美式風土情懷

美式風土情懷（英語：Americana）事關美國的歷史、地理、民俗和文化遺產，指的是所有與美國或美國人相關，或有這份特徵的實體和事務，之總合。可代表甚至概括整個美國文化，及其刻板印象。^[1]

何謂美式風土情懷，而又有哪些不是，很大程度上取決於國家認同、歷史背景、愛國主義和情懷。諸如「美國夢」之類的美國文化精神、信念、或理想，構成美國文化的核心。美式文化情懷所涵蓋的不僅物質層面，還包括與美國文化普遍相關的人、事、時、地、物、和概念。

「Americana」一詞兼指當代美國音樂中的一種流派，取鄉村音樂、草根搖滾(roots rock)、美國民謠、藍草音樂和藍調等美國各式音樂風格元素融為一體，發出貼近基層的獨特聲音。^[2]^[3]

懷舊

在20世紀中後期，「美式風土情懷」在很大程度上是追懷美國小城鎮處於世紀之交時的理想生活，約略是在1880年至第一次世界大戰期間。^[4]一般認為，美國在20世紀的生活和文化的大架構形塑於該時該地。美國作家亨利‧賽德爾‧坎比(Henry Seidel Canby)寫道：

小城小鎮就是我們的傳承，我們以之創出了二十世紀的美國。而這些社區曾有的風貌……我們虧欠了自己的子子孫孫。^[5]

有多種類型的風物符合了「美式風土情懷」的定義：相關文物不一定要古老，但多半要與美國經驗中的若干精髓有所連結。美國歷史上的各時期盡皆反映在當時的廣告和行銷中，而這些時期的各種古物、收藏、文物、和經典，正是美式風土情懷之典型。《大西洋月刊》將「美式風土情懷」一詞描述為「俚語，用以形容一般古物店裡寬慰人心的中產階級文物——如針枕、內戰時期的銀版照片、和銀雕組」。^[6]

對這段時期的懷古之情，出自於追懷出現在美國當時生活中令人生出自信的事物，如美國邊疆終被「征服」，美國人口普查局因而於1890年宣布「閉關」；且又剛於美西戰爭獲勝。^[4]到1912年，美國本土在政治上融合一致。視國家為均勻、堅實、一體化的理念，於焉成形。

正如坎比所言，

當時的美國人「真的就相信在7月4日的所見所聞，或在學校中讀到的一切，將時間當成連續一致，把《獨立宣言》、昭昭天命、新型管道系統、工廠體系發展、晨報、和教會社交活動什麼的全都套進去。這些全都是一下子就出現，比其他什麼地方都來得好，是自家的，還長長久久。……就這麼有了想要的國家……他們相信這不會變，只會出更多的浴缸，和更快的火車……自有記憶以來，這還是第一次，眾人對何謂當個美國人概無疑義。」^[5]

小說家堂·德里羅談及身為義大利裔美國人的成長經歷：

我的第一部小說就叫《美式風土情懷》並非偶然。這是一份個人的獨立宣言，表明我打算用上美國的整體面貌，和整體文化。美國在過去和現在都是移民的夢想，而身為兩名移民之子，我受拉來了我祖父母和父母的可能性所吸引。
——與堂·德里羅對話^[7]

這份理想時期的時代精神為迪士尼樂園和神奇王國的「美國小鎮大街」園區所擷取。靈感來自華特·迪士尼的家鄉密蘇里州馬瑟林和哈珀·戈夫(Harper Goff)幼時家鄉科羅拉多州科林斯堡）^[8]，以及音樂劇和電影《歡樂音樂妙無窮》和桑頓·懷爾德的舞台劇《我們的小鎮》^[4]。美式風土情懷中尤受推崇的是小鎮商家，如理髮店^[9]、藥店、冷飲店和冰淇淋店^[10]。其中有些在20世紀中葉對那個時代的懷舊風潮中復活，如以1890年代為主題的法瑞爾冰淇淋連鎖店(Farrell's Ice Cream Parlour)^[11]。

