叙利亚伊斯兰起义
| 叙利亚伊斯兰起义 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 阿拉伯冷战的一部分 | |||||||
 1982 年哈马大屠杀后，哈马老城区被摧毁的部分 | |||||||
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| 参战方 | |||||||
战斗先锋队[1][2] 穆斯林兄弟会 (1979 年中期以后)[3][4] 亲伊拉克复兴党[5]支持:  伊拉克 (1980–1982) 约旦[6][7] 西德[8] |
 叙利亚支持:  苏联[9][10] | ||||||
| 指挥官与领导者 | |||||||
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叙利亚伊斯兰起义是1976年至1982年期间由逊尼派伊斯兰主义者发起的反阿萨德政权暴动。他们试图推翻阿萨德政权并在叙利亚建立伊斯兰共和国。 [12]他们在叙利亚各地罢工、抗议。 [13] 还有伊斯兰民兵袭击叙利亚阿拉伯陆军基地，并暗杀叙利亚复兴党干部、军官、苏联军事顾问和与阿萨德家族密切的人员。 [14][15][10]叙利亚阿拉伯陆军也对暴动人士展开报复。 [16] 为了打击暴动人士，阿萨德政权发动了哈马大屠杀。 [16][17]
参考文献
[编辑]- ^ Lefèvre 2013，第100–101页.
- ^ Conduit 2019，第34页.
- ^ Conduit 2019，第35页.
- ^ Lefèvre 2013，第110页.
- ^ The Syrian Muslim Brotherhood. Cablegate. 26 February 1985 [12 July 2013]. （原始内容存档于8 May 2014）.
- ^ Milton Edwards, Beverly; Hinchcliffe, Peter. 4: International Relations. Jordan: A Hashemite Legacy. New York, USA: Routledge. 2001: 97. ISBN 0-415-26726-9.
- ^ Conduit 2019，第138–141页.
- ^ Nina Wiedl, Kathrin. The Hama Massacre – reasons, supporters of the rebellion, consequences. GRIN Verlag. 2006: 26–31. ISBN 978-3-638-56770-1.
Another reason for West Germany to oppose Asad [sic] was his involvement in international terrorism, such as the RAF (Baader Meinhof Gang) clique and the "Movement 2nd of June – Tupamaros West Berlin"... West Germany, as an ally in the anti-Soviet camp, had a reason to support the Brotherhood in Syria and to provide them a safe exile in Germany as a place from where they could continue their attempts to overthrow Asad [sic], in order to weaken the Soviet bloc... Three ways how West Germany supported the Syrian Brotherhood.. It provided asylum and a save haven from where the exile-brotherhood could organise its struggle against Asad [sic], it protected them against attacks of Syrian intelligence, and West German newspapers reported about the Hama incident in a way that supported the aims of the Brotherhood.
- ^ Nina Wiedl, Kathrin. The Hama Massacre – reasons, supporters of the rebellion, consequences. GRIN Verlag. 2006: 3–34. ISBN 978-3-638-56770-1.
- ^ 10.0 10.1 Like Father, Like Son – Tyranny in Syria, A Massacre in Hama. Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training. 11 June 2015. （原始内容存档于16 May 2016）. 引用错误：带有name属性“adst.org”的
<ref>标签用不同内容定义了多次 - ^ Timeline: The Syrian revolt. Al Jazeera. [2025-01-18]. （原始内容存档于2019-02-16）.
- ^ Seale (1989).
- ^ Key events in Syria 1946–2010. Encyclopædia Britannica. （原始内容存档于4 August 2016）.
- ^ Ismael, Quiades. The Hama Massacre – February 1982. SciencesPo. 22 December 2009. （原始内容存档于3 November 2020）.
- ^ Nina Wiedl, Kathrin. The Hama Massacre – reasons, supporters of the rebellion, consequences. GRIN Verlag. 2006: 23. ISBN 978-3-638-56770-1.
- ^ 16.0 16.1 Lefèvre (2013).
- ^ Sufism and Sufi Brotherhoods in Syria and Palestine. ou.edu. [2024-12-25]. （原始内容存档于2009-02-24）.
- Conduit, Dara. The Muslim Brotherhood in Syria. Cambridge University Press. 2019. ISBN 978-1-108-49977-4.
- Carré, Olivier; Michaud, Gérard. Les Frères musulmans: Egypte et Syrie (1928–1982). Paris: Gallimard. 1983.
- Lefèvre, Raphaël. Ashes of Hama: the Muslim Brotherhood in Syria. New York: Oxford University Press. 2013. ISBN 978-0-19-936545-6. OCLC 867049938.
- Lefèvre, Raphaël. The Syrian Muslim Brotherhood’s Alawi Conundrum. The Alawis of Syria: War, Faith and Politics in the Levant. Oxford University Press. 2015. ISBN 978-0-19-045811-9.
- Seale, Patrick. Asad of Syria: the struggle for the Middle East 1st. Berkeley: University of California Press. 1989. ISBN 0-520-06667-7. OCLC 19130614.