罗塞-朵夫曼病
罗塞-朵夫曼病 | |
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异名 | 罗塞-朵夫曼-德东贝病、窦组织细胞增生伴巨大淋巴结病 |
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患者颈部因罗塞-朵夫曼病导致淋巴结肿大;细针抽吸样本的苏木素-伊红染色显示组织细胞内有完整的淋巴细胞和浆细胞(即淋巴细胞内泳现象)。 | |
症状 | 无痛性双侧颈部淋巴结肿大、发烧、体重减轻、盗汗[1][2];结外病灶取决于受累器官,如皮疹、鼻塞、骨痛、癫痫等[1][3] |
并发症 | 器官功能受损(取决于结外受累部位)、自身免疫性溶血性贫血[1]、淀粉样变性[4] |
起病年龄 | 好发于儿童及年轻成人,平均发病年龄约 20.6 岁(典型淋巴结型)[1];皮肤型平均发病年龄较大(约 43.5 岁)[5] |
病程 | 病程不一,部分可自行缓解,部分需治疗[4] |
类型 | 淋巴结型、结外型、皮肤型[6];散发性、家族性(如 H 综合症、ALPS 相关)[6];与肿瘤相关、与免疫疾病相关[6] |
病因 | 不明;过去认为是反应性增生,近期发现部分病例存在克隆性基因突变(如 MAP2K1、KRAS 等)[7][8] |
风险因素 | 家族史(罕见的家族型);与某些免疫疾病(如 SLE)或肿瘤(如淋巴瘤)可能相关[1][6] |
诊断方法 | 淋巴结或组织活体组织检查的组织病理学特征(S100+ 组织细胞、淋巴细胞内泳现象)及免疫组织化学染色(排除 LCH)[2][1] |
鉴别诊断 | 兰格罕细胞组织球增生症 (LCH)、反应性窦组织细胞增生、间变性大细胞淋巴瘤 (ALCL)、转移癌、恶性黑色素瘤、戈谢病、惠普尔病、霍奇金淋巴瘤、幼年型黄色肉芽肿 (JXG)(皮肤型)、IgG4 相关疾病[9] |
预防 | 无法预防 |
治疗 | 无症状者可观察[3];有症状或重要器官受累者可考虑手术切除(局灶性)、皮质类固醇、西罗莫司、化疗、放射治疗等[3] |
药物 | 皮质类固醇、西罗莫司、化疗药物 |
预后 | 大多数预后良好,约 50% 可自行缓解[4];约 10% 可能因并发症死亡[1][4] |
患病率 | 罕见 |
死亡数 | 约 10%,多与直接并发症、感染或淀粉样变性有关[1][4] |
分类和外部资源 | |
医学专科 | 病理学、血液学、肿瘤学、免疫学 |
ICD-10 | D76.3 |
ICD-9-CM | 277.89 |
DiseasesDB | 31419 |
Orphanet | 158014 |
罗塞-朵夫曼病(英语:Rosai-Dorfman disease, RDD),亦称为罗塞-朵夫曼-德东贝病(英语:Rosai-Dorfman-Destombes disease)或窦组织细胞增生伴巨大淋巴结病(英语:Sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy, SHML),是一种罕见的组织细胞增生性疾病[10][2]。此病最早由 Destombes 于 1965 年描述,后于 1969 年由 Rosai 和 Dorfman 详细阐述并命名为 SHML[10][2]。过去,组织细胞学会 (Histiocyte Society) 将其归类为非兰格罕细胞组织细胞增生症[11]。基于近年对其病理、遗传和分子特征的新认识,该学会在 2016 年重新分类,将典型的 RDD(包括家族性、散发性及其他非皮肤、非兰格罕组织细胞增生症)归入“R 组”组织细胞增生症[6]。而皮肤型RDD则因其独特的临床和流行病学特征,被单独归入“C 组”[6]。