範例

文化象徵

食物

音樂

宗教

服飾與時尚

品牌

參見

參考文獻

^ Americana. Merriam-Webster Dictionary.
^ Shriver, Jerry. Grammys will be putting Americana on the map. USA Today. 31 August 2009.
^ 2011 Grammy Category Descriptions (PDF). [18 December 2012]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於3 January 2015）.
^ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 Sears, Stephen. Hometown U.S.A.. New York: American Heritage. 1975: 6–9. ISBN 0-671-22079-9.
^ ^5.0 ^5.1 Canby, Henry Seidel. The Age of Confidence: Life in the Nineties. New York: Farrar & Rinehart. 1934. ASIN B000857UVO.
^ Giovanni Russonello. Why Is a Music Genre Called 'Americana' So Overwhelmingly White and Male?. The Atlantic. August 2013.
^ DeLillo, Don. Conversations with Don DeLillo. University Press of Mississippi. January 13, 2005: 88. ISBN 1578067049.
^ Local History Archive Larimer Legends – Old Town & Disneyland – City of Fort Collins, Colorado. Library.ci.fort-collins.co.us. [2013-12-19]. （原始內容存檔於2009-01-25）.
^ Sears, Stephen. Hometown U.S.A.. New York: American Heritage. 1975: 12–13, 29. ISBN 0-671-22079-9.
^ Sears, Stephen. Hometown U.S.A.. New York: American Heritage. 1975: 12–13, 20. ISBN 0-671-22079-9.
^ Farrell's looks to restart growth Owner outlines expansion plans for iconic ice cream chain. Nation's Restaurant News. August 31, 2010 [4 June 2014].
^ ^12.0 ^12.1 What is Americana? (with pictures). United States Now. 28 August 2023.
^ ^13.0 ^13.1 ^13.2 ^13.3 Evans, Jon. Why "Baseball, Hot Dogs, Apple Pie And Chevrolet" Has Stood The Test Of Time. Advertising Weekly. Sep 21, 2021.
^ ^14.0 ^14.1 ^14.2 ^14.3 ^14.4 ^14.5 ^14.6 ^14.7 Perelman, Britton. How to Capture "Americana" in Photography. Passion Passport. August 27, 2020.
^ ^15.0 ^15.1 ^15.2 Lineberry, Cate. The Story Behind the Star Spangled Banner. Smithsonian Magazine. March 1, 2007.
^ Mount Rushmore Sculptor Gutzon Borglum Carved American History. Artistic Fuel. 17 February 2020.
^ Sides, Hampton. Americana: Dispatches from the New Frontier. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. 2007. ISBN 978-1400033553.
^ ^18.0 ^18.1 ^18.2 Stoutland, Frederick A. Landscapes of Christianity. FAS Publishing. 2006: 361. ISBN 9780977234103 （English）.
^ Xiong, Nzong. White picket fences appease homeowners. TuscaloosaNews.com. McClatchy-Tribune News Service. 2008-03-03. （原始內容存檔於2015-09-02）. Americana aside, people like white picket fences for a couple of practical reasons.
^ Warnes, Andrew. Savage barbecue : race, culture, and the invention of America's first food. Athens, Ga.: University of Georgia Press. 2008. ISBN 9780820328966.
^ O'Leary, Joanna. The Jewish history of Bazooka bubble gum. www.timesofisrael.com.
^ ^22.0 ^22.1 Page, David. Food Americana : the remarkable people and incredible stories behind America's favorite dishes. Coral Gables, FL. 2021. ISBN 9781642505863.
^ Behold the burger: Americana on a bun – DGO Magazine.
^ McCarthy, Amy. How Theme Parks Use Fried Chicken to Sell the American Dream. Eater. 29 June 2022 （英語）.
^ Milkshakes: pure Americana and a Hong Kong burger's best friend. South China Morning Post. 20 May 2015 （英語）.
^ ^26.0 ^26.1 Graham, David A. Without Jazz and Blues, There's No 'Americana'. The Atlantic. 17 May 2016 （英語）.
^ ^27.0 ^27.1 ^27.2 ^27.3 ^27.4 The Americana Essentials That Will Literally Never Go Out of Style | Complex. Complex Networks.
^ Melvin, Don. COCA-COLA A SIP OF AMERICANA THINGS HAVE BEEN GOING BETTER WITH COKE SINCE 1886.. Sun-Sentinel.com. 7 October 1990.
^ ^29.0 ^29.1 Day, Sherri; Elliott, Stuart. THE MEDIA BUSINESS: ADVERTISING; Coca-Cola goes back to its 'Real' past in an effort to find some new fizz for its Classic brand. - The New York Times. The New York Times. 10 January 2003.

進階讀物

Shaw, Robert. Americana Insights 2023. University of Pennsylvania Press. 2023. ISBN 979-8-9885331-0-8 （英語）.

外部連結

Merriam-Webster definition of "Americana"

[1] Americana. Merriam-Webster Dictionary.

[USA_Today-2] Shriver, Jerry. Grammys will be putting Americana on the map. USA Today. 31 August 2009.

[Grammy-3] 2011 Grammy Category Descriptions (PDF). [18 December 2012]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於3 January 2015）.

