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阿史那氏

维基百科,自由的百科全书
Ashina
阿史那
阿史那氏的塔木加,象征北山羊[1][2][3]
分佈地區
中亚东亚
語言
古突厥语[4]
粟特语[5]
吐火罗语[5]
宗教信仰
腾格里信仰[6][7]
佛教(少数)[8][9]

阿史那氏,是古突厥氏族,突厥可汗均出身该氏族。据《周书·突厥传》记载,突厥可汗姓阿史那氏,居金山(今阿尔泰山)以冶鐵放牧為生,他们在6世纪反抗柔然,552年建國,两兄弟土门室点密分别成为东突厥与西突厥始祖[10]。740年后突厥汗国被回紇灭亡,药罗葛氏取代阿史那氏统治蒙古高原。

有些阿史那族人归附唐朝,唐朝有名将阿史那社爾。后归附隋唐的人,有的改姓唐太宗时,阿史那思摩被赐姓,改称李思摩。西域吐火罗叶护政权可萨汗国的可汗、叶护均出自阿史那氏,但可萨可汗没有实权,真正掌权的是汗伯克

起源

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文献

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在突厥神话中,突厥人的始祖母是一头母狼,母狼十个儿子里面包括一个阿史那。《隋书》、《周书》、《酉阳杂俎》也说他们是狼种(信奉狼图腾),来自高昌北方博格达山。另一说法他们与匈奴有关。也有一說阿史那是一個叫射摩的弓箭手後人,與海神之女結婚,生阿史那部,他們世代與阿史德氏結婚。中国的研究团队認為,阿史那氏可能起源于欧亚大陆东北亚的中国东北到俄罗斯贝加尔湖区域。[11]

印欧假说

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有人說阿史那部先是來自乌孙境内与咸海一帶的斯基泰人(“阿史那”在塞語中可解释为“有价值”)[谁?],後被鐵勒同化,他們的姓氏與烏孫有關(另一說法是265-460年是匈奴一部分,460年到高昌以北山區后,受柔然统治),但这一说法有问题,因斯基泰人本身是现代人造或考古民族与古代政治或血统民族无关,斯基泰人的研究已经和传统文献上的氏族无关了,如印欧迁徙或入侵

染色体研究

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根据中国复旦大学团队2023年对早期阿史那王室成员和阿史那皇后进行的首次遗传分析,发现其几乎完全是东北亚血统 (97.7%),次要的为西欧亚血统 (2.7%)。被称为藍突厥的古突厥王室被发现与后铁器时代的通古斯人和蒙古牧民有遗传亲缘关系,同时与各种讲突厥语的群体有着异质关系,这表明突厥汗国人口的遗传异质性和起源的多样性。研究团队认为,这些发现“再次验证了突厥语言传播的文化传播模型优于人口传播模型”,并驳斥了“西欧亚起源和多重起源假设”,支持突厥人起源于东亚的说法[12]

突厥汗国阿史那氏系譜

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参见

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參考文獻

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  1. ^ International Turkic Academy, (2015), TÜRK BENGÜ TAŞI: Şivеet-Ulаan Damgalı Anıtı, p. 13 (土耳其语)
  2. ^ Grač, 1957, p. 408-414
  3. ^ "The tamga of the royal clan of the first Turkish empire was a neatly drawn lineal picture of an ibex", Kljastornyj, 1980, p. 93
  4. ^ Peter B. Golden, (1992), An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples, p.126:
    "Whatever language the A-shih-na may have spoken originally, in tirne, they and those they ruled would all speak Turkic, in a variety of dialects, and create, in a broadly defined sense, a cornmon culture."
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 Ratcliffe, Jonathan. Masters of Political Theology: Eric Voegelin and the Mongols. Trepanier, Lee (编). Eric Voegelin's Asian Political Thought. Lexington Books. 2020: 114. 
  6. ^ Empires, Diplomacy, and Frontiers. (2018). In N. Di Cosmo & M. Maas (Eds.), Empires and Exchanges in Eurasian Late Antiquity: Rome, China, Iran, and the Steppe, ca. 250–750 (pp. 269–418).
    "Mythology employing shamanic symbolism along with references to the sky-god Tengri were, evidently, tools to strengthen the Türk ruler's legitimacy, and some scholars see this practice as amounting to a state religion, "Tengrism," in which the ruling Ashina family gained legitimacy through its support from Tengri."
  7. ^ Peter B. Golden, (2010) Central Asia in World History, p. 43-44:
    "The Türks, like many of their subjects, were believers in Tengri."
    "The qaghan claimed that he was "heaven-like, heaven-conceived" and possessed qut (heavenly good fortune), a sign of the heavenly mandate to rule."
  8. ^ Liu Mau-tsa, (1958), 1: p. 172-173
  9. ^ Tsvetelin Stepanov, (2008), The Bulgars and the steppe empire in the early Middle Ages: The problem of the others, p. 65-66
  10. ^ 周书·卷50突厥传
  11. ^ 北周武帝面貌复原 揭英年早逝原因. 東方網 馬來西亞東方日報. 2024-03-28 [2024-03-28]. (原始内容存档于2024-03-31) (中文). 
  12. ^ Yang, Xiao‐Min; Meng, Hai‐Liang; Zhang, Jian‐Lin; Yu, Yao; Allen, Edward; Xia, Zi‐Yang; Zhu, Kong‐Yang; Du, Pan‐Xin; Ren, Xiao‐Ying; Xiong, Jian‐Xue; Lu, Xiao‐Yu. Ancient genome of Empress Ashina reveals the Northeast Asian origin of Göktürk Khanate. Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 2023-01-17 [2023-01-24]. ISSN 1674-4918. doi:10.1111/jse.12938. (原始内容存档于2023-01-23) (英语). 

延伸阅读

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维基文库中的相关文本:欽定古今圖書集成·明倫彙編·氏族典·阿史那姓部》,出自陈梦雷古今圖書集成