RDD 最典型的表现是儿童或年轻成人出现双侧颈部淋巴结无痛性肿大,但也可能影响淋巴结以外的器官(结外 RDD)[2][1]。虽然过去认为 RDD 是一种反应性、非肿瘤性的疾病,但近年的研究发现部分病例存在克隆性基因突变,提示其可能具有肿瘤性质[7][8]。RDD 与 IgG4 相关疾病 (IgG4-related disease, IgG4-RD) 之间的关联性仍存在争议[12][13]。
病因及发病机制
[编辑]RDD 的确切病因和发病机制尚未完全阐明。过去普遍认为这是一种反应性的、非肿瘤性的组织细胞增生过程,缺乏克隆性证据,因此未被纳入 2017 年世界卫生组织的造血与淋巴组织肿瘤分类中[9]。然而,近年来越来越多的证据显示,至少一部分 RDD 病例具有克隆性。
研究发现,在淋巴结型和结外型 RDD(而非皮肤型RDD)中存在激酶突变,涉及的基因包括 ARAF[8]、MAP2K1[7][14]、NRAS[8] 和 KRAS[8][7][15][16][17]。一项研究显示,高达 33% 的 RDD 病例带有 KRAS 或 MAP2K1 突变[7]。另一项针对 17 例 RDD 的研究利用标靶 DNA/RNA 测序和全外显子组测序,发现了涉及 KRAS (4/17)、MAP2K1 (2/17)、NRAS (1/17)、ARAF (1/17) 和 CSF1R (1/17) 的驱动突变[8]。此外,还发现了涉及细胞内运输 (SNX24)、转录调控 (CIC, INTS2, SFR1, BRD4, PHOX2B)、细胞周期调控 (PDS5A, MUC4)、DNA 错配修复 (ERCC2, LATS2, BRCA1, ATM) 和泛素蛋白酶体途径 (USP35) 的基因变异[8]。
BRAF V600E 突变常见于其他组织细胞肿瘤如兰格罕细胞组织球增生症[18] 和埃尔德海姆-切斯特病 (Erdheim-Chester disease, ECD)[19][20],但在 RDD 中则较为罕见。多项研究检测了大量 RDD 病例,均未发现 BRAF V600E 突变[19][21][22][23]。然而,近期有零星报导发现了 BRAF 突变。Fatobene 等人利用高灵敏度的数字 PCR 技术在一个淋巴结 RDD 病例中检测到 BRAF V600E 突变[14]。Mastropolo 等人则在一个同时患有 RDD 和 LCH 的病例中,通过检测外周血单核细胞发现了 BRAF V600E 突变[24]。Richardson 等人则在一个中枢神经系统 RDD 病例中发现了 BRAF 基因第 12 外显子的一个罕见缺失突变[16] (见表 1)。
尽管 RDD 细胞表达 S100 蛋白(通常见于树突状细胞),但目前认为其来源细胞更可能是活化的巨噬细胞而非树突状细胞[25]。研究人员曾试图寻找可能的病毒诱因,如人类疱疹病毒第六型 (HHV-6)、微小病毒 B19 和 EB 病毒,但未能证实其致病关联[26][27][28]。
分类
[编辑]根据 2016 年组织细胞学会的分类[6],RDD 主要分为以下几类:
- R组:
- 散发性RDD(Sporadic RDD): 这是最常见的形式。
- 典型淋巴结型RDD(Classic nodal RDD)
- 结外型RDD(Extranodal RDD)
- 与肿瘤相关的RDD(Neoplasia-associated RDD):可伴随淋巴瘤(包括霍奇金淋巴瘤[29][30][31] 及非霍奇金淋巴瘤如滤泡性淋巴瘤[32]、T 细胞淋巴瘤[33][34][35]、小淋巴细胞淋巴瘤[30][36]、套细胞淋巴瘤[37]、边缘区淋巴瘤[30][38][39]、弥漫大 B 细胞淋巴瘤[40][41][42][43]、蕈样肉芽肿[44] 、大细胞免疫母细胞性淋巴瘤和小无裂细胞淋巴瘤[45] 等)[32]-[43]、白血病(如急性髓系白血病[46]、急性淋巴细胞白血病[47][48])[46]-[48]、恶性组织细胞增生症[49][50]、LCH[51][52][53][54] 和 ECD[55] 等(见表 2)。
