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琳·康維

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維基百科，自由的百科全書
琳·康維
康維於2006年
出生(1938-01-02)1938年1月2日
美國紐約州芒特弗農 (紐約州)[1]
逝世2024年6月9日(2024歲—06—09)（86歲）
美國密西根州傑克森 (密西根州)
母校哥倫比亞大學
知名於
配偶查爾斯·羅格斯（2002年結婚）
獎項
科學生涯
研究領域
機構IBM 進階計算系統 (1964–68), Memorex（英語：Memorex）, 帕羅奧多研究中心 (1970年代), DARPA, 密西根大學

琳·安·康維 (1938年1月2日—2024年6月9日[3])[4][5]是一位美國電腦科學家, 電子工程學家和跨性別權益活動人士。[6]

她曾於1960年代在IBM工作，並行明了廣義動態指令處理技術，這是亂序執行中一種關鍵的技術進步，並被絕大多數的現代電腦處理器使用，以提高效能。隨後，她在超大型積體電路（VLSI）領域啟動了梅德-康威VLSI晶片設計革命（英語：Mead–Conway VLSI chip design revolution）。這場技術革命在1980年代迅速傳播至研究型大學和電腦行業，孕育出新興的電子設計自動化（EDA）行業，催生了現代晶片設計與生產的製造廠基礎設施，並在1980年代和1990年代啟動了一系列影響深遠的高科技創業公司。[7][8][9][10][11]

早年生活與教育[編輯]

康維成長於紐約州白原市 (紐約州)。她被當作男孩撫養。在兒童期，她有些害羞，並經歷著性別不安。她著迷於天文學（她曾在一個夏天建造了一架6英寸（150 mm）口徑的反射式望遠鏡），並在高中時擅長數學和科學。康維在1955年進入麻省理工學院，獲得了很高的成績，卻在1957-58年間試圖性別過渡後，最終在絕望中退學。她的嘗試由於當時的醫學環境（英語：Transgender_history_in_the_United_States#1950s_and_1960s）而失敗。[12] 康維作為一名電子技術工程師工作了幾年，隨後在哥倫比亞大學的工程與應用科學學院繼續她的教育，最終在1962年獲得理學學士學位，在1963年獲得電子工程科學碩士學位。[13][14]

在IBM的早期研究[編輯]

康維在1964年被招入IBM研究部，前往約克敦高地，紐約（英語：Yorktown Heights, New York）。她很快入選設計先進超級電腦的架構團隊，和約翰·科克、布萊恩·蘭德爾（英語：Brian Randell）、赫伯特·舍爾、埃德·蘇森古斯（英語：Ed Sussenguth）、法蘭·艾倫及其它IBM研究人員一同工作於IBM進階計算系統（英語：IBM Advanced Computer Systems project）（ACS）專案，並在工作中發明多發射亂序動態指令排程技術。[7][8][9][15][16] 電腦歷史博物館表示，「ACS機器似乎是第一個超純量設計，這是一種在現代高效能微處理器中廣泛利用的電腦架構範式。」[10][11][17][18]

性別過渡[編輯]

康維在了解到哈利·班傑明（英語：Harry Benjamin）對跨性別女性醫療的開創性研究[19]後，她意識到性別確認手術已變得可行，決定尋求班傑明的幫助。康維承受著嚴重的抑鬱症和性別不安，聯絡了班傑明。他同意提供心理諮詢並開具激素治療。在班傑明的醫療照護下，康維開始了她的醫學性別過渡。[20]

在掙扎著以男性角色生活時[20]，康維和一名女性結婚，並有了兩名孩子。在當時的法律限制下，在性別過渡後，她被禁止與她的孩子見面。[20]

她希望可以在工作的同時進行性別過渡。但是在她表露這一的意圖後。IBM於1986年將她開除。[21] IBM於2020年為此道歉。[22]

作為電腦科學家的職業生涯[編輯]

