敘利亞伊斯蘭起義
| 敘利亞伊斯蘭起義 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 阿拉伯冷戰的一部分 | |||||||
 1982 年哈馬大屠殺後，哈馬老城區被摧毀的部分 | |||||||
| |||||||
| 參戰方 | |||||||
戰鬥先鋒隊[1][2] 穆斯林兄弟會 (1979 年中期以後)[3][4] 親伊拉克復興黨[5]支持:  伊拉克 (1980–1982) 約旦[6][7] 西德[8] |
 敘利亞支持:  蘇聯[9][10] | ||||||
| 指揮官與領導者 | |||||||
|
| ||||||
敘利亞伊斯蘭起義是1976年至1982年期間由遜尼派伊斯蘭主義者發起的反阿薩德政權暴動。他們試圖推翻阿薩德政權並在敘利亞建立伊斯蘭共和國。 [12]他們在敘利亞各地罷工、抗議。 [13] 還有伊斯蘭民兵襲擊敘利亞阿拉伯陸軍基地，並暗殺敘利亞復興黨幹部、軍官、蘇聯軍事顧問和與阿薩德家族密切的人員。 [14][15][10]敘利亞阿拉伯陸軍也對暴動人士展開報復。 [16] 為了打擊暴動人士，阿薩德政權發動了哈馬大屠殺。 [16][17]
參考文獻
[編輯]- ^ Lefèvre 2013，第100–101頁.
- ^ Conduit 2019，第34頁.
- ^ Conduit 2019，第35頁.
- ^ Lefèvre 2013，第110頁.
- ^ The Syrian Muslim Brotherhood. Cablegate. 26 February 1985 [12 July 2013]. （原始內容存檔於8 May 2014）.
- ^ Milton Edwards, Beverly; Hinchcliffe, Peter. 4: International Relations. Jordan: A Hashemite Legacy. New York, USA: Routledge. 2001: 97. ISBN 0-415-26726-9.
- ^ Conduit 2019，第138–141頁.
- ^ Nina Wiedl, Kathrin. The Hama Massacre – reasons, supporters of the rebellion, consequences. GRIN Verlag. 2006: 26–31. ISBN 978-3-638-56770-1.
Another reason for West Germany to oppose Asad [sic] was his involvement in international terrorism, such as the RAF (Baader Meinhof Gang) clique and the "Movement 2nd of June – Tupamaros West Berlin"... West Germany, as an ally in the anti-Soviet camp, had a reason to support the Brotherhood in Syria and to provide them a safe exile in Germany as a place from where they could continue their attempts to overthrow Asad [sic], in order to weaken the Soviet bloc... Three ways how West Germany supported the Syrian Brotherhood.. It provided asylum and a save haven from where the exile-brotherhood could organise its struggle against Asad [sic], it protected them against attacks of Syrian intelligence, and West German newspapers reported about the Hama incident in a way that supported the aims of the Brotherhood.
- ^ Nina Wiedl, Kathrin. The Hama Massacre – reasons, supporters of the rebellion, consequences. GRIN Verlag. 2006: 3–34. ISBN 978-3-638-56770-1.
- ^ 10.0 10.1 Like Father, Like Son – Tyranny in Syria, A Massacre in Hama. Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training. 11 June 2015. （原始內容存檔於16 May 2016）. 引用錯誤：帶有name屬性「adst.org」的
<ref>標籤用不同內容定義了多次 - ^ Timeline: The Syrian revolt. Al Jazeera. [2025-01-18]. （原始內容存檔於2019-02-16）.
- ^ Seale (1989).
- ^ Key events in Syria 1946–2010. Encyclopædia Britannica. （原始內容存檔於4 August 2016）.
- ^ Ismael, Quiades. The Hama Massacre – February 1982. SciencesPo. 22 December 2009. （原始內容存檔於3 November 2020）.
- ^ Nina Wiedl, Kathrin. The Hama Massacre – reasons, supporters of the rebellion, consequences. GRIN Verlag. 2006: 23. ISBN 978-3-638-56770-1.
- ^ 16.0 16.1 Lefèvre (2013).
- ^ Sufism and Sufi Brotherhoods in Syria and Palestine. ou.edu. [2024-12-25]. （原始內容存檔於2009-02-24）.
- Conduit, Dara. The Muslim Brotherhood in Syria. Cambridge University Press. 2019. ISBN 978-1-108-49977-4.
- Carré, Olivier; Michaud, Gérard. Les Frères musulmans: Egypte et Syrie (1928–1982). Paris: Gallimard. 1983.
- Lefèvre, Raphaël. Ashes of Hama: the Muslim Brotherhood in Syria. New York: Oxford University Press. 2013. ISBN 978-0-19-936545-6. OCLC 867049938.
- Lefèvre, Raphaël. The Syrian Muslim Brotherhood’s Alawi Conundrum. The Alawis of Syria: War, Faith and Politics in the Levant. Oxford University Press. 2015. ISBN 978-0-19-045811-9.
- Seale, Patrick. Asad of Syria: the struggle for the Middle East 1st. Berkeley: University of California Press. 1989. ISBN 0-520-06667-7. OCLC 19130614.