千碼凝視

千碼凝視（英語：thousand-yard stare），又稱兩千碼凝視（英語：two-thousand-yard stare），是受急性壓力或創傷事件的人，在經歷解離狀態後表現出茫然（英語：Blank expression）而失焦的眼神。最初，該英文短語是用來描述戰鬥員與創傷後壓力症的樣子，但現在也用來指在任何壓力情況下的人、或某些精神健康疾病患者，所表現出的茫然目光。 ^[1]千碼凝視通常與彈震症（英語：shell shock）、戰鬥壓力反應（英語：combat stress reaction）、或其他創傷相關的心理問題有關。 ^[1]^[2]^[3]

起源

在英文中，「千碼凝視」（thousand-yard stare）的短語源於1945年，美國《生活》雜誌刊登了二戰藝術家兼記者湯姆·李（英語：Thomas C. Lea, III）的《海軍陸戰隊稱其為兩千碼凝視》（英語：Marines Call It That 2,000 Yard Stare）。但文章並沒有提及作品名稱。這個作品現藏於華盛頓特區萊斯利·J·麥克奈爾堡的美國陸軍軍事歷史中心。^[4]該作描繪一位1944年經歷過貝里琉戰役的無名美國海軍陸戰隊員。李先生針對作品主角──也就是那位無名美國海軍陸戰隊員──說道：

那位隊員在31個月前離開美國。他在首次行動中負傷、之後又感染熱帶疾病；白天要把小日本們從洞裡挖出來，晚上又得半睡半醒；而他三分之二的戰友陣亡或負傷，今晨又將發動攻擊。試問人類究竟能承受幾多？^{[note 1]}^[5]

2002年擔任卡羅來納海軍陸戰隊博物館館長喬·霍爾（Joe Houle）在回憶自己以下士身份於1965年參與越南戰爭時，說道自己看到新隊員眼中，沒有一絲感情，「眼神彷彿生命被吸走一般」。他後來得知這個狀態被稱為「千碼凝視」後接著說道：「在我失去第一位朋友後，我感覺最好要在情感上保持距離。」 ^[6]

參見

緊張症
戰鬥壓力反應（英語：Combat stress reaction）
心理防衛機制
過度警覺
James Blake Miller（英語：James Blake Miller）
創傷後壓力症
彈震症（英語：Shell shock）

註解

^ He left the States 31 months ago. He was wounded in his first campaign. He has had tropical diseases. He half-sleeps at night and gouges Japs out of holes all day. Two-thirds of his company has been killed or wounded. He will return to attack this morning. How much can a human being endure?

參考資料

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 Peleliu as a paradigm for PTSD: The two thousand yard stare - Hektoen International. hekint.org. [2024-01-22] （美國英語）.
^ Mills, M. Anthony; Mills, Mark P. The Invention of the War Machine. The New Atlantis. 2014, (42): 3–23. ISSN 1543-1215. JSTOR 43152788.
^ Kudler, Harold. Combat Stress and Related Disorders. Principles and Practice of Hospital Medicine. McGraw-Hill Education. 2017.
^ Jones, James, Tom Lea (illustration), (1975). - "Two-Thousand-Yard Stare" 網際網路檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2006-11-09.. - WW II. - (c/o Military History Network). - Grosset and Dunlap. - pp.113,116. - ISBN 0-448-11896-3
^ LaRocque, Gene. War Through the Eyes of Artists. America's Defense Monitor, Program Number 438. Center for Defense Information. 1991 [2006-10-27]. （原始內容 (Transcript of televised broadcast)存檔於2006-10-26）.
^ Stone, Sgt. Arthur L. Retired Sgt. Maj. Joe Houle recounts Vietnam tour. Marine Corps News. 2002-05-02 [2015-07-07]. （原始內容存檔於2015-07-07）.

[5] He left the States 31 months ago. He was wounded in his first campaign. He has had tropical diseases. He half-sleeps at night and gouges Japs out of holes all day. Two-thirds of his company has been killed or wounded. He will return to attack this morning. How much can a human being endure?

[:0-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Peleliu as a paradigm for PTSD: The two thousand yard stare - Hektoen International. hekint.org. [2024-01-22] （美國英語）.

[2] Mills, M. Anthony; Mills, Mark P. The Invention of the War Machine. The New Atlantis. 2014, (42): 3–23. ISSN 1543-1215. JSTOR 43152788.

[3] Kudler, Harold. Combat Stress and Related Disorders. Principles and Practice of Hospital Medicine. McGraw-Hill Education. 2017.

[4] Jones, James, Tom Lea (illustration), (1975). - "Two-Thousand-Yard Stare" 網際網路檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2006-11-09.. - WW II. - (c/o Military History Network). - Grosset and Dunlap. - pp.113,116. - ISBN 0-448-11896-3

[ADM438-6] LaRocque, Gene. War Through the Eyes of Artists. America's Defense Monitor, Program Number 438. Center for Defense Information. 1991 [2006-10-27]. （原始內容 (Transcript of televised broadcast)存檔於2006-10-26）.

[Houle-7] Stone, Sgt. Arthur L. Retired Sgt. Maj. Joe Houle recounts Vietnam tour. Marine Corps News. 2002-05-02 [2015-07-07]. （原始內容存檔於2015-07-07）.

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