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拉法叶侯爵访问美国

维基百科,自由的百科全书
山缪·摩斯绘于1826年的拉法叶将军肖像

1824年7月至1825年9月,美国独立战争中仅存的少将—法国拉法叶侯爵,往访美国24个州,广受各地民众英雄式的欢迎,获得多项荣誉和纪念碑来致敬与致意这次的访问。

背景

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外部视频链接
Matthew Harris Jouett 1825年所绘肖像
影片 拉法叶在美国, 1824–1825, Alan R. Hoffman lectures on the Grand Tour, 1:03:14[1]

在近50年前的美国独立战争中,拉法叶侯爵乔治·华盛顿麾下率部冲杀于好几场关键战役中,包括宾州白兰地河战役弗吉尼亚州约克镇围城战役。后来他回到法国投身政治,捍卫美式共和所揭橥的自由理想。

他得汤玛斯·杰佛逊所助帮着起草了受《美国独立宣言》所启发的《人权和公民权宣言》。他也呼吁废除奴隶制,以符合自然律之学。1789年7月攻占巴士底狱后,被任命为法国国民自卫队(法语:Garde Nationale)总司令的他试图在法国大革命期间走中间路线。1792年8月,控制了政府的革命激进派系下令逮捕拉法叶侯爵,他因而逃往奥属尼德兰,被奥地利军队俘虏下狱五年多。1797年拿破仑一世开释他返法,尽管他还是拒绝参与拿破仑的政府,或其远征。1814年法国波旁复辟后,他成为众议院的自由派议员,在此职位度过其大部分余生。

波旁王朝复辟了至少十年,但法王路易十八在1824年春天不得不靠轮椅行动,健康状况江河日下,终于夏末不治。[2]但拉法叶还是被垂死的国王派人看着。[3]1824年,拉法叶离开了法国立法机构。詹姆斯·门罗总统即邀请他访问美国,既向次世代美国人灌输“1776年精神”,[4]同时也庆祝开国50周年。[5]

拉法叶行迹遍及美国各州,行程逾6,000英里(9,656千米),[6][7]其子Georges Washington de La Fayette(以乔治·华盛顿之名命名)及其他人伴游。[4]部分随行的还有社会改革运动家法兰西丝·莱特[8]主行交通工具为驿马车、策骑、运河驳船、和汽船。[9]

拉法叶将军1824年八月十六日于纽约城堡园离船上陆

不同的城市各以不同的方式庆祝贵宾大驾光临。有的游行,有的放礼炮致敬。有些地方甚至邀请学童来欢迎侯爵。若干参战过的老兵,有些都六、七十岁了,也热情欢迎侯爵到来,并与他共进晚餐。侯爵在约克镇认出了James Armistead Lafayette,两人相拥。这位自由的有色人种自选拉法叶为姓以纪念侯爵(他其实是美国第一位双重间谍)。《李奇蒙询问》报(Richmond Enquirer)就此作出报导。[10]一个世纪过后,各城镇还在庆祝各自的“拉法叶日”。

时间轴

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1824年7月13日,拉法叶乘坐美国商船Cadmus离法,于1824年8月15日抵达纽约州史泰登岛,自此开始其美国之行。1824年秋天,他造访美北和美东,并在蒙蒂塞洛拜访了汤玛斯·杰佛逊,还入华盛顿特区晋见詹姆斯·门罗总统。1825年3月,他开始了美南之旅,于3月31日抵达阿拉巴马州查特胡奇河上的米切尔堡渡口。[4]

一座为纪念拉法叶候爵造访白宫的灯塔钟英语lighthouse clock,Simon Willard制

1824年

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绘有拉法叶的手套,可能就是为了纪念他的1824年美国之行
费城的拉法叶欢迎游行

1825年

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强生广场英语Johnson Square (Savannah, Georgia)上的纳撒尼尔·格林纪念碑英语Nathanael Greene Monument
一张庆祝1825年拉法叶来访的明信片,上面的画作出自马尔坎·帕塞尔英语Malcolm Parcell
1825年6月17日,拉法叶为邦克山纪念碑奠基
Burlington“南学院英语Old Mill (University of Vermont)”的原始基石。

旅途中获得的荣誉

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费耶特维尔 (北卡罗来纳州)于1783年,在这次旅行之前,以拉法叶的名字命名。[92]1824年10月20日,威廉与玛丽学院授他荣誉法学博士。旅行后期,又再获得马里兰州的荣誉市民称号。[a]国会投票授予他20万美元,和佛罗里达塔拉赫西一个小镇里的土地,即授地拉法叶英语Lafayette Land Grant[94][95]1824年10月9日,拉法叶获马里兰大学医学院授予荣誉法学博士。马里兰州巴尔的摩的Davidge Hall悬挂着一块圆形牌匾以志授予拉法叶这项荣誉之处。

