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维基百科，自由的百科全书

此列表列出曾在战斗中被夺的英国军旗。自1747年改革以来，英国每个步兵团携带两面仪仗旗以在战场上标识身份：一面为国王旗，采用英国国旗图案；另一面为团旗，颜色与该团的制服饰边相同。旗帜被视为团的护身符，若被敌方夺取，则被认为是团的荣誉污点。英军为防止旗帜被夺，常在战场上派遣年轻军官与资深士官组成的旗卫队保护旗帜。然而19世纪开始，团旗卫队在战场上日益脆弱，部分团选择不在战场上携带旗帜。1879年，英军在伊散德尔瓦纳战役中丢失两面旗帜，引发国会争论是否应继续携旗参战。1881年莱恩斯纳战役（英语：Battle of Laing's Nek）中，英军第58步兵团（英语：58th (Rutlandshire) Regiment of Foot）旗卫队死伤惨重，当局遂禁止战斗中携带旗帜，并持续至今。

背景

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英军第9步兵团（英语：9th (East Norfolk) Regiment of Foot）的团旗，绘于1813年

英国陆军步兵团的旗帜用以标识部队身份，并作为士兵集结的标志。旗帜为早期战争时战场难辨敌友而生之产物，后来逐渐成为团的象征，承载其传统与荣誉；夺取敌方旗帜被视为重大成就，而己方旗帜被敌夺取或“丢失”则被认为是耻辱[1][2]。战斗中，旗帜由团中最年轻、军阶最低的少尉携带，位于部队前排中央[3][4]。其因为非常重要与显眼面临危险，会由数名持长矛的资深士官组成旗卫队，以保护旗帜与协助少尉携带沉重的旗帜[5]。这些士官自1813年起，被授予“旗卫士官”新军阶，以表彰其荣誉[3]。若旗卫队成员伤亡，其他军官、士官乃至普通士兵将视需要接替其位[3][6]。1815年滑铁卢战役中，英军第40步兵团（英语：40th (the 2nd Somersetshire) Regiment of Foot）旗卫队有14名士官阵亡或负伤；1854年阿尔马河战役中，第21步兵团（英语：Royal Scots Fusiliers）旗卫队损失3名军官与17名士官[6]。

1745年，英国爆发詹姆斯党叛乱，促使英王乔治二世推行军队改革，统一制服、训练与战术。他重视确保士兵忠于王室，而非团的团长（当时团以团长姓名命名，而非序号），遂创立旗帜制度[7]。此前步兵团旗帜数量与设计依团长喜好而异，多带有团长个人纹章，而非国家或王室标志[8]。乔治的改革规定每团配备两面旗帜：一面“国王旗”（女王在位时称“女王旗”），以国旗为基础；一面“第二旗”（后称“团旗”），底色与团制服饰边同色，并标注新编团号[8]。步兵旗帜通常由英国国教牧师祝圣，至1825年，正式颁旗时祝圣已成惯例[9]。

保卫旗帜之措施

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An 1879 depiction of Lieutenants Melville and Coghill dying to save the queen's colour of the 1st battalion, 24th Regiment at the Battle of Isandlwana

步兵团通常极力避免团旗落入敌手。英军在萨拉托加投降时，英军第9步兵团（英语：9th Regiment of Foot）的团长将军旗私自带回英国，被美国视为违反投降条款[10]。1880年，布龙克霍斯茨普雷战役（英语：Battle of Bronkhorstspruit）后，英军第94步兵团（英语：94th Regiment of Foot）的军旗被藏于一名伤兵妻子床下，随救护车送回英军阵地，得以保全[11]。而在其他情况中，英军会故意销毁军旗以防被俘，如1811年丰特斯-德奥尼奥罗战役（英语：Battle of Fuentes de Oñoro）中，英军第51步兵团（英语：51st (2nd Yorkshire West Riding) Regiment of Foot）团长因担心团旗被俘而焚毁旗帜；还有多支步兵团在海上运输时因担心可能被俘，将军旗加重后投入海中[12][13]。此外，英军在某些投降谈判中被允许保留旗帜，如1782年梅诺卡岛投降（英语：Invasion of Minorca (1781)）后，英军第4、第23、第24及第34步兵团得以保留旗帜[10]。然而旗帜虽备受重视，但有时也会在非战斗场合丢失。英军第71步兵团（英语：71st (Highland) Regiment of Foot）在半岛战争期间将军旗留在英国，回国后却遍寻不获；19世纪，一支轻步兵团在邮寄途中遗失一面军旗[14] 。

