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马尔堡档案（英语：Marburg Files），又称温莎档案（Windsor Files）或温莎公爵档案（Duke of Windsor Files），是在1945年5月于德国哈茨山附近寻获，并在黑森州马尔堡的马伯格城堡汇集的一系列绝密文件[1][2]，其中详细纪录了纳粹德国在1940年前后策划的“威利行动”，表明他们曾企图劝说前英王温莎公爵爱德华为轴心国站台，从而迫使英国坐上谈判桌。
发现
[编辑]
当美军行经至德格纳斯豪森庄园外围时，他们发现小路上散布大量被德军遗弃或摧毁的军车，其中部分装载着各式纳粹政府的档案。陆军第9步兵师第47步兵团战斗与情报部门所属，出生于哈茨山区的达维德·西尔伯贝格（David Silberberg）中尉起初发现了一些署有纳粹德国外交部长约阿希姆·冯·里宾特洛甫签名的文件，并随即返回庄园内调查其发现，之后更与其他情报官一起在马伯格城堡和迈斯多夫宫发现许多其他物品[3]。During this time, American troops arrested a German soldier named Karl von Loesch, an assistant to Hitler's personal translator Paul-Otto Schmidt, as he was retreating from Treffurt, near Eisenach.[4] Schmidt had instructed him to destroy all the top-secret papers which he had placed in archives. Von Loesch destroyed the majority, but privately decided to keep some, and interred them in the grounds near the outskirts of Marburg.[3][5] He was subsequently, by chance, introduced to Lieutenant-Colonel R. C. Thomson, chief of the British documents team, and offered to lead Thomson's team to the location of the buried correspondence in exchange for immunity from prosecution.[6]
美军最终起出约400吨的资料，随后一并送往马伯格城堡审阅[7]。经检查过后，至少50份文件据称包含温莎公爵爱德华（前称“爱德华八世”）与纳粹德国高层之间的通信[7]。文件之后交予美国外交人员仔细审核，然后他们再将原稿和复印本转送至英国政府。时任英国首相温斯顿·丘吉尔随即觐见国王乔治六世，讨论这些档案的真实性，后者阅览过后要求对此查禁，并且不淮公诸于世[8]。1948年，马尔堡档案被送至英国白金汉郡的华顿庄园安放[1][6]。
内容
[编辑]发掘出的文件和信函中据称进一步揭发纳粹在1940年拟定的“威利行动”，该计划试图让温莎公爵相信其弟弟乔治六世和首相丘吉尔正谋划一项阴谋，即在抵达巴哈马时暗杀这位前英王，以说服他正式加入轴心国阵营，从而迫使英国坐上谈判桌，甚至合谋一场绑架大戏，借此勒索该国皇室和政府[9]。马尔堡档案还披露纳粹企图复辟温莎公爵，并承认其妻华里丝·辛普森为王后。作为交换，纳粹德国的军队可在欧洲自由穿梭[10][11]。
对英国王室打击最大的文件无疑是公爵赴巴哈马履任总督前与纳粹的最后通信，其中记载着他鼓吹德国空军对英国进行无差别的滥炸，以迫使英方展开和谈[12]。尽管马尔堡档案有部分文件表明爱德华确实同情纳粹[7][11]，但目前尚无证据显示公爵接受过威利行动开出的任何条件，历史学家们也认为他本人更为倾向接受英国政府提出的担任巴哈马总督建议[13][14]。
公开
[编辑]莫里斯·博蒙、玛格丽特·兰伯特和保罗·斯威特（Paul Sweet）是来自法、英和美的校订者兼历史学家，他们从1946年开始负责审查马尔堡档案[15]。其中兰伯特曾向时任英国首相温斯顿·丘吉尔与其内阁大臣讨论该份文件，并着重提及关于温莎公爵的内容[16][17]。当得知丘吉尔决定不公开马尔堡档案后，她宣布有意辞去主审一职，以示抗议[18]。兰伯特坚持出版请求获贝尔纳多特·埃弗利·施密特的支持[19]，但在包括约翰·惠勒-本内特在内的英国历史学家的压力之下，她才同意推迟公布[20]。
一小部分文件于1954年遭公开，三年后全卷在公众舆论压力下被迫出版，更多的档案则在1996年于邱园的公共档案局大楼（现已并合至英国国家档案馆）释出。[6][8]。马尔堡档案的公布据报令爱德华本人极其恼怒[21]。公爵在1957年接受访问时承认在里斯本暂居期间，有部分亲近者同情纳粹，并劝说其返回西班牙，不然一落地巴哈马，夫妻两人便会遭到暗杀，但他表示自己对这些闲言杂语嗤之以鼻[11]。
在流行文化之中
[编辑]马尔堡档案为Netflix电视剧《王冠》第二季第6集〈二战过往〉（Vergangenheit）的主轴[22]。内里讲述英女王伊丽莎白二世（嘉莉·芙伊饰）初步审视马尔堡档案过后，仍决定让温莎公爵（亚历克斯·詹宁斯饰）重返公职，但在其夫菲利普亲王（马特·史密斯饰）、母伊丽莎白王太后（维多利亚·汉密尔顿饰）的规劝和前任君主私人秘书汤米·拉塞尔斯（皮普·托伦斯饰）公开更多档案细节下，终回绝其叔叔的请求[11]。该集导演菲丽帕·洛索普（Philippa Lowthorpe）表示她们在拍摄过程中使用了真实文件的复本[11]。尽管伊丽莎白二世在史实上确有谴责过温莎公爵的亲德行径，但历史学家雨果·维克斯指该影集错误地暗示公爵在马尔堡档案公布后便被逐出王室，而事实上他与其家族仍保有联系，且曾多次一起公开露面[21]。
参见
[编辑]参考资料
[编辑]- ^ 1.0 1.1 German Foreign Ministry and Italian documents 1867-1945 captured by the British. The National Archives of the United Kingdom. [August 14, 2018].
