基里瓜遺址
世界遺產 | |
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位置 | ![]() |
標準 | 文 i, ii, iv |
參考編碼 | 149 |
登錄年份 | 1981(第七屆會議) |
坐標 | 15°16′10″N 89°2′25″W / 15.26944°N 89.04028°W |
基里瓜遺址(西班牙語:Quiriguá,西班牙語發音:[kiɾiˈɣwa])是位於危地馬拉東南部伊薩瓦爾省的古馬雅遺跡。它沿莫塔瓜河下游、佔地約3平方公里(1.2平方英里),屬於中型遺址[2],其中禮儀中心位在距北岸1公里(0.6英里)處[3]。馬雅古典時期(公元200年–900年)時,基里瓜坐落於幾條重要貿易路線的交點。遺址的衛城內建有200座建築、約始於公元550年,八世紀時開始興建大型建築。所有工程在約公元850年停止動工,僅在後古典時代初期(約公元900年–約公元1200年)短暫復工。基里瓜遺址和鄰近的古典時期城市科潘擁有相同的建築與雕塑風格,歷史發展也緊密相依[4]。
基里瓜在8世紀的快速發展與其統治者考阿克天於738年戰勝科潘有關。科潘統治者十八兔王敗於基里瓜並被抓獲,在基里瓜的大廣場被獻祭[5]。在這之前,基里瓜曾是科潘的附庸國,但後來基里瓜維持了自己的獨立地位。基里瓜的儀式建築物並不多,但基里瓜的建築物十分豐富,在基里瓜有新大陸里最高的紀念性建築物[6]。
地名與地理位置[編輯]
![Map showing the locations of Quiriguá and Copán in the extreme east of the region, with Quiriguá to the north and Copán directly south. The landmass is located in Central America and bordered by the Pacific Ocean to the southwest, the Gulf of Mexico to the northwest and the Atlantic Ocean to the east.](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Larger_Southern_Maya_area_v3.svg/310px-Larger_Southern_Maya_area_v3.svg.png)
![Map showing Quiriguá's location at the eastern end of the Motagua drainage and showing a tight cluster of jade sources upriver to the west. The landmass is bordered by the Pacific Ocean to the southwest.](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Formative_Period_southern_Mesoamerica_2.svg/310px-Formative_Period_southern_Mesoamerica_2.svg.png)
基里瓜遺址以隣近的同名村莊為名命名,[7] 它位於危地馬拉市東北方向的約200km處;[8] 它位於伊薩瓦爾省洛斯阿馬特斯市內超過平均海拔75m的地方[9]。
基里瓜位於莫塔瓜河低處的北部河岸,也是山谷擴為河漫灘的地方,這也讓基里瓜數個世紀來飽受周期性洪災的困擾[10][11]。儘管在基里瓜的佔領期內河流一直在靠近此處,但它也自此改變了流向,流至離儀式中心南部1km的位置[3]。基里瓜位於科潘北部48km處[6]並現今位於瓜地馬拉與洪都拉斯間國境的西北方向15.7km處。
基里瓜當地的基岩是硬紅的砂岩,當地居民用此來建造紀念碑和其他建築物。這種砂岩十分堅硬,且不易斷裂或破裂,這使得基里瓜的雕刻者們可以建立起美洲最高的獨立式石建築物[12]。基里瓜是在莫塔瓜斷層上被直接建造起來的,它也因此在古時受到大地震的襲擊[13]。
人口[編輯]
儘管基里瓜的精英階層明顯為馬雅人[14],但由於它位於中部美洲地區的邊緣地帶,所以基里瓜人至少也是兩種種族的混血人群[15],馬雅人為少數族群[10]。大多數當地人在種族上屬於不那麼複雜的中間地帶(位於中部美洲的東部邊境)[15]。據估算,基里瓜中心地帶的人口密度在後經典期為400人至500人每平方千米[16],人口密度在最高峰時達到1200–1600人每平方千米[17];據調查,基里瓜當地平均每平方千米有130座建築物,而科潘的中心部則是每平方千米有1449座建築物[18]。較低的人口密度也暗示着基里瓜是一個分散農村人口的聚集點[10]。
在738年發生的那場成功的叛變之後,基里瓜谷的人口快速增長,然基里瓜從未能成為一個人口眾多的城邦[19]。在9世紀發生了嚴重的人口減少,城邦也最終遭到廢棄[20]。
已知的統治者[編輯]
名字(或綽號) | 統治年代 | 順序[21] |
---|---|---|
"Tok Casper" | 426–?[22] | 1 |
Tutuum Yohl K'inich | 約455[22] | ? |
"3號統治者" ("Turtle Shell") | 約480[22][23] | ? |
"4號統治者" ("Basket Skull") | ?–?[23] | 3? |
Mih Toh | 493–[23] | 4? |
K'awiil Yopaat ("5號統治者") | 約653[23] | ? |
卡克·蒂利烏·錢·約帕特 ("考亞克-天") | 724–785[24] | 14 |
"天-舒爾" | 785 –約795[24] | 15 |
"玉石-天" | 約800 – 約810[24] | 17? |
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馬雅文明 |
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社會與文化 |
歷史 |
前古典時代 |
古典期馬雅文明的衰落 |
西班牙征服 |
腳註[編輯]
- ^ Looper, 2003, pp.122, 140, 146.
