跳转到内容

次石墨

维基百科，自由的百科全书
含有次石墨的岩石（左）和固态沥青状次石墨（右）

次石墨（英语：Shungite）是一种多样的前寒武纪变质岩，这些岩石中都含有焦沥青，要么指这些岩石内部的焦沥青[1]。它最早是在俄罗斯卡累利阿Shunga村附近的一座矿床中被发现，并因此得名。次石墨最广为人知的是在伪科学和伪医疗上主张的用途，声称它具有从模糊的健康益处到阻挡 5G 辐射等各种特性。[2][3][4][5][6]

产生

[编辑]

次石墨主要产于俄罗斯。主要矿床位于卡累利阿Shunga附近的奥涅加湖地区Zazhoginskoye，另一处矿床位于Vozhmozero。[7]在俄罗斯还报告了另外两个规模更小的矿床，一个产生在堪察加半岛的火山岩中，另一个位于车里雅宾斯克，由煤矿井的废料在高温下燃烧形成。[8]在奥地利、印度、刚果民主共和国[7]和哈萨克[9]也有发现。

描述

[编辑]

“次石墨”（Shungite）一词自 1879 年以来，含义已经发生巨大的演变。最初，它用于描述在其模式产地Shunga附近的矿脉中发现的一种含碳量超过98%的黑色物质。近年来，这个术语也被用来描述含有类似碳层的各种岩石，导致了一些混淆。在科学用语中，次石墨是指含碳量>98%的准矿物，并且作为母岩名称的修饰词，如“含次石墨白云岩”。[10]在通俗用语中，含有次石墨的岩石有时本身也被称为次石墨。

次石墨主要以两种形式存在：分散于母岩中或作为明显经过迁移的物质。迁移型的次石墨是具有光泽的，被认为是迁移的碳氢化合物，其形态包括层状次石墨，即与母岩层基本平行的夹层，以及脉状次石墨，即呈现为切穿母岩的矿脉。此外，次石墨也可能以碎屑形式存在于较年轻的沉积岩中。[10]

形成与结构

[编辑]
非洲中部加蓬Franceville盆地的叠层石中由次石墨构成的深色地层

历史上，人们一直认为次石墨是非生物成因石油形成的例子[11]，但现在已证实其生物起源[10]。在浅水碳酸盐岩陆架至非海洋蒸发岩环境中形成的矿床上方，直接发现了非迁移型次石墨地层。含有次石墨的部分被认为是在活跃张裂期间沉积而成，与其中发现的碱性火山岩一致。富含有机物的沉积物很可能是沉积在潟湖中。碳的浓度显示生态生产力的提升，可能是由于火山物质提供了大量营养物质。

保留沉积结构的含次石墨沉积构造解释为变质烃源岩。一些蘑菇状结构被解释为可能的泥火山。层状与脉状的次石墨种类，以及填满空洞并形成角砾岩基质的次石墨，可解释为迁移的石油，现以变质沥青的形式存在。[10]固态沥青次石墨主要为无定形的，但与许多碳沉积物类似，它含有微量碳的同素异形体，例如石墨烯片和富勒烯。[12]

用途和伪科学主张

[编辑]

自18世纪中叶以来，次石墨就被用作油漆颜料，[10]目前以“碳黑”或“次石墨天然黑”的名称出售。[8]1970年代，次石墨被用于生产一种名为Shungisite的绝缘材料。将低次石墨含量岩石加热至1,090—1,130 °C（1,990—2,070 °F）制成，并用作低密度填料。[10]次石墨建筑技术方面亦有应用。富勒烯的存在使得次石墨作为天然储藏引起了研究人员的兴趣，尽管与其他富碳岩石相比，次石墨中富勒烯的含量并非独一无二。[13]

早在18世纪初，次石墨就一直被用于民间疗法。彼得大帝在卡累利阿建立了俄罗斯第一个Spa中心，利用了次石墨据称具有的净水功效。他也提倡使用次石墨为俄罗斯军队提供纯净水。[14]水晶疗法的支持者和5G阴谋论者错误地声称，与任何具有类似电导率的材料相比，次石墨可以更有效地消除周围的5G辐射。[2][3][4][5][6]这些说法大多聚焦于次石墨中所含富勒烯的益处，但这些富勒烯的浓度为1-10 ppm。[15][7][16]尽管据称次石墨有益于健康，但它含有铅、镉等有毒重金属，当用作替代医学时，可能会对健康造成危害。[17]

参见

[编辑]