[Sears_1-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 Sears, Stephen. Hometown U.S.A.. New York: American Heritage. 1975: 6–9. ISBN 0-671-22079-9.

[Canby-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Canby, Henry Seidel. The Age of Confidence: Life in the Nineties. New York: Farrar & Rinehart. 1934. ASIN B000857UVO.

[6] Giovanni Russonello. Why Is a Music Genre Called 'Americana' So Overwhelmingly White and Male?. The Atlantic. August 2013.

[Conversations_with_Don_DeLillo-7] DeLillo, Don. Conversations with Don DeLillo. University Press of Mississippi. January 13, 2005: 88. ISBN 1578067049.

[fort-collins.co.us-8] Local History Archive Larimer Legends – Old Town & Disneyland – City of Fort Collins, Colorado. Library.ci.fort-collins.co.us. [2013-12-19]. （原始內容存檔於2009-01-25）.

[Sears_2-9] Sears, Stephen. Hometown U.S.A.. New York: American Heritage. 1975: 12–13, 29. ISBN 0-671-22079-9.

[Sears_3-10] Sears, Stephen. Hometown U.S.A.. New York: American Heritage. 1975: 12–13, 20. ISBN 0-671-22079-9.

[franchise-11] Farrell's looks to restart growth Owner outlines expansion plans for iconic ice cream chain. Nation's Restaurant News. August 31, 2010 [4 June 2014].

[christensen-12] 12.0 ^12.1 What is Americana? (with pictures). United States Now. 28 August 2023.

[evans-13] 13.0 ^13.1 ^13.2 ^13.3 Evans, Jon. Why "Baseball, Hot Dogs, Apple Pie And Chevrolet" Has Stood The Test Of Time. Advertising Weekly. Sep 21, 2021.

[americana-14] 14.0 ^14.1 ^14.2 ^14.3 ^14.4 ^14.5 ^14.6 ^14.7 Perelman, Britton. How to Capture "Americana" in Photography. Passion Passport. August 27, 2020.

[Smithsonian-15] 15.0 ^15.1 ^15.2 Lineberry, Cate. The Story Behind the Star Spangled Banner. Smithsonian Magazine. March 1, 2007.

[16] Mount Rushmore Sculptor Gutzon Borglum Carved American History. Artistic Fuel. 17 February 2020.

[Americana:_Dispatches_from_the_New_Frontier-17] Sides, Hampton. Americana: Dispatches from the New Frontier. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. 2007. ISBN 978-1400033553.

[Stoutland2006-18] 18.0 ^18.1 ^18.2 Stoutland, Frederick A. Landscapes of Christianity. FAS Publishing. 2006: 361. ISBN 9780977234103 （English）.

[19] Xiong, Nzong. White picket fences appease homeowners. TuscaloosaNews.com. McClatchy-Tribune News Service. 2008-03-03. （原始內容存檔於2015-09-02）. Americana aside, people like white picket fences for a couple of practical reasons.

[20] Warnes, Andrew. Savage barbecue : race, culture, and the invention of America's first food. Athens, Ga.: University of Georgia Press. 2008. ISBN 9780820328966.

[21] O'Leary, Joanna. The Jewish history of Bazooka bubble gum. www.timesofisrael.com.

[page-22] 22.0 ^22.1 Page, David. Food Americana : the remarkable people and incredible stories behind America's favorite dishes. Coral Gables, FL. 2021. ISBN 9781642505863.

[23] Behold the burger: Americana on a bun – DGO Magazine.

[24] McCarthy, Amy. How Theme Parks Use Fried Chicken to Sell the American Dream. Eater. 29 June 2022 （英語）.

[25] Milkshakes: pure Americana and a Hong Kong burger's best friend. South China Morning Post. 20 May 2015 （英語）.

[graham-26] 26.0 ^26.1 Graham, David A. Without Jazz and Blues, There's No 'Americana'. The Atlantic. 17 May 2016 （英語）.

[Babcock-27] 27.0 ^27.1 ^27.2 ^27.3 ^27.4 The Americana Essentials That Will Literally Never Go Out of Style | Complex. Complex Networks.

[28] Melvin, Don. COCA-COLA A SIP OF AMERICANA THINGS HAVE BEEN GOING BETTER WITH COKE SINCE 1886.. Sun-Sentinel.com. 7 October 1990.

[Day-29] 29.0 ^29.1 Day, Sherri; Elliott, Stuart. THE MEDIA BUSINESS: ADVERTISING; Coca-Cola goes back to its 'Real' past in an effort to find some new fizz for its Classic brand. - The New York Times. The New York Times. 10 January 2003.

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