美罗培南
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临床资料 | |
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商品名 | Merrem及其他 |
AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
核准状况 | |
怀孕分级 |
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给药途径 | 静脉注射 |
ATC码 | |
法律规范状态 | |
法律规范 |
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药物动力学数据 | |
生物利用度 | 100% |
血浆蛋白结合率 | 接近2% |
生物半衰期 | 1小时 |
排泄途径 | 肾脏 |
识别信息 | |
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CAS号 | 119478-56-7 ![]() |
PubChem CID | |
DrugBank | |
ChemSpider | |
UNII | |
KEGG | |
ChEBI | |
ChEMBL | |
PDB配体ID | |
CompTox Dashboard (EPA) | |
ECHA InfoCard | 100.169.299 |
化学信息 | |
化学式 | C17H25N3O5S |
摩尔质量 | 383.46 g·mol−1 |
3D模型(JSmol) | |
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美洛培南 (INN:meropenem),以品牌名称Merrem等于市面上销售,是一种经由静脉注射给药的碳青霉烯类抗生素,用于治疗多种病原细菌感染。[3]其中包括脑膜炎、腹腔内感染、肺炎、败血症和炭疽病。[3]
使用美洛培南常见的副作用有恶心、腹泻、便秘、头痛、皮疹以及注射部位疼痛。[3]严重的副作用则有困难梭状芽孢杆菌感染、癫痫发作,以及包含过敏性休克在内的过敏反应。[3]对其他β-内酰胺类抗生素过敏的人,也更易对美洛培南过敏。[3]在怀孕期间的个体使用,对于胎儿似乎安全。[3]美洛培南属于碳青霉烯类药物。[3]它通常透过阻断细菌制造细胞壁的能力来导致细菌死亡。[3]此外,它能抵抗多种细菌分泌的β-内酰胺酶(细菌借此保护自身免受抗生素影响)的分解。[4][5][6]
美洛培南由日本住友制药株式会社的前身大日本制药株式会社发现,并开发为注射用抗生素制剂,于1995年9月在日本上市,[7]并于1996年在美国获准用于医疗用途。[3]此药物已列入世界卫生组织基本药物标准清单中。[8][9]世界卫生组织(WHO)将美洛培南归类为对人类医学极其重要的药物。[10]
医疗用途
[编辑]美洛培南的抗菌范围涵盖多种革兰氏阳性菌、革兰氏阴性菌(包括绿脓杆菌)以及厌氧菌。其整体抗菌范围与亚胺培南 (另一种碳青霉烯类抗生素) 相似,但美洛培南对肠杆菌科的活性更强,而对革兰氏阳性菌的活性则较弱。美洛培南对产生超广效β-内酰胺酶的细菌有效,但可能更容易被细菌产生的金属β-内酰胺酶(在活性位点有锌离子或其他二价金属离子作为辅因子)水解。[11]β-内酰胺酶是一种细菌产生的酵素,可水解β-内酰胺类抗生素,破坏其β-内酰胺环,让这些抗生素失效。这种机制帮助细菌抵抗青霉素、头孢菌素和碳青霉烯类等抗生素的作用,让治疗更具挑战性。[12][13][14]虽然美洛培南中的β-内酰胺环比其他β-内酰胺类抗生素更易接触到水分子,而促进水解过程,并加速美洛培南在水溶液中抗菌特性降解,但它比其他β-内酰胺类抗生素更能抵抗细菌产生的β-内酰胺酶降解。[15][4]
美洛培南常用于治疗发热性嗜中性白血球减少症。这种情况常发生在造血与淋巴细胞肿瘤患者和接受抑制骨髓形成之抗癌药物的癌症患者身上。它被批准用于治疗复杂的皮肤和皮肤结构感染、复杂的腹腔内感染和细菌性脑膜炎。[4][16][17][18]
美国食品药物管理局 (FDA) 于2017年批准复方药美罗培南/法硼巴坦用于治疗患有复杂泌尿道感染的成人。[20]
给药
[编辑]美洛培南以白色结晶粉末形式储存在药瓶中(包含三水合美洛培南与无水碳酸钠的混合物)。[21][22][23]若用于静脉给药的是纯美洛培南粉末(而非与碳酸钠混合的粉末),则美洛培南需溶于5%磷酸二氢钾溶液中,因为它溶于水的程度仅为5.63毫克/毫升。[22][24][25][26]若进行的是静脉推注方式,则注射药瓶(内含美洛培南与碳酸钠的混合物)需用注射用无菌水进行溶解。[21][22][24]
