卡爾巴拉戰役

卡爾巴拉戰役（Battle of Karbala），公元680年10月10日發生於巴格達西南的卡爾巴拉，穆罕默德的外孫、什葉派領袖海珊·本·阿里率領自己的支持者對抗前來鎮壓的倭馬亞王朝葉齊德一世的大軍。最終前者全軍覆沒，阿里之子海珊陣亡。

卡爾巴拉是伊拉克中部的一個重要城市，位於巴格達西南約100公里處1。作為卡爾巴拉省的省會，該市2024年估計人口為690,100人。^[1]^[2] 卡爾巴拉在伊斯蘭教史上具有重要意義，尤其對什葉派穆斯林而言。公元680年10月10日，著名的卡爾巴拉戰役在此發生，穆罕默德的外孫、什葉派領袖海珊·本·阿里在此殉難。自那時起，卡爾巴拉成為什葉派最重要的聖地之一，地位僅次於麥加、麥地那和納傑夫。^[3]

城市內最著名的地標是海珊清真寺和阿巴斯清真寺，分別是海珊和其弟阿巴斯的陵墓。這兩座清真寺每年吸引數百萬什葉派朝聖者前來朝拜。卡爾巴拉每年舉行兩次大型宗教活動：阿舒拉節：在伊斯蘭曆穆哈蘭姆月的第十天，紀念海珊殉難。阿爾巴因節：在阿舒拉節後的第40天，是更大規模的朝聖活動。這些活動期間，來自伊拉克各地和世界各國的數百萬朝聖者湧入卡爾巴拉，其中很多人選擇步行朝聖。這使得卡爾巴拉成為伊拉克最富有的城市之一，其經濟主要依賴朝聖旅遊業和農業。^[4]^[5] 卡爾巴拉城區分為舊城和新城兩部分。舊城是宗教中心，新城則是現代化的住宅區。全市擁有100多座清真寺和23所宗教學校，彰顯了其作為宗教文化中心的地位。^[6]

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參考文獻

al-Tabari, Muhammad ibn Jarir, History of the Prophets and Kings; Volume XIX The Caliphate of Yazid b. Muawiyah, translated by I.K.A Howard, SUNY Press, 1991, ISBN 0-7914-0040-9.
Kennedy, Hugh, The Armies of the Caliphs: Military and Society in the Early Islamic State, Routledge, 2001.
al-Muqarram, Abd al Razzaq, Maqtal al-Husayn, Martyrdom Epic of Imam al-Husayn （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, translated by Yasin T. Al-Jibouri, pub Al-Kharsan Foundation for Publications, originally published Qum, circa 1990. (al-Muqarram was born in 1899 and died in 1971—author's biography （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. This is a 20th-century book—see Islamic Historiography, by Chase F. Robinson, p. 35.)

外部連結

What is Muharram?（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
Battle of Karbalāʾ（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, Encyclopædia Britannica
List of the casualties of Karbla（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）

Sunni links

Karbala – A Lesson For Mankind （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）

Shia links

Events of Karbala （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
Ashura.com （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
Poetryofislam.com （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, poetry on Kerbala by Mahmood Abu Shahbaaz Londoni
Sacred-texts.com （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, Battle of Karbala （英文）
Battle of Karbala（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
A Probe Into the History of Ashura （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） by Dr. Ibrahim Ayati

^ "Iraq: Livelihoods at risk as level of Lake Razaza falls". IRIN News. 5 March 2008. Retrieved 25 November 2015.
^ Under Fire: Untold Stories from the Front Line of the Iraq War. Reuters Prentice Hall. January 2004. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-13-142397-8.
^ John Azumah; Dr. Kwame Bediako (Foreword) (26 May 2009). My Neighbour's Faith: Islam Explained for African Christians. Main Divisions and Movements Within Islam: Zondervan. ISBN 9780310574620.
^ Paul Grieve (2006). A Brief Guide to Islam: History, Faith and Politics : the Complete Introduction. Carroll and Graf Publishers. p. 212. ISBN 9780786718047.
^ Malise Ruthven (2006). Islam in the World. Oxford University Press. p. 180. ISBN 9780195305036.
^ "Interactive Maps: Sunni & Shia: The Worlds of Islam". PBS. Retrieved June 9, 2017.

[1] "Iraq: Livelihoods at risk as level of Lake Razaza falls". IRIN News. 5 March 2008. Retrieved 25 November 2015.

[2] Under Fire: Untold Stories from the Front Line of the Iraq War. Reuters Prentice Hall. January 2004. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-13-142397-8.

[3] John Azumah; Dr. Kwame Bediako (Foreword) (26 May 2009). My Neighbour's Faith: Islam Explained for African Christians. Main Divisions and Movements Within Islam: Zondervan. ISBN 9780310574620.

[4] Paul Grieve (2006). A Brief Guide to Islam: History, Faith and Politics : the Complete Introduction. Carroll and Graf Publishers. p. 212. ISBN 9780786718047.

[5] Malise Ruthven (2006). Islam in the World. Oxford University Press. p. 180. ISBN 9780195305036.

[6] "Interactive Maps: Sunni & Shia: The Worlds of Islam". PBS. Retrieved June 9, 2017.

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