023-10-15: 33. ISBN 978-1-63624-212-5 （英语）. 
  90. ^ 90.0 90.1 Nash, Douglas E. The Defeat of the Damned: The Destruction of the Dirlewanger Brigade at the Battle of Ipolysag, December 1944. Casemate. 2023-10-15: 34. ISBN 978-1-63624-212-5 （英语）. 
  91. ^ MacLean, French L. The cruel hunters : SS-Sonderkommando Dirlewanger, Hitler's most notorious anti-partisan unit. Internet Archive. Atglen, PA : Schiffer Pub. 1998: 202. ISBN 978-0-7643-0483-5. 
  92. ^ MacLean, French L. The cruel hunters : SS-Sonderkommando Dirlewanger, Hitler's most notorious anti-partisan unit. Internet Archive. Atglen, PA : Schiffer Pub. 1998: 201. ISBN 978-0-7643-0483-5. 
  93. ^ MacLean, French L. The cruel hunters : SS-Sonderkommando Dirlewanger, Hitler's most notorious anti-partisan unit. Internet Archive. Atglen, PA : Schiffer Pub. 1998: 200–201. ISBN 978-0-7643-0483-5. 
  94. ^ Nash, Douglas E. The Defeat of the Damned: The Destruction of the Dirlewanger Brigade at the Battle of Ipolysag, December 1944. Casemate. 2023-10-15: 31. ISBN 978-1-63624-212-5 （英语）. 
  95. ^ Nash, Douglas E. The Defeat of the Damned: The Destruction of the Dirlewanger Brigade at the Battle of Ipolysag, December 1944. Casemate. 2023-10-15: 46–47. ISBN 978-1-63624-212-5 （英语）. 
  96. ^ （德語） Klausch, Hans-Peter – Antifaschisten in SS-Uniform: Schicksal und Widerstand der deutschen politischen KZ-Haftlinge, Zuchthaus- und Wehrmachtstrafgefangenen in der SS-Sonderformation Dirlewanger
  97. ^ 97.0 97.1 The Defeat of the Damned: The Destruction of the Dirlewanger Brigade at the Battle of Ipolysag, December 1944. Everand: 120. [2025-03-23] （英语）. 
  98. ^ 98.0 98.1 98.2 The Defeat of the Damned: The Destruction of the Dirlewanger Brigade at the Battle of Ipolysag, December 1944. Everand: 121. [2025-03-23] （英语）. 
  99. ^ The Defeat of the Damned: The Destruction of the Dirlewanger Brigade at the Battle of Ipolysag, December 1944. Everand: 125. [2025-03-23] （英语）. 
  100. ^ 100.0 100.1 100.2 The Defeat of the Damned: The Destruction of the Dirlewanger Brigade at the Battle of Ipolysag, December 1944. Everand: 126. [2025-03-23] （英语）. 
  101. ^ The Defeat of the Damned: The Destruction of the Dirlewanger Brigade at the Battle of Ipolysag, December 1944. Everand: 127. [2025-03-23] （英语）. 
  102. ^ The Defeat of the Damned: The Destruction of the Dirlewanger Brigade at the Battle of Ipolysag, December 1944. Everand: 122 and 513. [2024-11-10] （英语）. 
  103. ^ The Defeat of the Damned: The Destruction of the Dirlewanger Brigade at the Battle of Ipolysag, December 1944. Everand: 517. [2024-11-10] （英语）. 
  104. ^ The Defeat of the Damned: The Destruction of the Dirlewanger Brigade at the Battle of Ipolysag, December 1944. Everand: 518. [2024-11-10] （英语）. 
  105. ^ Walter Stanoski Winter, Walter Winter, Struan Robertson: Winter Time: Memoirs of a German Sinto who Survived Auschwitz. 2004. p. 139. ISBN 978-1-902806-38-9.
  106. ^ Kuberski, Hubert. The finale of a war criminal's existence: mysteries surrounding Oskar Dirlewanger's death – Studia z Dziejów Rosji i Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej. Studia Z Dziejów Rosji I Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej. March 2020, 54 (3): 225 [23 February 2022]. S2CID 216260243. doi:10.12775/SDR.2019.EN4.08 可免费查阅. , pp. 233-236, 248-251
  107. ^ Crossed Grenades. Anti-Defamation League. 
  108. ^ WWII's Nazi ghosts haunt and torment Ukraine. December 2022. 
  109. ^ Heroes – Rumsren nazirock. 16 April 2003. 
  110. ^ DN-SPECIAL: Från knäpp lekstuga till nazi-industri. Penninghungriga affärsrörelser breder ut sig med invandrarhatande tidningar och rå raststmusik som hyllar vit makt. 26 November 1995. 
  111. ^ Dirlewanger (2). Discogs. 

参考文献

[编辑]

外部链接

[编辑]

Template:SS Brigades

检索自“https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Kurgenera/Test28&oldid=86962653”