1824年:参观蒙蒂塞洛

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11月4日,拉法耶特乘坐杰佛逊所提供的马车抵达蒙蒂塞洛,120人军仪护送。杰佛逊迎候于门廊外。彼时有约200名亲朋好友也为此事来到。拉法叶的马车停在前草坪上,号角志其到来,革命旗帜飘扬。年事已高的拉法耶特缓缓下车。81岁身体欠佳的杰佛逊缓缓走下前台阶,开始向老朋友走去。在场的杰佛逊之孙Randolph见证了这场历史性重逢:“当他们走近彼此时,踉跄的步伐加快成碎步前奔,互相惊呼:‘哦,杰佛逊!’‘哦,拉法叶!’,然后泪流满面地拥抱在一起。”在场所有人全体肃静以示敬重,其中有些人是在强忍热泪。随后,杰佛逊和拉法叶回屋内密谈,缅怀多年前共历的大小事件和遇合。[96]

第二天早上,杰佛逊、拉法叶和詹姆斯·麦迪逊共乘杰佛逊的兰道车前往Charlottesville的中央酒店,骑兵护送,当地市民和其他朋友紧随其后。他们受到热烈欢迎并受邀致词。中午离开饭店前往杰佛逊迫不及待要拉法叶一见的弗吉尼亚大学,参加宴会。杰佛逊为此特别延后开学时间。三个小时的晚餐后,杰佛逊着人宣读他为拉法叶准备的讲稿。因他本人声音微弱,传不远。这是杰佛逊最后一次的公开演讲。拉法叶其后接受杰佛逊的邀请,成为该大学杰佛逊文学与辩论社英语Jefferson Literary and Debating Society的荣誉会员。拉法叶在为期11天的访问后与杰佛逊作别。[97][98][99]

1825年:返法

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拉法叶搭乘美国海军白兰地号英语USS Brandywine返法

拉法叶曾表示计划在1825年夏末秋初启程回国。约翰·昆西·亚当斯总统决定安排美国军舰送他回欧,为此并选用了一艘新成军的44门火炮护卫舰Susquehanna号。但为纪念这名法国人为美国之自由而浴血奋战的该场战役,也为表达美国人民对拉法叶的敬意,这艘护卫舰又被重新命名为“白兰地号”。“白兰地号”于1825年6月16日下水,由航海大师Marmaduke Dove命名。1825年8月25日正式服役,由舰长查尔斯·莫里斯指挥。

9月6日晚,拉法叶享用了最后一次国宴以庆祝68岁生日。7日登上“维农山号”汽船,顺流而下会合白兰地号。8日,白兰地号护卫舰驶离波多马克河,沿乞沙比克湾入海。当拉法叶在白兰地号上准备起航时,艾萨克·弗莱彻英语Isaac Fletcher (American politician)将军转达了来自独立战争战友威廉·巴顿将军的问候,并解释说巴顿正于佛蒙特丹维尔的债务监狱中服刑,刑期14年。拉法叶当下立即付清巴顿的罚款,让他能回到罗德岛的家人身边。[100]

历经三个星期的海上风雨之后,军舰于10月初抵达法国利阿佛附近。一开始还担忧著拉法叶回到时在查理十世 (法兰西)治下的法兰西时,政府的态度;白兰地号的贵客安返家中。

1829年,拉法叶的私人秘书Auguste Levasseur出版了两卷拉法叶的游记和回忆录,书名为《拉法叶在美国,1824和1825》(Lafayette en Amérique, en 1824 et 1825)。同年,又在德国出版了译本,而英译甚至有两个版本(纽约版和费城版),名为《拉法叶在美国,1824和1825:合众国巡游》Lafayette in America in 1824 and 1825: Journal of a Voyage to the United States。第四种文字译本,荷兰文版,于1831年出版。Levasseur的出版品此后一直是历史学家的重要资料来源。

备注

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  1. ^ 拉法叶已自然而然的成为美国公民。他在行宪前即已是马里兰的公民。[93]