- ^ Ashmore 1980, p.24.
- ^ Miller 1999, p.49.
- ^ Looper 2003, pp.4–5, 83.
- ^ 6.0 6.1 Coe 1999, p.121.
- ^ Looper 2003, viii.
- ^ Stross et al. 1983, p.333.
- ^ Inforpress.
- ^ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Looper 2003, p.1.
- ^ Looper 2003, p.35.
- ^ Miller 1999, p.82.
- ^ Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.507.
- ^ Looper 1999, p.264.
- ^ 15.0 15.1 Sheets 2000, p.442.
- ^ Drew 1999, p.344.
- ^ Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.688.
- ^ Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.686.
- ^ Martin & Grube 2000, p.219.
- ^ 引用錯誤:沒有為名為
MG225
的參考文獻提供內容 - ^ 據Looper 2003, p.205.
- ^ 22.0 22.1 22.2 Martin & Grube 2000, p.216.
- ^ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 Looper 2003, pp. 205–209.
- ^ 24.0 24.1 24.2 Martin & Grube 2000, p.218.
參考資料[編輯]
- Ashmore, Wendy. The Classic Maya Settlement at Quirigua: Recent agricultural activities have helped reveal the extent of the buried settlement (PDF online publication). University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. 1980 [2009-08-20]. (原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2011-07-22).
- Ashmore, Wendy. Classic Maya Wells at Quirigua, Guatemala: Household Facilities in a Water-Rich Setting. American Antiquity (Menasha, Wisconsin: Society for American Archaeology). January 1984, 49 (1): 147–153. ISSN 0002-7316. JSTOR 280519. OCLC 1479302. doi:10.2307/280519.
- Ashmore, Wendy. Settlement Archaeology at Quiriguá, Guatemala. University Museum monograph, no. 126; Quirigua Reports, vol. 4. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. 2007. ISBN 978-1-931707-91-6. OCLC 74460023.
- Banco de Guatemala. Monedas. Banco de Guatemala. [2009-02-10]. (原始內容存檔於2016-08-17) (西班牙語).
- Coe, Michael D. The Maya. Ancient peoples and places series 6th, fully revised and expanded. London and New York: Thames & Hudson. 1999. ISBN 0-500-28066-5. OCLC 59432778.
- Demarest, Arthur A.; Prudence M. Rice; Don Stephen Rice. The Terminal Classic in the Maya lowlands: Assessing collapses, transitions, and transformations. Arthur A. Demarest; Prudence M. Rice; Don S. Rice (編). The Terminal Classic in the Maya lowlands: Collapse, transition, and transformation 1st pbk. Boulder: University Press of Colorado. 2005: 545–572. ISBN 0-87081-822-8. OCLC 61719499.
- Drew, David. The Lost Chronicles of the Maya Kings. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 1999. ISBN 0-297-81699-3. OCLC 43401096.
- Huxley, Aldous. Beyond the Mexique Bay: A Traveller's Journal Reprint. London: Chatto & Windus. 1950 [©1934]. OCLC 256049361.
- Inforpress. Diagnóstico de la Municipalidad de Los Amates Departamento de Izabal (PDF). Inforpress Centroamericana. [2009-02-10]. (原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2009-02-20) (西班牙語).
- Jones, Christopher. Paper No. 13: Monument 26, Quirigua, Guatemala. Edward M. Schortman and Patricia A. Urban (volume eds.) (編). Quirigua Reports II: Papers 6–15. University Museum monograph, no. 49; Quirigua reports, vol. 2. Robert J. Sharer (general ed.) 1st, cloth. Philadelphia. PA: University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. 1983: 118–128. ISBN 978-0-934718-48-6. OCLC 67294894.
- Kelly, Joyce. An Archaeological Guide to Northern Central America: Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. 1996. ISBN 0-8061-2858-5. OCLC 34658843.
- Looper, Matthew G. New Perspectives on the Late Classic Political History of Quirigua, Guatemala. Ancient Mesoamerica (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press). 1999, 10 (2): 263–280. ISSN 0956-5361. OCLC 86542758. doi:10.1017/S0956536199101135.
