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寰樞椎結核

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寰樞椎結核是一種罕見的脊柱結核,約佔脊柱結核的0.3%~1%[1]。脊柱結核首先會感染滑膜、側塊或椎體松質骨,進而緩慢地侵犯椎體之間的韌帶,令寰樞椎變得不穩定[2]。因為寰樞椎結核缺乏特異性的早期表現,診斷較為困難,甚至會誤診,誤診率高達50%~71%[3]

Lifeso將寰樞椎結核分成三個階段。第一階段沒有發現骨質破壞或移位的證據,第二階段出現韌帶破壞、寰椎樞椎上的前移位和最小的骨破壞,同時還具有或不具有齒狀突的近端移位,而第三階段則有明顯的骨質破壞及完全閉塞的寰椎前弓[4]

臨床症狀

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寰樞椎結核的早期臨床症狀是輕微和非特徵性的,主要特徵是頸部疼痛、頸部活動受限[5],然而頸椎病和強直性脊柱炎等也有相似的臨床症狀,可以導致漏診或誤診。有研究指出其他相關的特徵包括獲得性免疫缺陷綜合徵、夜間體溫升高和體重減輕[6]

寰樞椎結核非特異性症狀的平均持續時間為5至6個月。隨著病情的發展,慢慢會出現四肢癱瘓延髓功能障礙、呼吸危象,甚至可能會猝死,即斜頸和進展性頸髓受壓迫症狀[7]

治療

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目前在治療寰樞椎結核時並沒有明確的指導方針,從抗結核藥物等保守治療到手術治療的觀點各不相同[8],然而寰樞椎結核治療方案的主要決定標準就是患者的神經受損、骨質破壞和脊髓壓迫的程度,以及寰樞椎脫位和對抗結核藥物的敏感性[9]

參考資料

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  1. ^ Ramamurthi, B. Management of tuberculomas of the craniovertebral junction. British Journal of Neurosurgery. 2000-01-01, 14 (6): 600 [2025-04-10]. ISSN 0268-8697. PMID 11272052. doi:10.1080/02688690050206873. (原始内容存档于2022-06-20). 
  2. ^ Lee, Dae Kyu; Cho, Keun Tae; Im, So Hyang; Hong, Seung Koan. Craniovertebral Junction Tuberculosis with Atlantoaxial Dislocation: A Case Report and Review of the Literature.. Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society: 406-409. [2025-04-10]. ISSN 2005-3711. PMC 2588186可免费查阅. PMID 19096579. doi:10.3340/jkns.2007.42.5.406 (英语). 
  3. ^ Mandavia, Rishi; Fox, Richard; Meir, Adam. Atlantoaxial TB with paralysis: posterior-only cervical approach with good results. JRSM Open. 2017-06-01, 8 (6): 2054270417697866 [2025-04-10]. ISSN 2054-2704. PMC 5464386可免费查阅. PMID 28620504. doi:10.1177/2054270417697866. (原始内容存档于2022-12-26) (英语). 
  4. ^ Lifeso, R. Atlanto-axial tuberculosis in adults. The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery British Volume. 1987-03-01, 69–B (2): 183-187 [2025-04-10]. ISSN 2049-4408. PMID 3818746. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.69B2.3818746. (原始内容存档于2024-04-15) (英语). 
  5. ^ Goel, Atul; Sharma, Praveen; Dange, Nitin; Kulkarni, ArvindG. Techniques in the treatment of craniovertebral instability. Neurology India. 2005, 53 (4): 525-533 [2025-04-10]. ISSN 0028-3886. PMID 16565547. doi:10.4103/0028-3886.22625. (原始内容存档于2025-04-26) (美国英语). 
  6. ^ Puraviappan, P.; Tang, I. P.; Yong, D. J.; Prepageran, N.; Carrau, R. L.; Kassam, A. B. Endoscopic, endonasal decompression of spinal stenosis with myelopathy secondary to cranio-vertebral tuberculosis: two cases. The Journal of Laryngology & Otology. 2010-07, 124 (7): 816-819 [2025-04-10]. ISSN 1748-5460. PMID 20003599. doi:10.1017/S0022215109992271. (原始内容存档于2024-04-15) (英语). 
  7. ^ Gupta, Sunil K.; Mohindra, Sandeep; Sharma, Bhawani S.; Gupta, Rahul; Chhabra, Rajesh; Mukherjee, Kanchan K.; Tewari, Manoj K.; Pathak, Ashis; Khandelwal, Niranjan; Suresh, Narain M.; Khosla, Virender K. Tuberculosis of the Craniovertebral Junction: Is Surgery Necessary?. Neurosurgery. 2006-06, 58 (6): 1144-1150 [2025-04-10]. ISSN 0148-396X. PMID 16723893. doi:10.1227/01.NEU.0000215950.85745.33. (原始内容存档于2024-04-15) (美国英语). 
  8. ^ Attia, Moshe; Harnof, Sagi; Knoller, Nachshon; Shacked, Itzhack; Zibly, Zion; Bedrin, Lev; Regev-Yochay, Gili. Cervical Pott's disease presenting as a retropharyngeal abscess. The Israel Medical Association journal: IMAJ. 2004-07, 6 (7): 438-439 [2025-04-10]. ISSN 1565-1088. PMID 15274540. (原始内容存档于2020-04-06). 
  9. ^ Moon, Myung-Sang; Moon, Jeong-Lim; Kim, Sung-Sim; Moon, Young-Wan. Treatment of Tuberculosis of the Cervical Spine: Operative versus Nonoperative. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research®. 2007-07, 460: 67-77 [2025-04-10]. ISSN 0009-921X. PMID 17414165. doi:10.1097/BLO.0b013e31805470ba (美国英语).