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說明:倫巴底語國際音標

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維基百科，自由的百科全書

下列圖表展示了在維基百科條目中用國際音標（IPA）表示倫巴底語發音的方式。對於有關在維基百科條目中添加IPA字符的指南，請參見{{IPA-lmo}}與Wikipedia:格式手冊/音標 § Notes。

各詞語以該語言的兩個主要變體——西倫巴底方言（英語：Western Lombard dialect）及東倫巴底方言（英語：Eastern Lombard dialect）列出。除非本地發音明顯與所述事物更相關，否則這兩種方言的發音在維基百科均不為首選。請參閱相關條目以了解更多信息。

目前存在幾種擬議的正寫法，但沒有一種正寫法足夠全面、足以涵蓋所有方言，且目前尚未就倫巴底語通用書面標準達成最終協議。此處西倫巴底方言採用古典米蘭方言正字法（英語：Classical Milanese orthography），東倫巴底方言採用東方統一正字法。當一個單詞在兩種正寫法中拼寫相同時，只列出一次。

輔音
IPA 示例 英語中的相同或近似發音
b (西倫) biott, dubbi, (東倫) biót, döbe bud
d (西倫) lader, drizz, (東倫) làder, drécc day
dz (西倫) mezzaluna, ruzzà, mezz metter[1][2][3] cods
dʒ (西倫) veggia, gent, giovin, resgiô, lecc grand, (東倫) ègia, regiùr[1][4] juice
f (西倫) boffà, oeuv, (東倫) bofà, öf[1] fit
ɡ (西倫) gatt, bagaj, (東倫) gat, bagài good
h (東倫) presidènt, sùra, dés, sich, sènt, pesàda, sigóla, pès[3][5] ham
k (西倫) can, marches, foeugh, (東倫) cà, marchés, föch[1] sky
l lacc, caròtola, (西倫) ballon, vioeula, (東倫) balù, viöla, pedriöl[6] lock
m (西倫) mes'cià, (東倫) mes-cià, campiù[7][8] maid
ɱ (東倫) banfà, convegnì[7][8] triumph
n nòcc, (西倫) danee, (東倫) danér, cantù, sentì[7][8] den
ŋ (東倫) ànga, mànche[7][8] long
ɲ (西倫) gnucca, legn, (東倫) gnöca, lègn, àzegn[8] opinion
p (西倫) piasè, goeubb, (東倫) piasér, gòp[1] spite
r (西倫) roeuda, porscell, corr, caròtola, vioeula, (EL) röda, porsèl, cór[6] 顫音r
s (西倫) pressident, sora, dis, zuccher, lenzoeu, cazzoeula, mezz, dersett, scova, (東倫) presidènt, sùra, dés, sich, sènt, pesàda, sigóla, pès, scùa[1][2][3] same
ʃ (西倫) pesciada, scigolla, pesg, scenna, scova, (東倫) scéna[1][9] shame
t (西倫) todesch, giald, (東倫) todèsch, zalt[1] stay
ts (西倫) zuccher, lenzoeu, cazzoeula, mezz, dersett, (東倫) söcher, lensöl, casöla, mès, dersèt[1][2][3] pets
tʃ (西倫) mas'c, vegg, ciocca, cinch, cent, tucc trii, (東倫) mascc, ècc, ciòca, lesiù[1][5] chain
ʋ (西倫) violin, el vent, cavej, on pò de vent, (東倫) viulì, ol vènt[1][10] 介於wet和vet之間
z desmentegà, (西倫) basell, s'gionf, mezzaluna, ruzzà, mezz metter, (東倫) bazèl, sgiónf, mezalüna, rözà, mès méter, zét, zùen, rezùr[1][2][3][4] zone
ʒ (西倫) resgiô, desmentegà[1][4] vision
非原生（外來語）輔音
ʎ (西倫) botteglia, (東倫) butìglia million
半元音
IPA 示例 英語中的相同或近似發音
j (西倫) piatt, tajà, mej, lezion, (東倫) piàt, taià, mèi, lècc grant, töcc tré[1] yes
w (西倫) aqua, sguerc, s'ciao, (東倫) àqua, sguèrs way
元音[11]
IPA 示例 英語中的相同或近似發音
短元音