参考资料

[编辑]
  1. ^ Jehlička, J.; Rouzaud, J.-N., Parnell, John; Kucha, Henryk; Landais, P. , 编, Transmission Electron Microscopy of Carbonaceous Matter in Precambrian Shungite from Karelia需要付费订阅, Bitumens in Ore Deposits, Special Publication of the Society for Geology Applied to Mineral Deposits (Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer), 1993: 53–60 [2023-12-17], ISBN 978-3-642-85806-2, doi:10.1007/978-3-642-85806-2_4 （英语） 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Tiffany, Kaitlyn. Something in the Air. The Atlantic. 13 May 2020 [4 July 2020]. ISSN 1072-7825. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 Koetsier, John. $350 '5G Bioshield' Radiation Protection Device Is A ... $6 USB Stick. Forbes.com. 28 May 2020 [27 May 2021]. Other recommendations from Glastonbury? People should use Shungite, a mineral which is said to have healing powers that one 'healing crystal' company says 'span the board from purity to protection'. 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 Bucci, Nino. Conspiracy theorists forced to apologise for calling Victorian youth leader a Covid 'crisis actor'. The Guardian. 30 October 2020 [27 May 2021]. Fernandez claims Facebook warned him his account would be restricted for posting misinformation to his page, which he also uses to promote cryptocurrency opportunities and sell shungite, a crystal which he claims prevents the effects of 5G. 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 Song, Victoria. 5G Conspiracy Theories Are Fueling an Entire Economy of Scammy Gadgets. Gizmodo. 3 March 2021 [27 May 2021]. Real shungite is 98% carbon, and has trace amounts of fullerenes, a type of carbon molecule that supposedly blocks electromagnetic frequencies. These pieces of jewelry or ornaments often have a much lower percentage of carbon than advertised and even lower amounts of fullerenes. There isn't much scientific evidence backing these claims, and researching shungite primarily brings up New Age-y articles spewing quackery, with no citations to actual studies or research. The 5G stickers supposedly generate some kind of shield to protect you from 5G waves. Let us be clear: A sticker that claims to generate any type of radiation-blocking shield is pure science fiction. 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 McGowan, Michael. How the wellness and influencer crowd serve conspiracies to the masses. The Guardian. 24 February 2021 [27 May 2021]. [Fernandez] flits between long screeds about vaccinations and claims that Covid-19 is a hoax to selling products that he claims protect users from electromagnetic fields that conspiracy theorists believe are emitted by 5G towers. A shungite pyramid crystal will protect a radius of 'approximately 6-7 metres', his website claims. 
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Mindat.org. Shungite. [3 July 2012]. 
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 Easthaugh, N.; Walsh V.; Chaplin T.; Siddall R. Pigment Compendium: A Dictionary and Optical Microscopy of Historic Pigments. Routledge. 2008: 345 [2 July 2012]. ISBN 9780750689809. 
  9. ^ Efremova, S.V. Water treatment with a shungite sorbent and biosorbents on its base. Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry. 2006, 79 (3): 397–402 [11 September 2020]. S2CID 92934431. doi:10.1134/s1070427206030128. 
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 Melezhik, V.A.; Filippov M.M.; Romashkin A.E. A giant Palaeoproterozoic deposit of shungite in NW Russia: genesis and practical applications. Ore Geology Reviews (Elsevier). 2004, 24 (1–2): 135–154. Bibcode:2004OGRv...24..135M. doi:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2003.08.003. 
  11. ^ Mastarlez, M.; Glikson M.; Stankiewicz B.A.; Volkova I.B.; Bustin R.M. Organic and mineral matter in a Precambrian shungite from Karelia, Russia. Glikson M. & Mastarlez M. (编). Organic Matter and Mineralisation: Thermal Alteration, Hydrocarbon Generation, and Role in Metallogenesis. Springer. 2000: 102–116 [7 July 2012]. ISBN 9780412733307. 
  12. ^ Golubev, Y.A.; Antonets, I.V. Electrophysical Properties and Structure of Natural Disordered sp2 Carbon. Nanomaterials. 2022, 12 (21): 3797. PMC 9657770 可免费查阅. PMID 36364573. doi:10.3390/nano12213797 可免费查阅. 
  13. ^ Sajo, Ma Easter Joy; Kim, Cheol-Su; Kim, Soo-Ki; Shim, Kwang Yong; Kang, Tae-Young; Lee, Kyu-Jae. Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Shungite against Ultraviolet B Irradiation-Induced Skin Damage in Hairless Mice. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2017-08-13, 2017: e7340143. ISSN 1942-0900. PMC 5574306 可免费查阅. PMID 28894510. doi:10.1155/2017/7340143 可免费查阅. 
  14. ^ Volfson, IF; Farrakhov EG; Pronin AP; Beiseyev OB; Beiseyev AO; et al. Medical Geology in Russia and NIS. Selinus O.; Finkelman R.B.; Centeno J.A. (编). Medical Geology: A Regional Synthesis. Springer. 2011: 223 [7 July 2012]. ISBN 9789048134298. 
  15. ^ Sajo, Ma. Easter Joy; Kim, Cheol-Su; Kim, Soo-Ki; Shim, Kwang Yong; Kang, Tae-Young; Lee, Kyu-Jae. Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Shungite against Ultraviolet B Irradiation-Induced Skin Damage in Hairless Mice. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2017, 2017: 1–11. ISSN 1942-0900. PMC 5574306 可免费查阅. PMID 28894510. doi:10.1155/2017/7340143 可免费查阅. 
  16. ^ Reznikov, V.A.; PolekhovskiÏ. Amorphous shungite carbon: A natural medium for the formation of fullerenes (PDF). Technical Physics Letters. 8. 6 March 2000, 26 (2000): 689–693 [9 January 2013]. Bibcode:2000TePhL..26..689R. S2CID 51999111. doi:10.1134/1.1307814. 
  17. ^ Jurgelane, Inga; Locs, Janis. Shungite application for treatment of drinking water – is it the right choice?. Journal of Water and Health. 2020-11-25, 19 (1): 89–96. ISSN 1477-8920. doi:10.2166/wh.2020.139 可免费查阅. 
检索自“https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=次石墨&oldid=85939954”