於1968年，康維完成她的性別過渡，取了一個新名字，以另一身分，進入她所說的「無痕模式（英語：Passing_(gender)#Stealth）」。她重新開始了她的職業生涯，作為一名外包程式設計師為Computer Applications, Inc.（英語：Computer Applications, Inc.）工作。隨後於1969-1972年，她前往Memorex（英語：Memorex）工作，擔任電子系統設計師和電腦架構師。[20][23]

康維在1973年前往帕羅奧多研究中心，領導伯特·薩瑟蘭（英語：Bert Sutherland）的「大型積體電路系統」小組。[24][25] 在帕羅奧多時，康維創立了多專案晶圓（英語：Multi-project wafer service）（MPW）技術，實現將不同來源的電路設計裝入同一塊矽晶圓。這一新發明提升了生產力，降低了成本。[26] 而在VLSI設計方法上，她與伊凡·薩瑟蘭和來自加州理工學院的卡弗·梅德合作，共同創作了《VLSI系統》。這是一部開創性的著作，很快成為晶片設計領域的標準教科書，並在1983年時被接近120所大學採用。[27][28][29][30] 他們的著作銷售超過70,000冊，而梅德-康維革命整合了康維在MPC79/MOSIS（英語：MOSIS）上的創新後，成為了VLSI設計的一部分。[28][31]

1979年，康維前往麻省理工學院，任電機工程與電腦科學客座副教授，教授一門基於梅德-康維著作草稿的VLSI設計課程，這一課程現已聲名遠播。[20] 這個課程驗證了新的設計方法和教材，並創立了後來被全球課程採用的教學大綱和教授指南。[32][33]

Among Conway's contributions were the invention of dimensionless, scalable design rules that greatly simplified chip design and design tools,[8][14][34] and invention of a new form of internet-based infrastructure for rapid prototyping and short-run fabrication of large numbers of chip designs.[8][35] The problem they were solving was how to cope with the increasing complexity of chip design while the number of transistors per chip doubled every two years as Gordon Moore (chairman of Intel) had predicted in 1965. The design methods in use in the semiconductor industry were rapidly running out of steam.[36] The new infrastructure was institutionalized as the Metal Oxide Semiconductor Implementation Service (MOSIS) system in 1981. Two years into its success, Mead and Conway received Electronics magazine's annual award of achievement.[37] Since then, MOSIS has fabricated more than 50,000 circuit designs for commercial firms, government agencies, and research and educational institutions around the world.[38] VLSI researcher Charles Seitz commented that "MOSIS represented the first period since the pioneering work of Eckert and Mauchley on the ENIAC in the late 1940s that universities and small companies had access to state-of-the-art digital technology."[35]

The research methods used to develop the Mead–Conway VLSI design methodology and the MOSIS prototype are documented in a 1981 Xerox report[39] and the Euromicro Journal.[40] The impact of the Mead–Conway work is described in a number of historical overviews of computing.[35][41][42][43][44][45] Conway and her colleagues have compiled an online archive of original papers that documents much of that work.[46][47] The methods also came under ethnographic study in 1980 by PARC anthropologist Lucy Suchman, who published her interviews with Conway in 2021.[48][49]

In the early 1980s, Conway left Xerox to join DARPA, where she was a key architect of the Defense Department's Strategic Computing Initiative, a research program studying high-performance computing, autonomous systems technology, and intelligent weapons technology.[14][50]

In a USA Today article about Conway's joining DARPA, Mark Stefik, a Xerox scientist who worked with her, said "Lynn would like to live five lives in the course of one life" and that she's "charismatic and very energetic".[51] Douglas Fairbairn, a former Xerox associate, said "She figures out a way so that everybody wins."[51]

康維於1985年加入密西根大學，擔任電機工程與電腦科學教授，及工程學院副院長。在那裡，她致力於「適用於混合網際網路/寬頻電纜通訊的基本系統和使用者介面概念的視覺通訊和控制探測」的工作。[14] 1998 年，康維從活躍的教學和研究崗位退休，成為密西根大學的榮譽退休教授。[52][53]

遺產[編輯]

跨性別權益活動[編輯]

個人生活與逝世[編輯]