- 与免疫疾病相关的RDD(Immune disease-associated RDD):可伴随系统性红斑狼疮 (SLE)、幼年特发性关节炎 (idiopathic juvenile arthritis)、自身免疫性溶血性贫血(autoimmune haemolytic anaemia) 和HIV感染等[1][56]。
- 散发性RDD(Sporadic RDD): 这是最常见的形式。
- 家族性RDD:
- H综合症(H syndrome / Faisalabad histiocytosis):由 SLC29A3 基因突变引起的体染色体隐性遗传病,约 20% 的患者会出现 RDD(淋巴结和/或结外,如皮肤、鼻腔)[57][58][59][60][61][62]。其特征包括皮肤色素沉着过度、多毛症、肝脾肿大、听力丧失、心脏异常、性腺功能低下、身材矮小、高血糖和拇趾外翻等[63][64][65]。
- FAS缺乏或自身免疫性淋巴增生综合症(ALPS)相关的RDD:由 TNFRSF6 基因的胚系突变引起[66]。一项研究发现 41% 的 ALPS 患者有淋巴结 RDD[66]。仅有一例涉及脾脏的结外 RDD 在此背景下被报导[50]。
- C 组:
- 皮肤型RDD(Cutaneous RDD): 被认为是独立的疾病实体,归类于皮肤组织细胞增生症中的非黄色肉芽肿家族[6]。
临床表现
[编辑]典型RDD
[编辑]典型RDD最常见的表现是双侧、无痛性颈部淋巴结显著肿大,常伴有发烧、体重减轻和盗汗等全身症状[2][67]。此病好发于儿童和年轻成人,平均发病年龄约 20.6 岁,在非洲裔人群中较常见,男性略多于女性(男女比例约 1.4:1)[1]。除了颈部淋巴结,腹股沟、腹膜后和纵膈腔的淋巴结也可能受累[6][67]。
结外型RDD
[编辑]超过 40% 的 RDD 患者会出现淋巴结以外的器官受累(结外 RDD)[1][56][5][68][69]。少数情况下,结外 RDD 可能在没有淋巴结肿大的情况下单独发生,这类患者通常年龄较大,且人口统计学特征与典型 RDD 不同[1][56][5][68][3]。常见的结外受累部位包括:
骨骼受累在 X 光片上通常表现为边界清晰、伴有硬化边缘的溶骨性病灶,约 10% 的骨骼 RDD 患者同时有淋巴结受累[1][71][74]。中枢神经系统受累在临床上可能类似脑膜瘤,且通常不伴有淋巴结病变[68][73]。孤立的颅内 RDD 也有报导[75]。
皮肤型RDD
[编辑]皮肤 RDD 患者的平均发病年龄(约 43.5 岁)比典型 RDD 患者大,女性比例更高(约 2:1),且在亚洲和白种人群中比例较高[5]。这类患者通常没有全身性疾病或其他器官受累,即使长期追踪,病变也倾向于局限在皮肤[5][69]。最常见的皮肤表现是丘疹和结节(约 80%),其他表现还包括硬化性斑块、肿瘤样病灶、痤疮样病灶或发疹性黄色瘤样病灶[69][76][77]。
实验室检查
[编辑]实验室检查可能发现红血球沉降率升高、白血球增多、高丙种球蛋白血症和自身免疫性溶血性贫血等[56]。
病理学发现
[编辑]肉眼所见
[编辑]受RDD影响的淋巴结通常肿大、相互粘连,形成坚实的多结节状肿块。切面呈黄白色,淋巴结包膜可能增厚纤维化[2][1]。
显微镜下所见
[编辑]RDD 在显微镜下最显著的特征是淋巴窦极度扩张[2]。在晚期病例中,淋巴结结构可能被弥漫浸润的组织细胞所破坏。皮质区可见大量活化的 B 细胞和成熟浆细胞,几乎没有滤泡形成,这些深染的淋巴浆细胞区域与浅染的组织细胞区域交替出现,形成“明暗相间”的外观。