再溶解的美洛培南会随时间降解。[27][28][29][30]这种降解可能与溶液的颜色变化有关,这是大多数β-内酰胺类抗生素中β-内酰胺环酰胺键水解的典型现象,[31]而对于美洛培南来说,颜色特别是从无色或淡黄色变为鲜黄色。[32]再溶解时,若以0.9%氯化钠配制的美洛培南输注液,在最高25°C的温度下可维持化学和物理稳定3小时。如果冷藏 (2–8°C),稳定性可延长至24小时。然而,当产品以5%葡萄糖溶液再溶解时,应立即使用以确保疗效。[27]美洛培南在水溶液中的降解受pH值、温度、初始浓度和所使用的具体溶液类型等因素影响。[32]美洛培南溶液不应冷冻。[33][34]
美洛培南存在一个矛盾之处:美洛培南的β-内酰胺环中的酰胺键使其对许多β-内酰胺酶(青霉素酶)具有抵抗力,而β-内酰胺酶是细菌产生的一种酵素,可分解青霉素和美洛培南等相关抗生素。[35][36]这种抵抗力归因于美洛培南中β-内酰胺环的稳定性,使其不易被这些酵素水解。[37]然而,美洛培南在水存在下并不稳定,[38][39]它会在水溶液中发生水解,效力随之降低。[40]这表示虽然美洛培南可抵抗细菌酵素,但它仍然会被水分解。[41]这就是为何美洛培南需要频繁或长时间缓慢在人体血液中补充新药,将被血液中水成分水解的部分补充。[42][43]
美洛培南的给药频率为每8小时一次。[24]
对个体的肾功能改变和在血液过滤时,由于血液中的药物浓度会有所变动,必须依情况来调整剂量。[44]
有研究报告阐明美洛培南治疗药物监控(在特定时间间隔测量血液中药物水平)的最佳应用可供参考。[45][46]
美罗培南的治疗效果像其他β-内酰胺类抗生素一样,取决于在给药间隔期间,药物浓度能维持在抑制感染细菌的最低浓度以上的时间长度。[47]对于包括美洛培南在内的β-内酰胺类药物,长时间静脉滴较静脉推注有较低的死亡率,这一优势在治疗严重感染,或由敏感性较低的细菌(如绿脓杆菌)引起的感染时,尤为显著。[47][48]
美洛培南因其亲水性而表现出较差的肠道渗透性和较低的口服生物利用度,而抑制它在肠道上皮的被动扩散。[49]与美洛培南口服给药研究相关的挑战在于,即使在相对较低的温度和湿度下,美洛培南也极易因为β-内酰胺环中酰胺键的水解而降解。[49]这种不稳定性可能导致美洛培南抗菌活性的丧失。此外,美洛培南在胃的酸性环境中不稳定,导致口服给药后,会大量降解和流失。[49]此外,肠道外排(分泌性)转运会将药物泵回肠道:胃肠道中存在的外排转运蛋白,特别是P-糖蛋白 (P-gp),可将美洛培南主动泵回肠腔,限制其吸收并降低口服生物利用度。[49]若采口服给药,细菌可能会透过增强抗生素的主动外排(例如绿脓杆菌中的MexAB-OprM三方外排系统)来对美洛培南产生抗药性。[49]这就是和此药物需要透过静脉注射给药的原因。[49][50]
关于美洛培南在个体母乳哺育期间给药的研究资料不足。然而据观察,这种β-内酰胺类抗生素在母乳中的浓度一般会相对较低,因此,预计不会对喂养的婴儿造成有害影响。尽管如此,偶尔有报导指出使用β-内酰胺类抗生素与婴儿肠道菌群紊乱有关,表现为腹泻或鹅口疮(口腔念珠菌病),然而这些潜在的副作用并未在美洛培南使用的具体情况下进行彻底调查,因此在进行母乳哺育的母亲使用美洛培南,对其婴儿中的安全性尚未被充分了解。[51]
虽然美洛培南并未获准用于人体肌肉注射或皮下注射,但有研究评估其在猫体内的生物利用度。研究报告显示肌肉注射途径的生物利用度为99.69%,皮下注射途径为96.52%。[52]这些研究还比较美洛培南在猫体内静脉注射、肌肉注射和皮下注射途径的生物半衰期,分别为1.35、2.10和2.26小时。[52]此外,还有一项关于美洛培南人体肌肉注射局部耐受性的小型研究,报告称其耐受性普遍良好。[52][53][54]
副作用
[编辑]美洛培南在抗生素药物中相对属于安全。[4][46]最常见的不良反应是腹泻 (4.8%)、恶心和呕吐 (3.6%)、注射部位发炎 (2.4%)、头痛 (2.3%)、皮疹 (1.9%) 和血栓性静脉炎 (0.9%)。[55]其中许多不良反应发生在已经使用多种药物(包括万古霉素)的重症患者身上。[56][57]美洛培南引起癫痫发作的可能性较亚胺培南为低。此外,已有数例严重低血钾的报告。[58][59]
交互作用
[编辑]美洛培南会迅速降低丙戊酸的血清浓度。因此使用丙戊酸治疗癫痫的患者,在美洛培南治疗期间出现癫痫发作的风险会增加。如果无法避免使用美洛培南,则应考虑额外增用一种抗痉挛药物。[60]
