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维基百科，自由的百科全书

此列表列出曾在戰鬥中被奪的英國軍旗。自1747年改革以來，英國每個步兵團攜帶兩面儀仗旗以在戰場上標識身份：一面為國王旗，採用英国国旗圖案；另一面為團旗，顏色與該團的制服飾邊相同。旗幟被視為團的護身符，若被敵方奪取，則被認為是團的榮譽污點。英軍為防止旗幟被奪，常在戰場上派遣年輕軍官與資深士官組成的旗衛隊保護旗幟。然而19世紀開始，團旗衛隊在戰場上日益脆弱，部分團選擇不在戰場上攜帶旗幟。1879年，英軍在伊散德爾瓦納戰役中丟失兩面旗幟，引發國會爭論是否應繼續攜旗參戰。1881年萊恩斯納戰役（英语：Battle of Laing's Nek）中，英軍第58步兵團（英语：58th (Rutlandshire) Regiment of Foot）旗衛隊死傷慘重，當局遂禁止戰鬥中攜帶旗幟，並持續至今。

背景

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英軍第9步兵團（英语：9th (East Norfolk) Regiment of Foot）的團旗，繪於1813年

英國陸軍步兵團的旗幟用以標識部隊身份，並作為士兵集結的標誌。旗幟為早期戰爭時戰場難辨敵友而生之產物，後來逐漸成為團的象徵，承載其傳統與榮譽；奪取敵方旗幟被視為重大成就，而己方旗幟被敵奪取或「丟失」則被認為是恥辱[1][2]。戰鬥中，旗幟由團中最年輕、軍階最低的少尉攜帶，位於部隊前排中央[3][4]。其因為非常重要與顯眼面臨危險，會由數名持長矛的資深士官組成旗衛隊，以保護旗幟與協助少尉攜帶沉重的旗幟[5]。這些士官自1813年起，被授予「旗衛士官」新軍階，以表彰其榮譽[3]。若旗衛隊成員傷亡，其他軍官、士官乃至普通士兵將視需要接替其位[3][6]。1815年滑铁卢战役中，英軍第40步兵團（英语：40th (the 2nd Somersetshire) Regiment of Foot）旗衛隊有14名士官陣亡或負傷；1854年阿尔马河战役中，第21步兵團（英语：Royal Scots Fusiliers）旗衛隊損失3名軍官與17名士官[6]。

1745年，英國爆發詹姆斯黨叛亂，促使英王乔治二世推行軍隊改革，統一制服、訓練與戰術。他重視確保士兵忠於王室，而非團的團長（當時團以團長姓名命名，而非序號），遂創立旗幟制度[7]。此前步兵團旗幟數量與設計依團長喜好而異，多帶有團長個人紋章，而非國家或王室標誌[8]。喬治的改革規定每團配備兩面旗幟：一面「國王旗」（女王在位時稱「女王旗」），以國旗為基礎；一面「第二旗」（後稱「團旗」），底色與團制服飾邊同色，並標註新編團號[8]。步兵旗幟通常由英國國教牧師祝聖，至1825年，正式頒旗時祝聖已成慣例[9]。

保衛旗幟之措施

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An 1879 depiction of Lieutenants Melville and Coghill dying to save the queen's colour of the 1st battalion, 24th Regiment at the Battle of Isandlwana

步兵團通常極力避免團旗落入敵手。英軍在薩拉托加投降時，英軍第9步兵團（英语：9th Regiment of Foot）的團長將軍旗私自帶回英國，被美國視為違反投降條款[10]。1880年，布龍克霍斯茨普雷戰役（英语：Battle of Bronkhorstspruit）後，英軍第94步兵團（英语：94th Regiment of Foot）的軍旗被藏於一名傷兵妻子床下，隨救護車送回英軍陣地，得以保全[11]。而在其他情況中，英軍會故意銷毀軍旗以防被俘，如1811年豐特斯-德奧尼奧羅戰役（英语：Battle of Fuentes de Oñoro）中，英軍第51步兵團（英语：51st (2nd Yorkshire West Riding) Regiment of Foot）團長因擔心團旗被俘而焚毀旗幟；還有多支步兵團在海上運輸時因擔心可能被俘，將軍旗加重後投入海中[12][13]。此外，英軍在某些投降談判中被允許保留旗幟，如1782年梅諾卡島投降（英语：Invasion of Minorca (1781)）後，英軍第4、第23、第24及第34步兵團得以保留旗幟[10]。然而旗幟雖備受重視，但有時也會在非戰鬥場合丟失。英軍第71步兵團（英语：71st (Highland) Regiment of Foot）在半岛战争期間將軍旗留在英國，回國後卻遍尋不獲；19世紀，一支輕步兵團在郵寄途中遺失一面軍旗[14] 。