a abità, (西倫) mamma, Bressa, perchè, semper,[12] (東倫) mama, Brèsa, cantù, pader, lombard, nacc, ach, italià[13] manner (蘇格蘭英語)
e pelà, perchè, (西倫) semper, cortellin, elencà, elettrega, vedemm, besògn,[12] (東倫) envéren, méter, sèmper, elencà, elètrega, edóm, bezògn, öle, vendedùr, dét, prensépe, isé, prém, mel, dré, seré, décc, énte[14] bay
ɛ (西倫) regn, adess, invern, metter, savè, domènega, (東倫) règn, adès, pelà, perchè, sèmper, elencà, elètrega, edóm, bezògn, öle, vendedùr, prensépe, setèmber[14] bed
i (西倫) inscì, primm, Milan, elettrega, vedemm, besògn,[12] (東倫) curtilì, saì, dümìnica, Milà, simpàtech, finìcc, cunusìcc, mìa, giardì beet，但是更短
o (東倫) s-ciào, Cóm, cólda, ólter, ólta, póch, conós, óst, modéren, colùr, popolasiù, compàgn, piemontés, ciót, faró, alóra, próa, segónt[15] law (標準英音)，但是更短
ɔ (西倫) nòmm, anmò, Còmm, oeuli, vòlta, pocch, cognoss, (東倫) nòm, amò, mama, Brèsa[13][15] off
ø (西倫) oeugg,[16] (東倫) öcc, öle, töarà, cöcömer, pröa, töcc, piö, löster, cöntà, encö, zöga, löna, scör, cönt, öndes[15] bird (標準英音)，但是更短
u (西倫) agost, modern, pocch, cognoss, sô, color, popolazion, comun, tovarà, cocumer, (東倫) sul, culùr, pupulasiù, piemuntés, cumpuzisiù, alùra, amùr, put, nasiù cool，但是更短
y (西倫) tucc, pussee, luster, comunicazion, busecca, (東倫) lüna, scür, cümü, büzèca foot (蘇格蘭英語)
短鼻化元音[8]
ã (西倫) banfà, campion, canton sang (蘇格蘭英語)
ẽ (西倫) sentì, asen, venditor sang (美國南部英語（英語：Southern American English）)
ĩ (西倫) prinzipi, simpategh ring
ũ (西倫) compagn, piemontes, composizion, convegnì 無英語對應發音；鼻音化的 /u/
ỹ (西倫) cuntà 無英語對應發音；鼻音化的 /y/
長元音
aː (西倫) pader, lombard, andaa, calda, alter[17] father
eː (西倫) mel, dree bay
iː (西倫) dii, prinzipi, finii beet
oː (西倫) calda, alter, oeuli, vòlta[15] law (標準英音)
uː (西倫) ciod, faroo, alora, amor cool
øː (西倫) proeuva, incoeu, oeuli, vòlta[15] bird (標準英音)
yː (西倫) giuga, luna, scur, cuu, cognossuu few (蘇格蘭英語)
長鼻化元音[8]
ãː (西倫) vanga, manchi, anca, italian sang (蘇格蘭英語)
ẽː (西倫) settember, seren sang (美國南部英語（英語：Southern American English）)
ĩː (西倫) dinc, vint, minga, giardin 無英語對應發音；鼻音化的 /iː/
ũː (西倫) segond, pont, nazion 無英語對應發音；鼻音化的 /uː/
ỹː (西倫) cunt, vundes, comun 無英語對應發音；鼻音化的 /yː/
超音段音位
IPA 示例 解釋
ˈ (西倫) insemma [ĩˈsɛma], (東倫) ensèma [ɛnˈsɛma] 主重音
ˌ (西倫) tirabuscion [ˌti(ː)rabyˈʃũː], (東倫) tirabosù [ˌtiraboˈsu] 次重音
. (西倫) sciador [ʃi.aˈduːr], (東倫) sciadùr [ʃi.aˈdur] 音節中斷
ː (WL) tròpp dolz [ˌtrɔ‿ˈdːul(t)s], (EL) tròp dóls [ˌtrɔ‿ˈdːols][3] 延長輔音