1987 年，康維遇到了她的丈夫查爾斯·羅傑斯 「查理」。羅傑斯是一名職業工程師，他和康維一樣喜歡戶外活動，包括激流皮划艇和摩托車越野賽。[20][54] 他們很快就開始同居，並於1994年在密西根州農村購買了一棟有24英畝（9.7公頃）草地、沼澤和林地的房子。[20] 他們在8月13日，2002年結婚。[16][55][56] 2014年，密西根大學的《密西根工程師》校友雜誌記錄了康維的工程探索與她個人生活中的冒險間的聯絡。[57][58]

康維於6月9日，2024年因心臟病在位於密西根州傑克森 (密西根州)的家中去世，享年 86 歲。[59][60]

獎項於榮譽[編輯]

著作選集[編輯]

專利[編輯]

相關條目[編輯]

參考資料[編輯]

  1. ^ Saari, Peggy; Allison, Stephen; Ellavich, Marie C. Scientists: A-F. U-X-L. 1996. ISBN 978-0-7876-0960-3 （英語）. 
  2. ^ CHM 2014 Fellow "For her work in developing and disseminating new methods of integrated circuit design". Computer History Museum. [April 10, 2018]. （原始內容存檔於July 3, 2016）. 
  3. ^ Boyd, Helen. Lynn Conway: Trans Icon and Pioneer, 1938 – 2024. (En)gender. [11 June 2024]. （原始內容存檔於11 June 2024）. 
  4. ^ Lee, John A. N. International Biographical Dictionary of Computer Pioneers. Fitzroy Dearborn. 1995. ISBN 1-884964-47-8. 
  5. ^ Computer Pioneers - Lynn Conway. IEEE Computer Society. IEEE. [November 10, 2014]. （原始內容存檔於November 10, 2014）. 
  6. ^ 21 Transgender People Who Influenced American Culture. Time. May 29, 2014. 
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 Smotherman, Mark. IBM Advanced Computing Systems (ACS) – 1961–1969. 
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Lynn Conway: 2009 Computer Pioneer Award Recipient. IEEE Computer Society. [January 20, 2010]. （原始內容存檔於January 3, 2015）. 
  9. ^ 9.0 9.1 Lynn Conway receives 2009 IEEE Computer Society Computer Pioneer Award. IEEE Computer Society. July 30, 2010 –透過YouTube. 
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 CHM Events: IBM ACS System: A Pioneering Supercomputer Project of the 1960's. Computer History Museum. February 18, 2010. （原始內容存檔於April 20, 2010） （英語）. 
  11. ^ 11.0 11.1 Smotherman, Mark; Spicer, Dag. IBM's single-processor supercomputer efforts. Communications of the ACM. December 2010, 53 (12): 28–30. doi:10.1145/1859204.1859216. 
  12. ^ Fourtané, Susan. 51 Female Inventors and Inventions That Changed the World. Interesting Engineering （英語）. 
  13. ^ Conway, Lynn. Lynn Conway's Retrospective PART I: CHILDHOOD AND EDUCATION. lynnconway.com. March 15, 2004 [July 9, 2008]. 
  14. ^ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 Kilbane, Doris. Lynn Conway: A Trailblazer On Professional, Personal Levels. Products > News. Electronic Design（英語：Electronic Design (magazine)）. 2003-10-20 [2023-02-17]. （原始內容存檔於2008-06-08）. 
  15. ^ Paul Wallich, "Profile: Lynn Conway—Completing the Circuit 網際網路檔案館的存檔，存檔日期October 4, 2013，.," Scientific American, December 2000.
  16. ^ 16.0 16.1 Dianne Lynch, "The Secret Behind 'Project Y': One Woman's Success Story — 'What Works, Works'", ABCNews.com, November 29, 2001.
  17. ^ Smotherman, Mark. IBM ACS Reunion – February 18, 2010, in California. 
  18. ^ The IBM ACS System: A Pioneering Supercomputer Project – Video. YouTube. （原始內容存檔於2021-12-21）. 
  19. ^ Benjamin, Harry. The Transsexual Phenomenon. Julian Press. 1966. ISBN 9780446824262. 
  20. ^ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4 20.5 20.6 Hiltzik, Michael A. (November 19, 2000.) "Through the Gender Labyrinth." 網際網路檔案館的存檔，存檔日期October 15, 2012，.. Los Angeles Times, Los Angeles Times Magazine, page 1. (Free reprint. Retrieved on September 19, 2007.)