轻步兵团以散兵阵形作战，其团旗极易遭受攻击，导致早在1808年许多此类团便不再于战场携带团旗[14]。英军军官在战斗中若团旗有被敌夺之虞或引来过多敌火，会将其移至后方[12]。而有时当指挥官认为团旗妨碍行动时，会下令将其留置，例如詹姆斯·阿伯克龙比（英语：James Abercrombie (British Army general)）将军在1758年的钟琴堡战役就做出此决定[15]。至1860年代，多数执行现役任务的步兵团选择将团旗留置驻地以保安全[16]。

After the loss of the colours of the 24th (The 2nd Warwickshire) Regiment of Foot at the 1879 Battle of Isandlwana there were debates in parliament as to whether colours should continue to be carried in the field. These were renewed after the heavy casualties suffered by the colour party of the 58th (Rutlandshire) Regiment of Foot at the 28 January 1881 Battle of Laing's Nek; British General Garnet Wolseley remarked that after this engagement any colonel that ordered the colours to be carried into action should be tried for the murders of the men lost carrying them.[11] The action led to the Secretary of State for War Hugh Childers issuing instructions on 29 July that colours were no longer to be taken into the field.[17] This was reinforced by a 2 March 1882 order from the Commander-in-Chief of the Forces, the Duke of Cambridge, that regiments posted on active service leave their colours behind.[16] The colours of the 58th at Laing's Nek became the last to be carried into battle and those of the 1st battalion of the South Staffordshire Regiment the last to be taken on active service when they were at Alexandria in 1882.[17]

无军旗之部队

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唯有英国步兵团的旗帜被称为军旗（colours），骑兵团的旗帜则仅为普通旗帜（standards），不仅未经祝圣，且未如步兵团旗般受到高度尊崇[18]。自19世纪初起，骑兵旗帜在战场上使用日益罕见，例如半岛战争期间，仅极少数旗帜被携带。轻龙骑兵（包括骠骑兵与枪骑兵的轻骑兵类型）自1834年起停止携带任何旗帜，因其多以散兵阵形作战，无法保护旗帜[19]。

步兵团若被指定为来福枪步兵团，因需以散兵阵形作战，则不使用团旗，例如英军第95步兵团（英语：Rifle Brigade (The Prince Consort's Own)）、国王皇家步枪团及其现代后继者来福枪步兵团[20]。海军陆战队（自1802年起称皇家海军陆战队）以连为单位组织，仅其行政单位领有团旗，且不于战场携带[21]。英国皇家炮兵团不使用团旗，其火炮视同军旗[22]。

列表

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此列表汇整英国陆军步兵团1747年至1882年在战场上丢失或被缴获的军旗，但不包括战斗中暂时遗失的旗帜，亦不涵盖英国东印度公司军队、英属印度陆军、殖民军队及民兵丢失的军旗。

图像 日期 单位 旗帜 战役 战争 俘获方 注释 参考
1756年8月14日 50th Regiment of Foot (American Provincials) 国王旗与团旗 Battle of Fort Oswego 七年战争 法国 此二部队被列为正规步兵团，但由来自殖民地的新兵组成，其在奥斯威戈堡投降后不久解散。1760年9月，英军在攻占蒙特娄期间夺回其中两面旗帜。 [23]
51st Regiment of Foot (Cape Breton Regiment) 国王旗与团旗 [23]
1760年10月15日 未知部队 未知旗帜 Battle of Kloster Kampen 七年战争 法国 [24]
1775年10月20日 7th Regiment of Foot (Royal Fusiliers) 团旗 Surrender of Fort Chamblé American War of Independence Thirteen Colonies Only one company of the regiment was present at this action [25][26][23]
Surrender of colours at Saratoga 1777年10月17日 37th Regiment of Foot King's colour and regimental colour Surrender at Saratoga American War of Independence United States of America Other regiments, including the 9th and 62nd Regiments of Foot, successfully concealed their colours and returned them to Britain. Other colours were sent in the personal baggage of General John Burgoyne. [27][28][29][30]
1777年至1778年 81st Regiment of Foot (Aberdeenshire Highland Regiment) King's colour and regimental colour At sea between Britain and Ireland American War of Independence United States of America Captured by a privateer, possibly John Paul Jones [27]
1779年7月16日 17th Regiment of Foot King's colour and regimental colour Battle of Stony Point American War of Independence United States of America [31]
1779年9月21日 16th Regiment of Foot King's colour and regimental colour Battle of Baton Rouge American War of Independence Spain [27]