扩张的淋巴窦内充满了大量体积较大的组织细胞,这些细胞的细胞核染色质较少、轮廓光滑,具有小而清晰的圆形核仁,细胞质丰富、淡染、呈羽毛状或丝缕状)[2][1]。偶尔可见多核细胞、细胞异型性和罕见的有丝分裂象,但大多数细胞仍保持光滑的核轮廓和丰富的淡染细胞质。
一个非常有用的特征是emperipolesis,指的是在 RDD 组织细胞的细胞质内可见到完整的、未被消化的淋巴细胞、浆细胞或中性粒细胞等。这些细胞位于胞质空泡内或自由漂浮。虽然此现象很有提示性,但并非 RDD 所特有,也非诊断所必需,尤其在结外病灶中可能不明显或缺乏[3]。背景中可见中性粒细胞,有时形成微小脓肿,而嗜酸性粒细胞通常缺如。病灶中可能出现明显的纤维化或硬化,呈席纹状 (storiform) 排列,并可见小叶状结构。
结外病灶的组织学形态与淋巴结 RDD 非常相似,但可能表现出更明显的淋巴滤泡及生发中心、更显著的纤维化/硬化、相对较少的组织细胞以及更不明显的淋巴细胞内泳现象[3]。
皮肤型RDD通常是真皮层的病变,有时可累及皮下组织[5]。病灶通常呈结节状,边界不清,可浸润周围组织。同样可见具有淋巴细胞内泳现象的典型 RDD 组织细胞。这些细胞可以呈带状或片状分布,形成明暗相间的外观,或者呈杂乱分布,低倍镜下类似“星空”样。浆细胞和中性粒细胞常常存在,并可能形成微小脓肿。
需要注意的是,RDD可能与淋巴瘤、ECD或LCH同时存在。若怀疑合并其他疾病,需仔细检查标本[3]。根据共识,只有当RDD病灶占据超过10%的组织时,才能诊断为“与肿瘤相关的RDD”[3]。
细针抽吸细胞学检查
[编辑]细针抽吸涂片可见背景为混合性的淋巴细胞群,包括淋巴细胞、浆细胞,并散布着体积较大的组织细胞。这些组织细胞具有卵圆形、染色质疏松的细胞核和明显的核仁,细胞质丰富、呈羽毛状,可见淋巴细胞内泳现象[78]。
辅助检查
[编辑]免疫组织化学染色对于确诊 RDD 和排除其他疾病至关重要。RDD 的组织细胞特征性地表达 S100 蛋白、CD68 和 CD163,并且 CD1a 和 Langerin (CD207) 染色呈阴性,后两者阴性有助于排除 LCH[9]。S100 染色常常能更清晰地显示淋巴细胞内泳现象。背景中的浆细胞会表达 CD38、CD138 和 MUM1。
部分 RDD 病例中可见大量 IgG4 阳性浆细胞[12]。基于专家共识,组织细胞学会建议所有 RDD 病例都应进行 IgG4 染色检测(证据等级 D2)[6]。关于 IgG4 阳性浆细胞增多的意义,详见“与 IgG4 相关疾病的关联”一节。
诊断
[编辑]RDD 的诊断主要依赖于组织病理学检查。在肿大的淋巴结或其他受累组织的活检标本中,观察到特征性的组织学改变,即淋巴窦扩张,充满大的、细胞质淡染、表达 S100 蛋白的组织细胞,并常见淋巴细胞内泳现象,同时排除 LCH(CD1a/Langerin 阴性),即可确诊[2][1]。免疫组织化学染色是必不可少的辅助手段。
鉴别诊断
[编辑]RDD 需要与多种疾病进行鉴别诊断:
- 兰格罕细胞组织球增生症 (LCH):这是最重要的鉴别诊断。LCH 的组织细胞核常有沟槽(咖啡豆样),通常伴有嗜酸性粒细胞浸润,且免疫染色表达 CD1a 和 Langerin,而 RDD 则缺乏这些特征。两者均可表达 S100。需要注意 RDD 和 LCH 可能同时存在[52][53]。
- 反应性窦组织细胞增生:缺乏 RDD 特征性的组织细胞形态和 S100 阳性。
- 间变性大细胞淋巴瘤 (ALCL):肿瘤细胞核异型性更明显,可见“标志细胞”(hallmark cells),表达 CD30。