  21. ^ Conway, Lynn. Reminiscences of the VLSI revolution: How a series of failures triggered a paradigm shift in digital design (PDF). IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine (IEEE). 2012, 4 (4): 8–31. ISSN 1943-0582. S2CID 9286356. doi:10.1109/MSSC.2012.2215752. 
  22. ^ Alicandri, Jeremy. IBM Apologizes For Firing Computer Pioneer For Being Transgender...52 Years Later. Forbes. 
  23. ^ Lynn Conway's Retrospective PART III: Starting Over. Ai.eecs.umich.edu. May 12, 1960 [December 5, 2013]. 
  24. ^ Goldberg, Adele J. About This Issue.... ACM Computing Surveys. September 1980, 12 (3): 257–258. ISSN 0360-0300. S2CID 27661653. doi:10.1145/356819.356820 可免費查閱. 
  25. ^ Walker, Rob; Tersini, Nancy. Silicon Destiny: The Story of Application Specific Integrated Circuits and LSI Logic Corporation. Walker Research Associates. 1992. ISBN 0-9632654-0-7. 
  26. ^ Sense of Wonder Motivates VLSI Chip Revolutionary, Lynn Conway. American Association for the Advancement of Science. [March 20, 2020] （英語）. 
  27. ^ Conway, Lynn. The 'Sutherland Letter' of 1976. December 31, 2012. 
  28. ^ 28.0 28.1 Impact of the Mead-Conway VLSI Design Methodology and of the MOSIS Service. ai.eecs.umich.edu. [March 13, 2020]. 
  29. ^ Wallich, Paul. Profile: Lynn Conway—Completing the Circuit. Scientific American. December 2000 [April 24, 2024]. （原始內容存檔於October 28, 2006）. 
  30. ^ Smith, Gina. Unsung innovators: Lynn Conway and Carver Mead: They literally wrote the book on chip design. Computerworld. December 3, 2007 [April 24, 2024]. （原始內容存檔於December 26, 2008）. 
  31. ^ Miller, Chris. Chip War: The Fight for the World's Most Critical Technology. Scribner. 2022: 136–137, 140, 166, 378. 
  32. ^ The MIT'78 VLSI System Design Course: A Guidebook for the Instructor of VLSI System Design, Lynn Conway, Xerox Palo Alto Research Center, August 12, 1979.
  33. ^ Paul Penfield "The VLSI Revolution at MIT" by Paul Penfield 2014 MIT EECS Connector, Spring 2014, pp. 11–13.
  34. ^ Carliss Y. Baldwin and Kim B. Clark. Design Rules: The Power of Modularity. MIT Press. 2000. ISBN 0-262-02466-7. 
  35. ^ 35.0 35.1 35.2 National Research Council (1999), Funding a Revolution: Government Support for Computing Research, National Academy Press (excerpt)
  36. ^ Lynn Conway. Gebbie Lab. 29 January 2024 [24 April 2024]. （原始內容存檔於April 25, 2024）. 
  37. ^ Impact of the Mead-Conway VLSI Design Methodology and of the MOSIS Service. ai.eecs.umich.edu. [March 22, 2020]. 
  38. ^ "The MOSIS Service – More than 50,000 designs in 25 years of operation", http://www.mosis.com/, 2008
  39. ^ THE MPC Adventures: Experiences with the Generation of VLSI Design and Implementation Methodologies, Lynn Conway, Xerox PARC Technical Report VLSI-81-2, January 19, 1981.
  40. ^ THE MPC Adventures: Experiences with the Generation of VLSI Design and Implementation Methodologies, by Lynn Conway, Microprocessing and Microprogramming – The Euromicro Journal, Vol. 10, No. 4, November 1982, pp 209–228.
  41. ^ Allocating Federal Funds for Science and Technology, by Committee on Criteria for Federal Support of Research and Development, National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, Institute of Medicine, National Research Council, National Academy Press, Washington DC, 1995, page 75.