The King's colour of the 7th Regiment is now exhibited at the West Point Museum

1781年1月17日 7th Regiment of Foot King's colour Battle of Cowpens American War of Independence United States of America [25]
8 September 1781 64th Regiment of Foot King's colour (possible) Battle of Eutaw Springs American War of Independence United States of America The 64th Regiment returned from America without its King's colour, it was possibly lost when it was driven back at the Battle of Eutaw Springs [32]

A depiction of British colours (left) during the surrender at Yorktown

19 October 1781 43rd Regiment of Foot King's colour and regimental colour (possible) Surrender at Yorktown American War of Independence United States of America,
France 		The 43rd Regiment later claimed its colours weren't lost and had been left at the depot in New York. The 23rd Foot (Royal Welsh Fuzileers) and 33rd Regiment of Foot also surrendered at Yorktown but are believed to have hidden their colours beforehand. In addition to the British regiments 18 colours were captured from Hessian, Ansbach and Bayreuth units. [25][33]
19 October 1781 76th Regiment of Foot (MacDonald's Highlanders) King's colour and regimental colour
19 October 1781 80th Regiment of Foot (Royal Edinburgh Volunteers) King's colour and regimental colour
26/27 November 1781 15th Regiment of Foot King's colour and regimental colour French capture of Sint Eustatius Anglo-French War (1778–1783) 法国 [34]
13th Regiment of Foot King's colour and regimental colour [34]
3 May 1783 98th Regiment of Foot King's colour and regimental colour Siege of Bednore Second Anglo-Mysore War Mysore [34]
100th Regiment of Foot (Loyal Lincolnshire Regiment) King's colour and regimental colour [34]
102nd Regiment of Foot King's colour and regimental colour [34]
1794 43rd (Monmouthshire) Regiment of Foot King's colour and regimental colour Invasion of Guadeloupe War of the First Coalition 法国 [35]
65th (2nd Yorkshire, North Riding) Regiment of Foot King's colour and regimental colour [35]

King's colour (left) and regimental colour (right)

11 August 1806 2nd battalion, 71st (Highland) Regiment of Foot (MacLeod's Highlanders) King's colour and regimental colour First British occupation of Buenos Aires Anglo-Spanish War (1796–1808) Spain [36][35]

The Buffs defend their colours at Albuera

16 May 1811 1st battalion, 3rd Regiment of Foot, "The Buffs" Part of the regimental colour (staff, cords and part of flag lost, later recovered in counterattack) Battle of Albuera Peninsular War 法国 The regimental colour was lost to a French attack but most of the flag was recovered in a counterattack by the 7th Regiment of Foot [36][37]
2nd battalion, 48th (Northamptonshire) Regiment of Foot King's colour and regimental colour [36]
2nd battalion, 66th (Berkshire) Regiment of Foot King's colour [36]
22 July 1812 2nd battalion, 53rd (Shropshire) Regiment of Foot Part of the King's colour (staff and some of the flag lost) Battle of Salamanca Peninsular War 法国 [36]

Two of the colours during the Siege of Bergen op Zoom

8 March 1814 2nd battalion, 1st Regiment of Foot Guards Unknown Siege of Bergen op Zoom War of the Sixth Coalition 法国 Source just states "colours" lost. The Foot Guards of this period carried three king's colours: the colonel's, lieutenant-colonel's and major's colours. Unlike the king's colours of line regiments these had plain crimson fields. Each company also had a colour which was the union flag defaced with a badge, the 1st Foot Guards had 24 of these, one of which was carried in rotation as the regimental colour. [36][38]
4th battalion, 1st (Royal) Regiment of Foot King's colour and regimental colour The colours were weighted and thrown into the River Zoom by the regiment's adjutant in an attempt to save them from capture but were afterwards recovered by the French. [36][39]
2nd battalion, 69th (South Lincolnshire) Regiment of Foot Regimental colour [36]
16 June 1815 2nd battalion, 69th (South Lincolnshire) Regiment of Foot King's colour Battle of Quatre Bras Hundred Days 法国 The colour came into the possession of General François-Xavier Donzelot who commanded the 2nd Infantry Division during the battle. It was inherited by his grandson who gave them away in payment for a debt. In 1909 the colour was sold to a British captain on holiday and returned to the regimental museum. The colour is now in the collection of the Regimental Museum of The Royal Welsh. [36][40]

