德国历史 (1945年—1990年)
 | 此条目可参照英语维基百科相应条目来扩充。 (2019年3月11日) |
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 西德 |
 东德 |
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| 德国历史 |
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| 历史系列条目 |
1945年至1990年的德国历史，或称德国战后时期（德语：Nachkriegszeit in Deutschland），是指1945年纳粹德国被二战同盟国击溃后未久，因冷战的世界局势而国家分裂，至1990年重新统一的德国历史。
概述
[编辑]当纳粹德国于二战被击败而垮台后，4个同盟国分区占领德国，分别由美英法3国占领德国西部、苏联占领德国东部；至于位于苏联占领区境内的首都柏林，则同样由同盟国分区占领。德国被剥夺了战争收益，东部领土被波兰人民共和国和苏联所夺取，西南的萨尔兰则被剥离为法国保护领。在战争结束时，德国有大约800万外国流离失所者[1]，主要是强迫劳动者和囚犯，包括来自集中营系统的大约40万人[2]；更多的幸存者，他们死于饥饿、恶劣的生活条件、谋杀或被处死。中欧及东欧超过千万的德裔难民，无论是定居者或殖民者，均全面被驱逐至战后的德国、奥地利等德语地区[1]。大约900万德国人是战俘，其中许多人被迫作为强迫劳动者数年，为德国在战争中遭受破坏的国家提供恢复原状，并从德国移送一些工业设备作为赔偿。
随着冷战的开始，德国作为冷战东西两大阵营对峙的前线之一，从东西部分属同盟国两大占领区，演变至1949年分别建立两个意识形态不同的国家政权：
德意志联邦共和国，通称西德或联邦德国，属于西方阵营，是施行议会制及社会民主主义的宪政民主共和国，具有信仰及结社自由。首都为波恩。另外，西柏林作为美英法3国的占领区，实际上为西德的外飞地。
德意志民主共和国，通称东德或民主德国，属于东方阵营，是施行马克思列宁主义的社会主义共和国，由一定程度上受苏联共产党影响的德国统一社会党一党执政，以便将其保留在苏联的势力范围内[3]。首都为东柏林。
在经历了1950年代的莱茵河奇迹后，西德成为欧洲最繁荣的经济体。西德在首任总理康拉德·阿登纳的领导下，与法国、美国、以色列等西方盟国建立了牢固的关系。西德也加入了北大西洋公约组织和欧洲经济共同体（今欧洲联盟）。相对的，东德是东方阵营中经济发展较佳的国家，但由于其采用苏联式的中央计划经济而停滞不前；秘密警察（史塔西）严密控制着民众的日常生活，柏林墙的筑起（1961年）则结束了不断向西部涌入难民的状态。作为苏联的友好国家，东德加入了华沙公约组织。1980年代末期，随着东德的政治及经济和平转型（包括标志性的柏林墙倒塌），在战后德国的政治地位获得解决后，德国于1990年重新统一，象征德国重新迈入世界大国之林。
参考资料
[编辑]- ^ 1.0 1.1 Stragart, Nicholas. The German War; a nation under arms, 1939-45. Bodley Head. 2015: 549.
- ^ Wachsmann, Nikolaus. KL; A History of the Nazi Concentration Camps. Little, Brown. 2015: 544.
- ^ Knowles, Chris. Germany 1945-1949: a case study in post-conflict reconstruction. History & Policy. History & Policy. 29 January 2014 [19 July 2016]. （原始内容存档于2019-06-07）.
Works cited
- Fulbrook, Mary. [1]"The Two Germanies, 1945–90" (ch. 7) and "The Federal Republic of Germany Since 1990" (ch. 8) in A Concise History of Germany (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004): 203–249; 249–257.
- Jean Edward Smith, Germany Beyond The Wall: People, Politics, and Prosperity, Boston: Little, Brown, & Company, 1969.
- Jean Edward Smith, Lucius D. Clay: An American Life, New York: Henry, Holt, & Company, 1990.
- Jean Edward Smith, The Defense of Berlin, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1963.
- Jean Edward Smith, The Papers of Lucius D. Clay, 2 Vols., Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, 1974.
- David H Childs, Germany in the Twentieth Century, (From pre-1918 to the restoration of German unity), Batsford, Third edition, 1991. ISBN 0-7134-6795-9
- David H Childs and Jeffrey Johnson, West Germany: Politics And Society, Croom Helm, 1982. ISBN 0-7099-0702-8
- David H Childs, The Two Red Flags: European Social Democracy & Soviet Communism Since 1945, Routledge, 2000. [2]
参见
[编辑]外部链接
[编辑]- Germany at the onset of the cold war （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- James F. Byrnes, Speaking Frankly （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） (The division of Germany)
- The President's Economic Mission to Germany and Austria, Report No. 1 (1947) （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- The President's Economic Mission to Germany and Austria, Report 3 (1947) （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- The Struggle for Germany and the Origins of the Cold War by Melvyn P. Leffler
- Contemporary History （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） maintained by the Institute for Contemporary Historical Research in Potsdam （德文）
- Special German series 2. The Committee on Dismemberment of Germany Allied discussions on the dismemberment of Germany into separate states, 29 March 1945.
- The overlooked majority: German women in the four zones of occupied Germany, 1945–1949, a comparative study[永久失效链接]
- East Berlin, Past and Present
- Germany Under Reconstruction is a digital collection that provides a varied selection of publications in both English and German from the period immediately following World War II. Many are publications of the U.S. occupying forces, including reports and descriptions of efforts to introduce U.S.-style democracy to Germany. Some of the other books and documents describe conditions in a country devastated by years of war, efforts at political, economic and cultural development, and the differing perspectives coming from the U.S. and British zones and the Russian zone of occupation.
- For representation of the German Partition in literature, one can consult the Raiganj University - Associate Professor Pinaki Roy's "Das Bewusstsein für die Wand: A Very Brief Review of German Partition Literature", in The Atlantic Critical Review Quarterly (ISSN 0972-6373; ISBN 978-81-269-1747-1) 11 (2), April–June 2012: 157–68. In his "Patriots in Fremden Landern: 1939-45 German Émigré Literature", collected in Writing Difference: Nationalism, Identity, and Literature, edited by G.N. Ray, J. Sarkar, and A. Bhattacharyya, and published by the New Delhi-based Atlantic Publishers and Distributors Pvt. Ltd. in 2014 (ISBN 978-81-269-1938-3; pages-367-90), Roy examines the attitudes and ideologies of those anti-Nazi German litterateurs who were forced to relocate due to their opposition to National Socialism and hence suffered from a sort of identity-crisis.
- Post-World War II Posters from Germany, 1945-1947 From the Collections at the Library of Congress
- Chronology of the East-West-German division （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）