輕步兵團以散兵陣形作戰，其團旗極易遭受攻擊，導致早在1808年許多此類團便不再於戰場攜帶團旗[14]。英軍軍官在戰鬥中若團旗有被敵奪之虞或引來過多敵火，會將其移至後方[12]。而有時當指揮官認為團旗妨礙行動時，會下令將其留置，例如詹姆斯·阿伯克龍比（英语：James Abercrombie (British Army general)）將軍在1758年的鐘琴堡戰役就做出此決定[15]。至1860年代，多數執行現役任務的步兵團選擇將團旗留置駐地以保安全[16]。

After the loss of the colours of the 24th (The 2nd Warwickshire) Regiment of Foot at the 1879 Battle of Isandlwana there were debates in parliament as to whether colours should continue to be carried in the field. These were renewed after the heavy casualties suffered by the colour party of the 58th (Rutlandshire) Regiment of Foot at the 28 January 1881 Battle of Laing's Nek; British General Garnet Wolseley remarked that after this engagement any colonel that ordered the colours to be carried into action should be tried for the murders of the men lost carrying them.[11] The action led to the Secretary of State for War Hugh Childers issuing instructions on 29 July that colours were no longer to be taken into the field.[17] This was reinforced by a 2 March 1882 order from the Commander-in-Chief of the Forces, the Duke of Cambridge, that regiments posted on active service leave their colours behind.[16] The colours of the 58th at Laing's Nek became the last to be carried into battle and those of the 1st battalion of the South Staffordshire Regiment the last to be taken on active service when they were at Alexandria in 1882.[17]

無軍旗之部隊

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唯有英國步兵團的旗幟被稱為軍旗（colours），騎兵團的旗幟則僅為普通旗幟（standards），不僅未經祝聖，且未如步兵團旗般受到高度尊崇[18]。自19世紀初起，騎兵旗幟在戰場上使用日益罕見，例如半岛战争期間，僅極少數旗幟被攜帶。輕龍騎兵（包括驃騎兵與槍騎兵的輕騎兵類型）自1834年起停止攜帶任何旗幟，因其多以散兵陣形作戰，無法保護旗幟[19]。

步兵團若被指定為來福槍步兵團，因需以散兵陣形作戰，則不使用團旗，例如英軍第95步兵團（英语：Rifle Brigade (The Prince Consort's Own)）、國王皇家步槍團及其現代後繼者來福槍步兵團[20]。海軍陸戰隊（自1802年起稱皇家海軍陸戰隊）以連為單位組織，僅其行政單位領有團旗，且不於戰場攜帶[21]。英國皇家砲兵團不使用團旗，其火炮視同軍旗[22]。

列表

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此列表彙整英國陸軍步兵團1747年至1882年在戰場上丟失或被繳獲的軍旗，但不包括戰鬥中暫時遺失的旗幟，亦不涵蓋英国东印度公司軍隊、英属印度陆军、殖民軍隊及民兵丟失的軍旗。