King's colour carried by battalions of the King's German Legion

18 June 1815 5th Kings German Legion Line Battalion King's colour Battle of Waterloo War of the Sixth Coalition 法国 [36]
8th Kings German Legion Line Battalion King's colour [36]

The last stand of the 44th, the regimental colour is shown wrapped around Souter's waist

13 January 1842 44th (East Essex) Regiment of Foot Queen's colour and regimental colour Last stand at Jugdulluk First Anglo-Afghan War Afghanistan Knowing they would be overrun by the Afghan forces Captain Souter and Lieutenant Cumberland took the colours from their staffs and tried to wrap them around their bodies. Cumberland was unable to button his coat over the queen's colour and handed it to Colour-Sergeant Carey who hid it under his sheepskin coat. Carey was killed and the colour lost, but Souter was captured by the Afghans who thought him worthy of ransom after mistaking the bright yellow colour for expensive clothing. Souter brought the regimental colour back with him when he was released some months later. [41][42][43]

The 24th advance at Chillianwala

13 January 1849 24th (The 2nd Warwickshire) Regiment of Foot Queen's colour Battle of Chillianwala Second Anglo-Sikh War Sikh Empire The colour was separated from its staff and carried by the wounded Private Battlestone during the retreat. Having refused to give up the colours to his comrades Battlestone fell dead, unnoticed. The colour was not found by the British the following morning; as it was not paraded by the Sikhs as a trophy it was perhaps taken by local villagers or camp followers. The battle was among the worst on record for losses of British colours, with nine from the British Indian units also lost. [44][45][46]

A depiction of a last stand around the regimental colour of the 2nd battalion, though there is no evidence that the colours were unfurled during the battle.

22 January 1879 24th (The 2nd Warwickshire) Regiment of Foot Queen's colour and regimental colour Battle of Isandlwana Anglo-Zulu War Zulu Kingdom Both colours of the 2nd battalion were lost on the battlefield, though part of one pole and a crown finial were recovered separately later.The queen's colour of the 1st battalion was also present at the battle; it was brought away by Lieutenants Melville and Coghill who were killed in their attempted flight. The colour was found in the Buffalo River by British forces on 4 February, near to where they died. [47]
27 July 1880 66th (Berkshire) Regiment of Foot Queen's colour and regimental colour Battle of Maiwand Second Anglo-Afghan War Afghanistan This was the last loss of British colours. [48]

参考文献

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  42. ^ Kekewich, Margaret. Retreat and Retribution in Afghanistan 1842: Two Journals of the First Afghan War. Casemate Publishers. 13 June 2011: 68. ISBN 978-1-84468-590-5 （英语）. 
  43. ^ Bray, Edward William. Journal of Affghan War in 1842. Nelson and Company. 1865: 72 （英语）. 
  44. ^ Holden, Major R. The Vicissitudes of Regimental Colours. Royal United Services Institution. Journal. 1 February 1895, 39 (204): 165. ISSN 0035-9289. doi:10.1080/03071849509417953. 
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  46. ^ Thackwell, Joseph. Narrative of the second Sikh war in 1848-49. With a detailed account of the battles of Ramnugger, the passage of the Chenab, Chillianwallah, Goojerat, &c. ... Second edition, revised with additions. London: Richard Bentley. 1851: 162 （英语）. 
  47. ^ Knight, Ian. Companion to the Anglo-Zulu War. Pen and Sword. 16 October 2008: 66–67. ISBN 978-1-84415-801-0 （英语）. 
  48. ^ Holden, Major R. The Vicissitudes of Regimental Colours需要付费订阅. Royal United Services Institution. Journal. 1 February 1895, 39 (204): 166–167. ISSN 0035-9289. doi:10.1080/03071849509417953. 
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