- ^ M1948 Records Concerning the Central Collecting Points ("Ardella Hall Collection"): Marburg Central Collecting Point, 1945–1949 (PDF). National Archives and Records Administration of the United States. [August 22, 2019].
- ^ 3.0 3.1 Beckers, Yuri. The Marburg Files: How was the 9th Infantry Division involved?. 9th Infantry Division in WWII. 2018-01-09 [August 14, 2018].
- ^ Arrest of Karl von Loesch (permanent deputy of chief government interpreter, Dr Schmidt).... The National Archives of the United Kingdom. 1947 [August 14, 2018].
- ^ German War Documents Project: German Foreign Ministry and other related Archives: Selection of Documents made by the German War Documents Project: Microfilms and files. The National Archives of the United Kingdom. [August 14, 2018].
- ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Kent, George. The German Foreign Ministry's Archives at Whaddon Hall, 1948-58. American Archivist. 1961, 24 (1): 43–54. doi:10.17723/aarc.24.1.w43046451p884252
.
- ^ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Caroline Redmond. The Marburg Files Revealed Former British King Edward VIII's Nazi Ties – And The U.K. Tried To Cover It Up. November 12, 2018 [January 25, 2021].
- ^ 8.0 8.1 Holland, Brynn. Watching The Crown? Here Are the Real Facts You Need to Know. History.com. A&E Television Networks. December 20, 2017.
- ^ Niderost, Eric. Operation Willi: The Nazi Plot to Kidnap the Duke Of Windsor. Warfare History Network. Sovereign Media. November 8, 2016 [August 14, 2018].
- ^ Winston Churchill concealed WW2 files showing Nazi plot to restore Edward VIII to throne. Express. July 20, 2017 [August 14, 2018].
- ^ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 Fane Saunders, Tristam. The Duke, the Nazis, and a very British cover-up: the true story behind The Crown's Marburg Files. The Telegraph. December 14, 2017.
- ^ Katz, Brigit. Newly Released Documents Reveal Churchill's Efforts to Suppress Details of Nazi Plot. Smithsonian Institution. July 21, 2017 [August 14, 2018].
- ^ Bloch, pp. 93–94, 98–103, 119
- ^ Harris, Caroline. Royalty and the Atlantic World 4: The Duke and Duchess of Windsor's Arrival in the Bahamas in 1940. Royal Historian. 2 April 2013.
- ^ Eckert, Astrid M. The Struggle for the Files: The Western Allies and the Return of German Archives After the Second World War. Cambridge University Press. 2012-02-29. ISBN 978-0-521-88018-3 （英语）.
- ^ Taylor, Clare. Margaret Barbara Lambert (1906-95) – "A thorough and energetic investigator". LSE History. 9 March 2018 [25 February 2025]. （原始内容存档于2 December 2024）.
- ^ Breuning, Eleanore. Obituary: Margaret Lambert. The Independent. 1 February 1995.
- ^ Kent, George O. Editing Diplomatic Documents: A Review of Official US and German Documents Series. American Archivist. 1994, 57 (Summer): 462–481. doi:10.17723/aarc.57.3.6n823xmm2pg07702.
- ^ Salmon, Patrick. ‘One of his most violent essays’. The Control of the Past: Herbert Butterfield and the Pitfalls of Official History. University of London. 2021-12-06. ISBN 978-1-914477-21-8. doi:10.14296/202112.9781914477218.
- ^ Sweet, Paul R. Interview with Paul Sweet. The Historian. 1997, 59 (2): 280–289. ISSN 0018-2370. JSTOR 24449969.
- ^ 21.0 21.1 Vickers, Hugo. How accurate is The Crown? We sort fact from fiction in the royal drama. The Times. December 19, 2017 [January 17, 2020].
- ^ Power, Ed. The Crown, season 2, episode 6 review: a welcome return from Jared Harris as Edward's Nazi past catches up with him. The Telegraph. December 9, 2017 [August 14, 2018].
参考书籍
[编辑]- Bloch, Michael (1982). The Duke of Windsor's War. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. ISBN 0-297-77947-8.