  42. ^ Figure II.13: Technological Developments in Computing", in Allocating Federal Funds for Science and Technology, National Academy Press, Washington, DC 1995, page 75.. Ai.eecs.umich.edu. May 7, 1999 [December 5, 2013]. 
  43. ^ Evolving the High Performance Computing and Communications Initiative to Support the Nation's Information Infrastructure, by Committee to Study High Performance Computing and Communications: Status of a Major Initiative, National Research Council, National Academy Press, Washington DC, 1995, page 20.
  44. ^ Figure 1.2: Government-sponsored computing research and development stimulates creation of innovative ideas and industries", in Evolving the High Performance Computing and Communications Initiative to Support the Nation's Information Infrastructure, National Academy Press, 1995, page 20.. Ai.eecs.umich.edu. May 7, 1999 [December 5, 2013]. 
  45. ^ Feinstein, Jonathan S. Creativity in Large-Scale Contexts. Stanford University Press. 2023: 196–199,266–270, 299–304. 
  46. ^ The VLSI Archive Archive.is的存檔，存檔日期February 8, 2013，, by Lynn Conway, Electronic Design News, June 3, 2009.
  47. ^ VLSI Archive: An online archive of documents and artifacts from the Mead-Conway VLSI design revolution. Ai.eecs.umich.edu. [December 5, 2013]. （原始內容存檔於December 8, 2007）. 
  48. ^ Suchman, Lucy. A Sociotechnical Exchange, Redux. Backchannels | Reflections. March 1, 2021. （原始內容存檔於March 4, 2021）. 
  49. ^ Conway, Lynn; Suchman, Lucy. Conway-Suchman conversation. Conway Suchman Conversation. February 28, 2021. 
  50. ^ Dwight B. Davis "Assessing the Stragetic Computing Initiative," by Dwight B. Davis High Technology, Vol. 5, No. 4, April 1985.
  51. ^ 51.0 51.1 Osborn, Michelle. Hi-tech researcher chips in to develop smart computer (PDF). USA Today. June 7, 1983 [April 24, 2024]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於April 20, 2014）. 
  52. ^ Lynn Conway awarded Emerita status at the University of Michigan. University of Michigan. December 31, 1998 [April 24, 2024]. （原始內容存檔於December 5, 2003）. 
  53. ^ Moore, Nicole Casal. The legacy of Lynn Conway, chip design pioneer and transgender-rights advocate. Michigan Engineering News. 2024-06-11 [2024-06-12] （美國英語）. 
  54. ^ Forman, Ross (September 18, 2013) "Transgender pioneer reflects on sports past". Windy City Times.
  55. ^ 參照錯誤：沒有為名為BD06LC的參考文獻提供內容
  56. ^ A Wedding Trip to Mackinac Island. 2002. （原始內容存檔於September 28, 2002）. 
  57. ^ Nicole Casal Moore,"Life, Engineered: How Lynn Conway reinvented her world and ours The Michigan Engineer, College of Engineering, University of Michigan, Fall 2014, pp. 42–49.
  58. ^ Marcin Szczepanski and Evan Dougherty,"A Place to Be Wild," Michigan Engineering, October 8, 2014.
  59. ^ Hiltzik, Michael. Lynn Conway, leading computer scientist and transgender pioneer, dies at 85. Los Angeles Times. 2024-06-11 [2024-06-12]. 
  60. ^ Moore, Nicole Casal. The legacy of Lynn Conway, chip design pioneer and transgender-rights advocate. Michigan Engineering. 2024-06-11 [2024-06-11]. 

外部連結[編輯]

國際
各地
學術
其他
取自「https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=琳·康維&oldid=83036803」