圖像 日期 單位 旗幟 戰役 戰爭 俘獲方 註釋 參考
1756年8月14日 50th Regiment of Foot (American Provincials) 國王旗與團旗 Battle of Fort Oswego 七年战争 法國 此二部隊被列為正規步兵團，但由來自殖民地的新兵組成，其在奧斯威戈堡投降後不久解散。1760年9月，英軍在攻占蒙特婁期間奪回其中兩面旗幟。 [23]
51st Regiment of Foot (Cape Breton Regiment) 國王旗與團旗 [23]
1760年10月15日 未知部隊 未知旗幟 Battle of Kloster Kampen 七年战争 法國 [24]
1775年10月20日 7th Regiment of Foot (Royal Fusiliers) 團旗 Surrender of Fort Chamblé American War of Independence Thirteen Colonies Only one company of the regiment was present at this action [25][26][23]
Surrender of colours at Saratoga 1777年10月17日 37th Regiment of Foot King's colour and regimental colour Surrender at Saratoga American War of Independence United States of America Other regiments, including the 9th and 62nd Regiments of Foot, successfully concealed their colours and returned them to Britain. Other colours were sent in the personal baggage of General John Burgoyne. [27][28][29][30]
1777年至1778年 81st Regiment of Foot (Aberdeenshire Highland Regiment) King's colour and regimental colour At sea between Britain and Ireland American War of Independence United States of America Captured by a privateer, possibly John Paul Jones [27]
1779年7月16日 17th Regiment of Foot King's colour and regimental colour Battle of Stony Point American War of Independence United States of America [31]
1779年9月21日 16th Regiment of Foot King's colour and regimental colour Battle of Baton Rouge American War of Independence Spain [27]

The King's colour of the 7th Regiment is now exhibited at the West Point Museum

1781年1月17日 7th Regiment of Foot King's colour Battle of Cowpens American War of Independence United States of America [25]
8 September 1781 64th Regiment of Foot King's colour (possible) Battle of Eutaw Springs American War of Independence United States of America The 64th Regiment returned from America without its King's colour, it was possibly lost when it was driven back at the Battle of Eutaw Springs [32]

A depiction of British colours (left) during the surrender at Yorktown

19 October 1781 43rd Regiment of Foot King's colour and regimental colour (possible) Surrender at Yorktown American War of Independence United States of America,
France 		The 43rd Regiment later claimed its colours weren't lost and had been left at the depot in New York. The 23rd Foot (Royal Welsh Fuzileers) and 33rd Regiment of Foot also surrendered at Yorktown but are believed to have hidden their colours beforehand. In addition to the British regiments 18 colours were captured from Hessian, Ansbach and Bayreuth units. [25][33]
19 October 1781 76th Regiment of Foot (MacDonald's Highlanders) King's colour and regimental colour
19 October 1781 80th Regiment of Foot (Royal Edinburgh Volunteers) King's colour and regimental colour
26/27 November 1781 15th Regiment of Foot King's colour and regimental colour French capture of Sint Eustatius Anglo-French War (1778–1783) 法國 [34]
13th Regiment of Foot King's colour and regimental colour [34]
3 May 1783 98th Regiment of Foot King's colour and regimental colour Siege of Bednore Second Anglo-Mysore War Mysore [34]
100th Regiment of Foot (Loyal Lincolnshire Regiment) King's colour and regimental colour [34]
102nd Regiment of Foot King's colour and regimental colour [34]
1794 43rd (Monmouthshire) Regiment of Foot King's colour and regimental colour Invasion of Guadeloupe War of the First Coalition 法國 [35]
65th (2nd Yorkshire, North Riding) Regiment of Foot King's colour and regimental colour [35]

King's colour (left) and regimental colour (right)

11 August 1806 2nd battalion, 71st (Highland) Regiment of Foot (MacLeod's Highlanders) King's colour and regimental colour First British occupation of Buenos Aires Anglo-Spanish War (1796–1808) Spain [36][35]

The Buffs defend their colours at Albuera

16 May 1811 1st battalion, 3rd Regiment of Foot, "The Buffs" Part of the regimental colour (staff, cords and part of flag lost, later recovered in counterattack) Battle of Albuera Peninsular War 法國 The regimental colour was lost to a French attack but most of the flag was recovered in a counterattack by the 7th Regiment of Foot [36][37]
2nd battalion, 48th (Northamptonshire) Regiment of Foot King's colour and regimental colour [36]
2nd battalion, 66th (Berkshire) Regiment of Foot King's colour [36]
22 July 1812 2nd battalion, 53rd (Shropshire) Regiment of Foot Part of the King's colour (staff and some of the flag lost) Battle of Salamanca Peninsular War 法國 [36]

