草稿:诱因排挤理论

诱因排挤理论 是来自心理学与微观经济学的理论，意指如果提供外部诱因给特定行为，比如承诺提供金钱悬赏报酬去完成某项任务，有时反而会削弱本来自发去执行这些行为的内在动机。这与新古典经济学的预测观点看法相反，内在动机降低的结果，可能反而会造成一个人整体表现成效降低。

实际应用

人们正在提倡用诱因排挤理论的观点去改变在工作上、学校里、政府决策、非营利组织与家庭的奖励机制的结构。因内在诱因消减外在动机、努力与产出的根本现象，已经在儿童、大学生、成人与工作者群体之中有过示范，在实验环境与实际皆然。这种排挤现象已经体现在在教师绩效评分薪资、短期工作者竞争分润，慈善付出与学生学术绩效上。^[1]^[2]^[3] 这一系列关联证据导致有些经济学家呼吁要重新思考仰赖于志工又使用绩效薪酬的政府与公益团体^[4]

^ Deci, Edward L.; Koestner, Richard; Ryan, Richard M. A meta-analytic review of experiments examining the effects of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation.. Psychological Bulletin. 1999, 125 (6): 627–668. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.588.5821 . ISSN 0033-2909. PMID 10589297. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.125.6.627.
^ Meier, Stephan. Do Subsidies Increase Charitable Giving in the Long Run? Matching Donations in a Field Experiment. SSRN Working Paper Series. 2006. ISSN 1556-5068. S2CID 14643219. doi:10.2139/ssrn.960959.
^ Fryer, Roland. Financial Incentives and Student Achievement: Evidence from Randomized Trials (PDF) (报告). Working Paper Series. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. 2010. doi:10.3386/w15898.
^ Frey, Bruno. Policy consequences of pay-for-performance and crowding-out (PDF). Journal of Behavioral Economics for Policy (Society for the Advancement of Behavioral Economics). 2017, 1: 55–59.

[:1-1] Deci, Edward L.; Koestner, Richard; Ryan, Richard M. A meta-analytic review of experiments examining the effects of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation.. Psychological Bulletin. 1999, 125 (6): 627–668. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.588.5821 . ISSN 0033-2909. PMID 10589297. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.125.6.627.

[2] Meier, Stephan. Do Subsidies Increase Charitable Giving in the Long Run? Matching Donations in a Field Experiment. SSRN Working Paper Series. 2006. ISSN 1556-5068. S2CID 14643219. doi:10.2139/ssrn.960959.

[3] Fryer, Roland. Financial Incentives and Student Achievement: Evidence from Randomized Trials (PDF) (报告). Working Paper Series. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. 2010. doi:10.3386/w15898.

[4] Frey, Bruno. Policy consequences of pay-for-performance and crowding-out (PDF). Journal of Behavioral Economics for Policy (Society for the Advancement of Behavioral Economics). 2017, 1: 55–59.

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