注釋

[編輯]
  1. ^ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 Lombard, like a number of other languages, has final devoicing of obstruents, as well as final voicing of normally-devoiced consonants (except stops) immediately before other voiced or nasal consonants: Western pesg d'inscì [ˌpeːʒ dĩˈʃi], Eastern pès d'isé [ˌpɛz diˈse]. In such cases, word-final /dz/, /dʒ/, /tʃ/ and /ts/ may reduce to respectively, [z], [ʒ], [ʃ], [s] in the West, and in the East, /dʒ/ and /tʃ/ are generally realized as [j].
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 /dz/ and /ts/ contrast with /z/ and /s/ only in some Western dialects.
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Complete regressive assimilation at word boundaries is common in regular speech: it occurs between a final occlusive and the initial consonant of the following word. In such instances, /z/ becomes [dz] and [h] turns back to [s].
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 /ʒ/ is phonemically distinctive only in a few areas of Western Lombardy. Everywhere else, it is realized as [dʒ] or (certain Eastern dialects) [z]. Note that [ʒ] may also be an allophonic rendering of preconsonantal /z/ in dialects such as Comasco.
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 In some Eastern variants, /s/ is pronounced [h], which leads the /s(t)j/ cluster to be realized as [htʃ] or, after a consonant, [tʃ].
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 Western Lombard generally drops word-final /l/ after a long vowel (pedrioeu [pedriˈøː], Eastern pedriöl [pedriˈøl]). In addition, its northern dialects have rhotacized Latin non-geminate /l/ in all (semi)vowel-internal instances ([ˈskʰɔla] → [ˈskøːra]; compare [ˈbʊlːa] → [ˈbula]).
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 In dialects that feature syllable-final nasals, assimilation to the following consonant always takes place even in an ending nasal+stop cluster, and the stop is dropped before another one (Eastern guànt biànch [ˌɡwam ˈbjaŋk], Western guant bianch [ˌɡwãː ˈbjãːk]).
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 Only the Western varieties feature nasal vowels, as the realization of a vowel followed by a phonemic nasal consonant within a closed syllable (Western temp [ˈtẽːp], Eastern tép [ˈtep]), the only exceptions being word-final vowels followed by a nasal other than /n/ and word-final stressed short vowels plus /n/. Those are nearly the only cases for which Eastern Lombard has the same realization (Western Giovann [dʒuˈʋan], Eastern Gioàn [dʒoˈan]; compare Milan [miˈlãː] and Milà [miˈla]). All stressed nasal vowels are long, and Eastern dialects always render them by a vowel alone word-finally and sometimes word-internally.
  9. ^ In Eastern dialects, /ʃ/ may occur only in foreign borrowings, along with /ʎ/.
  10. ^ Compare Eastern Lombard postvocalic /v/-dropping: caèi [kaˈɛj], on pó de ènt [om ˈpo de ˈɛnt].
  11. ^ Only in Western dialects, but few minimal pairs actually occur, and vowel length is phonemic, with long vowels appearing only in stressed positions. In Eastern dialects, the same contrast tends to be expressed through vowel quality or other means (Western god [ˈɡuːt] "he/she enjoys", gott [ˈgut] "drops", Eastern gót [ˈɡot], góte [ˈɡotɛ]).
  12. ^ 12.0 12.1 12.2 In some Western dialects of the north, unstressed /e/ of some words is [a], but in others, it is [i].
  13. ^ 13.0 13.1 Final rounding of unstressed /a/ to [ɔ] is possible in Eastern dialects.
  14. ^ 14.0 14.1 Eastern unstressed /e/ is pronounced either high-mid [e] or low-mid [ɛ].
  15. ^ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 [oː] is a north Western rendering of certain occurrences of stressed /ɔ/ (alterning with [øː] in other realizations), /aː/ (both corresponding to /o/ in the East), and of /øː/ (alterning with [ɔ] in other realizations and equivalent to Eastern /ø/).
  16. ^ Realization varies between [ø] and [œ].
  17. ^ Realization varies between [aː] and [ɑː].

外部連結

[編輯]
取自「https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:伦巴第语国际音标&oldid=87443589」