Two of the colours during the Siege of Bergen op Zoom

8 March 1814 2nd battalion, 1st Regiment of Foot Guards Unknown Siege of Bergen op Zoom War of the Sixth Coalition 法國 Source just states "colours" lost. The Foot Guards of this period carried three king's colours: the colonel's, lieutenant-colonel's and major's colours. Unlike the king's colours of line regiments these had plain crimson fields. Each company also had a colour which was the union flag defaced with a badge, the 1st Foot Guards had 24 of these, one of which was carried in rotation as the regimental colour. [36][38]
4th battalion, 1st (Royal) Regiment of Foot King's colour and regimental colour The colours were weighted and thrown into the River Zoom by the regiment's adjutant in an attempt to save them from capture but were afterwards recovered by the French. [36][39]
2nd battalion, 69th (South Lincolnshire) Regiment of Foot Regimental colour [36]
16 June 1815 2nd battalion, 69th (South Lincolnshire) Regiment of Foot King's colour Battle of Quatre Bras Hundred Days 法國 The colour came into the possession of General François-Xavier Donzelot who commanded the 2nd Infantry Division during the battle. It was inherited by his grandson who gave them away in payment for a debt. In 1909 the colour was sold to a British captain on holiday and returned to the regimental museum. The colour is now in the collection of the Regimental Museum of The Royal Welsh. [36][40]

King's colour carried by battalions of the King's German Legion

18 June 1815 5th Kings German Legion Line Battalion King's colour Battle of Waterloo War of the Sixth Coalition 法國 [36]
8th Kings German Legion Line Battalion King's colour [36]

The last stand of the 44th, the regimental colour is shown wrapped around Souter's waist

13 January 1842 44th (East Essex) Regiment of Foot Queen's colour and regimental colour Last stand at Jugdulluk First Anglo-Afghan War Afghanistan Knowing they would be overrun by the Afghan forces Captain Souter and Lieutenant Cumberland took the colours from their staffs and tried to wrap them around their bodies. Cumberland was unable to button his coat over the queen's colour and handed it to Colour-Sergeant Carey who hid it under his sheepskin coat. Carey was killed and the colour lost, but Souter was captured by the Afghans who thought him worthy of ransom after mistaking the bright yellow colour for expensive clothing. Souter brought the regimental colour back with him when he was released some months later. [41][42][43]

The 24th advance at Chillianwala

13 January 1849 24th (The 2nd Warwickshire) Regiment of Foot Queen's colour Battle of Chillianwala Second Anglo-Sikh War Sikh Empire The colour was separated from its staff and carried by the wounded Private Battlestone during the retreat. Having refused to give up the colours to his comrades Battlestone fell dead, unnoticed. The colour was not found by the British the following morning; as it was not paraded by the Sikhs as a trophy it was perhaps taken by local villagers or camp followers. The battle was among the worst on record for losses of British colours, with nine from the British Indian units also lost. [44][45][46]

A depiction of a last stand around the regimental colour of the 2nd battalion, though there is no evidence that the colours were unfurled during the battle.

22 January 1879 24th (The 2nd Warwickshire) Regiment of Foot Queen's colour and regimental colour Battle of Isandlwana Anglo-Zulu War Zulu Kingdom Both colours of the 2nd battalion were lost on the battlefield, though part of one pole and a crown finial were recovered separately later.The queen's colour of the 1st battalion was also present at the battle; it was brought away by Lieutenants Melville and Coghill who were killed in their attempted flight. The colour was found in the Buffalo River by British forces on 4 February, near to where they died. [47]
27 July 1880 66th (Berkshire) Regiment of Foot Queen's colour and regimental colour Battle of Maiwand Second Anglo-Afghan War Afghanistan This was the last loss of British colours. [48]

參考文獻

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