- Looper, Matthew G. Lightning Warrior: Maya Art and Kingship at Quirigua. Linda Schele series in Maya and pre-Columbian studies. Austin: University of Texas Press. 2003. ISBN 0-292-70556-5. OCLC 52208614.
- Martin, Simon; Nikolai Grube. Chronicle of the Maya Kings and Queens: Deciphering the Dynasties of the Ancient Maya. London and New York: Thames & Hudson. 2000. ISBN 0-500-05103-8. OCLC 47358325.
- Miller, Mary Ellen. Maya Art and Architecture. London and New York: Thames & Hudson. 1999. ISBN 0-500-20327-X. OCLC 41659173.
- San Diego Museum of Man (a). Casts of our Maya Monuments. San Diego Museum of Man. n.d. [2010-06-16]. (原始內容存檔於2015-10-13).
- San Diego Museum of Man (b). Maya: Heart of Sky, Heart of Earth. San Diego Museum of Man. n.d. [2010-06-16]. (原始內容存檔於2015-10-08).
- Scarborough, Vernon L. Courting in the Southern Maya Lowlands: A Study in Pre-Hispanic Ballgame Architecture. Vernon Scarborough; David R. Wilcox (編). The Mesoamerican Ballgame. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. 1991: 129–144. ISBN 0-8165-1360-0. OCLC 51873028.
- Schele, Linda; Khristaan D. Villela. Creation, Cosmos, and the Imagery of Palenque and Copan (PDF). Mesoweb articles. Mesoweb: An Exploration of Mesoamerican Cultures. [2009-01-11]. (原始內容 (PDF online publication)存檔於2009-02-20).
- Sharer, Robert J. The Maya Highlands and the Adjacent Pacific Coast. Richard E.W. Adams; Murdo J. Macleod (編). The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas, Vol. II: Mesoamerica, part 1. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 2000: 449–499. ISBN 0-521-35165-0. OCLC 33359444.
- Sharer, Robert J.; David W. Sedat; Loa P. Traxler; Julia C. Miller; Ellen E. Bell. Early Classic Royal Power in Copan: The Origins and Development of the Acropolis (ca. AD 250–600). E. Wyllys Andrews V; William L. Fash (編). Copán: The History of an Ancient Maya Kingdom. Santa Fe and Oxford: School of American Research Press and James Currey Ltd. 2005. ISBN 0-85255-981-X. OCLC 56194789.
- Sharer, Robert J.; Loa P. Traxler. The Ancient Maya 6th, fully revised. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. 2006. ISBN 0-8047-4817-9. OCLC 57577446.
- Sheets, Payson D. The Southeast Frontiers of Mesoamerica. Richard E.W. Adams; Murdo J. Macleod (編). The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas, Vol. II: Mesoamerica, part 1. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 2000: 407–448. ISBN 0-521-35165-0. OCLC 33359444.
- Stross, Fred H.; Payson Sheets; Frank Asaro; Helen V. Michel. Precise Characterization of Guatemalan Obsidian Sources, and Source Determination of Artifacts from Quirigua. American Antiquity (Menasha, Wisconsin: Society for American Archaeology). April 1983, 48 (2): 323–346 [2019-11-27]. ISSN 0002-7316. JSTOR 280454. OCLC 1479302. doi:10.2307/280454. (原始內容存檔於2019-11-27).
- Stuart, David; George Stuart. Palenque: Eternal City of the Maya. London: Thames & Hudson. 2008. ISBN 978-0-500-05156-6. OCLC 227016561.
- Torres, Estuardo. Parque Arqueológico Quiriguá. Ministerio de Cultura y Deportes. [2009-08-14]. (原始內容存檔於May 13, 2009) (西班牙語).
- Trustees of the British Museum. Alfred P. Maudslay (1850–1931). The British Museum: Explore/Highlights. Trustees of the British Museum. n.d. [2009-02-10]. (原始內容存檔於2009-01-20).
- UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archaeological Park and Ruins of Quirigua. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. [2009-02-10]. (原始內容存檔於2018-12-24).
- Webster, David L. The Fall of the Ancient Maya: Solving the Mystery of the Maya Collapse. London: Thames & Hudson. 2002. ISBN 0-500-05113-5. OCLC 48753878.
外部連結[編輯]
- 官方網站(西班牙語)
- 神秘的基里瓜遺址
- 基里瓜石碑照片 (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)
- 歷史與照片集
- 基里瓜遺址重點地圖 (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)
- 獸形作品 P 照片(攝於1883年) 於FAMSI
- 基里瓜遺址 於 聯合國教科文組織世界遺產列表 (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)
- 基里瓜遺址:馬雅的石頭遺產
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