- 转移癌和恶性黑色素瘤:通常缺乏淋巴细胞内泳现象。癌细胞表达细胞角蛋白 (cytokeratin),黑色素瘤细胞表达 HMB45、Melan-A 和 SOX10(虽然也表达 S100)。
- 其他储积病或感染:如戈谢病(组织细胞胞质呈“皱纸样”)、惠普尔病(巨噬细胞内含 PAS 阳性杆菌,常累及肠系膜淋巴结)。
- 霍奇金淋巴瘤:可见典型的 Reed-Sternberg 细胞或 Hodgkin 细胞,表达 CD30 和 CD15,S100 阴性。
- 头颈部病变:需与鼻硬结病 (rhinoscleroma)、肉芽肿性多血管炎 (GPA)、结外 NK/T 细胞淋巴瘤等鉴别。
- 皮肤病变:需与幼年型黄色肉芽肿 (JXG) 鉴别,后者组织细胞 S100 阴性,可见 Touton 巨细胞,缺乏淋巴细胞内泳现象。
- IgG4 相关疾病:尤其对于伴有明显纤维化(特别是席纹状纤维化)和大量浆细胞浸润的 RDD 病例(尤其是皮肤 RDD),需要与 IgG4 相关疾病鉴别。
与 IgG4 相关疾病的关联
[编辑]RDD 与 IgG4 相关疾病 (IgG4-RD) 之间是否存在关联是一个有争议的话题。部分 RDD 病例,特别是皮肤 RDD,可以表现出与 IgG4-RD 相似的组织学特征,例如席纹状纤维化和丰富的浆细胞浸润[9]。自 2009 年 Kuo 等人首次报导在皮肤 RDD 中发现大量 IgG4 阳性浆细胞以来[12],后续有多项研究在淋巴结和结外 RDD 中也观察到类似现象,部分病例的 IgG4/IgG 浆细胞比例升高(见表 3)[79][80][81][82][83][84][85]。
然而,这种关联并未得到普遍接受[13]。一些研究并未发现 RDD 中 IgG4 阳性浆细胞的显著增加[84][86][85]。重要的是,2012 年关于 IgG4-RD 病理学的共识声明[13] 和 2015 年关于其管理和治疗的共识指南[87] 均强调,IgG4-RD 的诊断需要结合临床、血清学和组织学等多方面证据,单纯的组织学发现(包括 IgG4 阳性浆细胞数量增加)本身并不具备诊断特异性,因为许多其他炎性疾病也可能出现此现象[13]。事实上,RDD 被列为可能在临床或组织学上模仿 IgG4-RD 的疾病之一[87]。
尽管如此,基于专家意见,组织细胞学会在其 2016 年的分类中建议所有 RDD 病例都应进行 IgG4 染色检测[6]。然而,如何解读检测结果目前尚无明确指南。在实践中,病理报告应记录 IgG4 阳性浆细胞的数量(通常以每高倍视野下的平均细胞数表示),并注明单独此项结果在缺乏其他支持 IgG4-RD 的临床、血清学或影像学证据时意义不明[9]。
治疗与预后
[编辑]散发性 RDD 通常是一种自限性疾病,预后良好,高达 50% 的病例无需治疗即可自行缓解[4]。然而,约有 10% 的患者可能因疾病的直接并发症、继发感染或淀粉样变性而死亡[1][4]。
2018 年发布了关于 RDD 诊断和临床管理的共识建议[3]。对于无症状的淋巴结病变或皮肤病变,建议采取观察等待的策略[3]。对于局灶性的结外病变,或出现气道、颅内、脊髓或鼻窦等部位压迫症状时,可考虑手术切除[3]。对于多灶性、无法切除的结外病变,则可能需要全身性治疗。目前尚无标准化的治疗方案,可选用的治疗方法包括皮质类固醇、西罗莫司 (sirolimus)、放射治疗、化学治疗和免疫调节治疗等[3]。
目前尚缺乏足够证据明确分子变异与预后的关系。共识建议对于病情严重或难治的 RDD 患者,可考虑进行针对 MAPK 信号通路相关基因的次世代测序,若发现驱动突变,可考虑使用标靶治疗[3]。
参见
[编辑]参考资料
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