药理学
[编辑]作用机制
[编辑]美洛培南具杀菌作用,但对单核细胞增生李斯特菌则为抑菌作用。它透过抑制细菌细胞壁合成来发挥作用,和其他β-内酰胺类抗生素一样。但与其他β-内酰胺类药物不同的是它对β-内酰胺酶或头孢菌素酶的降解具有高度抵抗性。通常出现抗药性是由于青霉素结合蛋白出现突变、金属β-内酰胺酶产生,或细菌外膜对药物扩散的抵抗性。[55]美洛培南对脱氢肽酶稳定,因此无需与西司他丁并用,此点与亚胺培南不同。 [61]
科学家于2016年发现一种合成肽偶联PMO (PPMO),能有效抑制新德里金属-β-内酰胺酶1的表现。NDM-1是一种常见于多重抗药性细菌的酵素,这些细菌会利用它来分解碳青霉烯类抗生素,使其失效,此类细菌被称为"超级细菌"。[62][63]
蛋白质结合
[编辑]美洛培南的蛋白质结合率较低,约为2%,与厄他培南约90%的蛋白质结合率形成对比。[64]这种药物动力学差异可能会影响临床结果,尤其是在低白蛋白血症患者中。[65]观察性研究表明在该类患者中,使用美洛培南治疗,其30天死亡率较使用厄他培南显著较低,风险降低约四倍。[66]
研究方向
[编辑]相关业者正在研究雾化美洛培南(吸入途径),但尚未获批用于预防支气管扩张急性恶化。[67]
社会与文化
[编辑]
品牌名称
[编辑]国家 | 品牌名称 | 药厂 |
---|---|---|
印度 | UNOMERO | Scutonix Lifesciences, Bombay |
印度 | Inzapenum | Dream India |
Aurobindo Pharma | ||
Penmer | Biocon | |
Meronir | Nirlife | |
Merowin | Strides Acrolab | |
Aktimer | Aktimas Biopharmaceuticals | |
Neopenem | Neomed | |
Mexopen | Samarth life sciences | |
Meropenia | SYZA Health Sciences LLP | |
Ivpenem | Medicorp Pharmaceuticals | |
Merofit | ||
Lykapiper | Lyka Labs | |
Winmero | Parabolic Drugs | |
孟加拉国 | ||
I-Penam | Incepta Pharmaceuticals Ltd. | |
Meroject | Eskayef Pharmaceuticals Ltd. | |
Merocon | Beacon Pharmaceuticals | |
印尼 | Merofen | 卡尔贝制药 |
巴西 | Zylpen | Aspen Pharma |
日本, 韩国 | Meropen | |
澳大利亚 | Merem | |
台湾 | Mepem | |
德国 | Meronem | |
奈及利亚 | Zironem | Lyn-Edge Pharmaceuticals |
乌克兰[68] | Meropenem | Lekhim-Kharkiv |
Panlaktam (Panlaktam) | "Darnytsia" | |
Mepenam | Kyivmedpreparat | |
Merobicide | Borshchahiv HFZ | |
美国 | Meronem | AstraZeneca |
印尼 | Merosan | Sanbe Farma |
印尼 | Merobat | Interbat |
Zwipen | ||
Carbonem | ||
Ronem | Opsonin Pharma, BD | |
Neopenem | ||
Merocon | Continental | |
Carnem | Laderly Biotech | |
Penro | Bosch | |
Meroza | German Remedies | |
Merotrol | Lupin) | |
Meromer | Orchid Chemicals | |
Mepenox | BioChimico | |
Meromax | Eurofarma | |
Ropen | Macter | |
mirage | adwic | |
Meropex | Apex Pharma Ltd. | |
Merostarkyl | Hefny Pharma Group[69] |
参考文献
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