参考资料

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  75. ^ General Lafayette in Maine. Sprague's Journal of Maine History 2. : 206 [2025-07-19]. (原始内容存档于2023-10-30). LaFayette, on his way to Maine, passed the night of June 23, 1825, in Dover, N.H. On the evening of that day, a committee of citizens of South Berwick waited on 'him and invited him to breakfast with them the next morning, which invitation he accepted. 
  76. ^ General Lafayette in Maine. Sprague's Journal of Maine History 2. : 206. 
  77. ^ General Lafayette in Maine. Sprague's Journal of Maine History 2. : 206 [2025-07-19]. (原始内容存档于2023-10-30). He, was then escorted to Cleaves' H ot-el in Saco 
  78. ^ General Lafayette in Maine. Sprague's Journal of Maine History 2. : 206 [2025-07-19]. (原始内容存档于2023-10-30). From Cleaves' Hotel, he was escorted to the house of Captain Seth Spring in Biddeford, who was a soldier of the revolution, and in the battle of Bunker Hill 
  79. ^ General Lafayette in Maine. Sprague's Journal of Maine History 2. : 206 [2025-07-19]. (原始内容存档于2023-10-30). On Saturday morning, at 7 o'clock, he was escorted by a numerous cavalcade as far as the village of Scarborough, where he was received with the same feeling of gratitude by the people, that had cheered him on all his journey through the States 
  80. ^ General Lafayette in Maine. Sprague's Journal of Maine History 2. : 206 [2025-07-19]. (原始内容存档于2023-10-30). and about 9 o'clock a.m. (June 24, 1825), General LaFayette entered the town of Portland. 
  81. ^ General Lafayette in Maine. Sprague's Journal of Maine History 2. : 206 [2025-07-19]. (原始内容存档于2023-10-30). LaFayette left town Sunday morning about 7 o'clock without any parade and returned to Saco on his way to Vermont. He took breakfast at Captain Spring's in Biddeford, ... he set out for Concord, where he arrived the same night. 
  82. ^ 82.0 82.1 82.2 Pember, Jay Read. A day with Lafayette in Vermont. Woodstock, VT : Elm Tree Press. 1912-08-20 –通过Internet Archive. 
  83. ^ The History of University of Vermont Buildings: 1800–1947 The J.L. Hills papers. Burlington, Vermont: Special Collections Department, University of Vermont Libraries. 1949: 6, 68. 
  84. ^ Morris County NJ, Sansay House. [July 14, 2013]. (原始内容存档于August 26, 2014). 
  85. ^ William P. Tuttle, Bottle Hill and Madison (1916)
  86. ^ Frank Esposito, The Madison Heritage Trail (1985)
  87. ^ Tuttle, Samuel B. A History of the Presbyterian Church, Madison, N.J. A Discourse Delivered on Thanksgiving Day, November 23, 1854. M. W. Dodd. 1855: 116. madison nj waverly house tuttle.  p. 117
  88. ^ Jenkins, Charles Francis. Lafayette's Visit to Germantown, July 20, 1825: An Address Delivered Before the Pennsylvania Genealogical Society, March 1, 1909, the Pennsylvania Historical Society, May 10, 1909, the Site and Relic Society of Germantown, May 20, 1910, the City History Society of Philadelphia, Jan. 11, 1911. W. J. Campbell. 1911 (英语). 
  89. ^ Home – Wyck. Wyck. [July 14, 2016]. (原始内容存档于2025-07-16) (美国英语). 
  90. ^ Family history written record
  91. ^ Mount Vernon Estate & Gardens. Washington & Lafayette. [August 12, 2008]. (原始内容存档于June 17, 2008). 
  92. ^ About Fayetteville. www.fayettevillenc.gov. [2025-07-19]. (原始内容存档于2025-01-19). 
  93. ^ Speare, Morris Edmund. Lafayette, Citizen of America (PDF). New York Times. September 7, 1919 [December 12, 2012]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-01-17). 
  94. ^ Historic Markers Program of America. Historicmarkers.com. [August 9, 2009]. (原始内容存档于2009-08-31). 
  95. ^ Holbrook, Sabra. Lafayette, Man in the Middle需要免费注册. Atheneum. 1977. ISBN 0-689-30585-0. lafayette man in the middle. , p. 177
  96. ^ Mapp, Alf J. Jefferson: Passionate Pilgrim. Rowman & Littlefield. 1991: 328. ISBN 9780517098882. 
  97. ^ Malone, Dumas. The Sage of Monticello. Jefferson and His Time 6. Little Brown. 1981: 403–04. ISBN 978-0-316-54478-8. 
  98. ^ Brodie, Fawn. Thomas Jefferson: An Intimate History需要免费注册. W. W. Norton & Company. 1974: 360. ISBN 9780393317527. 
  99. ^ Crawford, Alan Pell. Twilight at Monticello: The Final Years of Thomas Jefferson需要免费注册. Random House Digital. 2008: 202–03. ISBN 9781400060795. 
  100. ^ Pember, Jay Read. A Day with Lafayette in Vermont. Elm tree Press. 1912 (英语). 

参考书目

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