德国历史 (1945年—1990年)

1945年至1990年的德國歷史，或稱德國戰後時期（德語：Nachkriegszeit in Deutschland），是指1945年納粹德國被二戰同盟國擊潰後未久，因冷戰的世界局勢而國家分裂，至1990年重新統一的德國歷史。

概述

當納粹德國於二戰被擊敗而垮台後，4個同盟國分區佔領德國，分別由美英法3國佔領德國西部、蘇聯佔領德國東部；至於位於蘇聯佔領區境內的首都柏林，則同樣由同盟國分區佔領。德國被剝奪了戰爭收益，東部領土被波蘭人民共和國和蘇聯所奪取，西南的薩爾蘭則被剝離為法國保護領。在戰爭結束時，德國有大約800萬外國流離失所者^[1]，主要是強迫勞動者和囚犯，包括來自集中營系統的大約40萬人^[2]；更多的倖存者，他們死於飢餓、惡劣的生活條件、謀殺或被處死。中歐及東歐超過千萬的德裔難民，無論是定居者或殖民者，均全面被驅逐至戰後的德國、奧地利等德語地區^[1]。大約900萬德國人是戰俘，其中許多人被迫作為強迫勞動者數年，為德國在戰爭中遭受破壞的國家提供恢復原狀，並從德國移送一些工業設備作為賠償。

隨著冷戰的開始，德國作為冷戰東西兩大陣營對峙的前線之一，從東西部分屬同盟國兩大佔領區，演變至1949年分別建立兩個意識形態不同的國家政權：

德意志聯邦共和國，通稱西德或聯邦德國，屬於西方陣營，是施行議會制及社會民主主義的憲政民主共和國，具有信仰及結社自由。首都為波昂。另外，西柏林作為美英法3國的佔領區，實際上為西德的外飛地。
德意志民主共和國，通稱東德或民主德國，屬於東方陣營，是施行馬克思列寧主義的社會主義共和國，由一定程度上受蘇聯共產黨影響的德國統一社會黨一黨執政，以便將其保留在蘇聯的勢力範圍內^[3]。首都為東柏林。

在經歷了1950年代的萊茵河奇蹟後，西德成為歐洲最繁榮的經濟體。西德在首任總理康拉德·艾德諾的領導下，與法國、美國、以色列等西方盟國建立了牢固的關係。西德也加入了北大西洋公約組織和歐洲經濟共同體（今歐洲聯盟）。相對的，東德是東方陣營中經濟發展較佳的國家，但由於其採用蘇聯式的中央計劃經濟而停滯不前；秘密警察（史塔西）嚴密控制著民眾的日常生活，柏林圍牆的築起（1961年）則結束了不斷向西部湧入難民的狀態。作為蘇聯的友好國家，東德加入了華沙公約組織。1980年代末期，隨著東德的政治及經濟和平轉型（包括標誌性的柏林圍牆倒塌），在戰後德國的政治地位獲得解決後，德國於1990年重新統一，象徵德國重新邁入世界大國之林。

參考資料

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 Stragart, Nicholas. The German War; a nation under arms, 1939-45. Bodley Head. 2015: 549.
^ Wachsmann, Nikolaus. KL; A History of the Nazi Concentration Camps. Little, Brown. 2015: 544.
^ Knowles, Chris. Germany 1945-1949: a case study in post-conflict reconstruction. History & Policy. History & Policy. 29 January 2014 [19 July 2016]. （原始内容存档于2019-06-07）.

Works cited

Fulbrook, Mary. [1]"The Two Germanies, 1945–90" (ch. 7) and "The Federal Republic of Germany Since 1990" (ch. 8) in A Concise History of Germany (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004): 203–249; 249–257.
Jean Edward Smith, Germany Beyond The Wall: People, Politics, and Prosperity, Boston: Little, Brown, & Company, 1969.
Jean Edward Smith, Lucius D. Clay: An American Life, New York: Henry, Holt, & Company, 1990.
Jean Edward Smith, The Defense of Berlin, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1963.
Jean Edward Smith, The Papers of Lucius D. Clay, 2 Vols., Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, 1974.
David H Childs, Germany in the Twentieth Century, (From pre-1918 to the restoration of German unity), Batsford, Third edition, 1991. ISBN 0-7134-6795-9
David H Childs and Jeffrey Johnson, West Germany: Politics And Society, Croom Helm, 1982. ISBN 0-7099-0702-8
David H Childs, The Two Red Flags: European Social Democracy & Soviet Communism Since 1945, Routledge, 2000. [2]

參見

外部連結

Germany at the onset of the cold war （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
James F. Byrnes, Speaking Frankly （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） (The division of Germany)
The President's Economic Mission to Germany and Austria, Report No. 1 (1947) （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
The President's Economic Mission to Germany and Austria, Report 3 (1947) （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
The Struggle for Germany and the Origins of the Cold War by Melvyn P. Leffler
Contemporary History （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） maintained by the Institute for Contemporary Historical Research in Potsdam （德文）
Special German series 2. The Committee on Dismemberment of Germany Allied discussions on the dismemberment of Germany into separate states, 29 March 1945.
The overlooked majority: German women in the four zones of occupied Germany, 1945–1949, a comparative study^{[永久失效連結]}
East Berlin, Past and Present
Germany Under Reconstruction is a digital collection that provides a varied selection of publications in both English and German from the period immediately following World War II. Many are publications of the U.S. occupying forces, including reports and descriptions of efforts to introduce U.S.-style democracy to Germany. Some of the other books and documents describe conditions in a country devastated by years of war, efforts at political, economic and cultural development, and the differing perspectives coming from the U.S. and British zones and the Russian zone of occupation.
For representation of the German Partition in literature, one can consult the Raiganj University - Associate Professor Pinaki Roy's "Das Bewusstsein für die Wand: A Very Brief Review of German Partition Literature", in The Atlantic Critical Review Quarterly (ISSN 0972-6373; ISBN 978-81-269-1747-1) 11 (2), April–June 2012: 157–68. In his "Patriots in Fremden Landern: 1939-45 German Émigré Literature", collected in Writing Difference: Nationalism, Identity, and Literature, edited by G.N. Ray, J. Sarkar, and A. Bhattacharyya, and published by the New Delhi-based Atlantic Publishers and Distributors Pvt. Ltd. in 2014 (ISBN 978-81-269-1938-3; pages-367-90), Roy examines the attitudes and ideologies of those anti-Nazi German litterateurs who were forced to relocate due to their opposition to National Socialism and hence suffered from a sort of identity-crisis.
Post-World War II Posters from Germany, 1945-1947 From the Collections at the Library of Congress
Chronology of the East-West-German division （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

[auto-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Stragart, Nicholas. The German War; a nation under arms, 1939-45. Bodley Head. 2015: 549.

[2] Wachsmann, Nikolaus. KL; A History of the Nazi Concentration Camps. Little, Brown. 2015: 544.

[3] Knowles, Chris. Germany 1945-1949: a case study in post-conflict reconstruction. History & Policy. History & Policy. 29 January 2014 [19 July 2016]. （原始内容存档于2019-06-07）.

[1]

[2]

[3]

兩德關係



西德	东德