塔加尔文化

塔加尔文化（英语：Tagar culture，俄语：Тага́рская культу́ра，Tagar 发音为/təˈɡɑːr/），铜器时代的考古文化，文化属于塞迦人，活跃年代在公元前8世纪至前1世纪。生活区域在南西伯利亚，今俄罗斯联邦哈卡斯共和国^[1]，克拉斯诺亚尔斯克边疆区南部，至于克麦罗沃州东部一带。最早在米努辛斯克附近，叶尼塞河流域中的一座岛屿发掘，以这个地方命名。这个文化遗址中，出土了古代欧亚大陆最大的铜器铸造中心。

历史

接续在卡拉苏克文化之后出现^[2]^[3] ，一般认为继承了安德罗诺沃文化，与印度-伊朗人（英语：Indo-Iranians）连结在一起。但说突厥语的丁零也被包括在这个文化中^[4]。塔加尔文化的居民混合了欧亚大陆西方与东方两支先祖，在进入铁器时代后，来自东部欧亚大陆的东亚血统逐渐增加。

在公元前2世纪开始，匈人的影响增加，一般认为与匈奴帝国的兴起有关。在米努辛斯克盆地发掘的泰辛斯基文化（Tesinsky culture），年代为公元前1世纪至公元1世纪。结合了塔加尔文化，匈奴及鲜卑文化，它的贵族文化可以被上追到塔加尔文化时期。

在公元1世纪后，被塔施提克文化取代。

研究历史

1772年，俄国考古学家Daniel Gottlieb Messerschmidt（英语：Daniel Gottlieb Messerschmidt）在米努辛斯克盆地进行发掘，陆续发现了这些遗址。他与菲利普·约翰·冯·史托兰伯最早指出塔加尔文化与更西边的Scythian cultures（英语：Scythian cultures）之间的相似之处。

基因研究

在2020年发表的一份研究，认为塔加尔文化的居民，基因 70% 继承自辛塔什塔文化，25% 继承于古代东北亚人（ANA）在贝加尔湖活动的狩猎采集民，有 5% 来自于巴克特里亚·马尔吉阿纳文明体^[5]。

注释

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 Pilipenko, Aleksandr S. Maternal genetic features of the Iron Age Tagar population from Southern Siberia (1st millennium BC). PLOS ONE. 20 September 2018, 13 (9): e0204062. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1304062P. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 6147448 . PMID 30235269. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0204062  （英语）.
^ Di Cosmo, Nicola. Ancient China and Its Enemies: The Rise of Nomadic Power in East Asian History. Cambridge University Press. 22 April 2004 [17 February 2015]. ISBN 978-0521543828.
^ Neolithic and Metal Age cultures. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica. [15 February 2015].
^ Hartley, Charles W.; Yazicioğlu, G. Bike; Smith, Adam T. The Archaeology of Power and Politics in Eurasia: Regimes and Revolutions. Cambridge University Press. 19 November 2012: 245. ISBN 978-1-139-78938-7 （英语）. "The Dinlin are considered to have been part of the Tagar Culture and are mentioned in the written sources as being among the acquired "possessions" of the Huns (Mannai—Ool 1970: 107; Sulimirski 1970: 112)."
^ Jeong, Choongwon; Wang, Ke; Wilkin, Shevan; Taylor, William Timothy Treal; Miller, Bryan K.; Bemmann, Jan H.; Stahl, Raphaela; Chiovelli, Chelsea; Knolle, Florian; Ulziibayar, Sodnom; Khatanbaatar, Dorjpurev; Erdenebaatar, Diimaajav; Erdenebat, Ulambayar; Ochir, Ayudai; Ankhsanaa, Ganbold. A Dynamic 6,000-Year Genetic History of Eurasia's Eastern Steppe. Cell. 12 November 2020, 183 (4): 890–904.e29. ISSN 0092-8674. PMC 7664836 . PMID 33157037. S2CID 214725595. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.10.015. hdl:21.11116/0000-0007-77BF-D  （英语）.

[ASP-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Pilipenko, Aleksandr S. Maternal genetic features of the Iron Age Tagar population from Southern Siberia (1st millennium BC). PLOS ONE. 20 September 2018, 13 (9): e0204062. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1304062P. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 6147448 . PMID 30235269. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0204062  （英语）.

[Cosmo-2] Di Cosmo, Nicola. Ancient China and Its Enemies: The Rise of Nomadic Power in East Asian History. Cambridge University Press. 22 April 2004 [17 February 2015]. ISBN 978-0521543828.

[EB_Metal-3] Neolithic and Metal Age cultures. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica. [15 February 2015].

[4] Hartley, Charles W.; Yazicioğlu, G. Bike; Smith, Adam T. The Archaeology of Power and Politics in Eurasia: Regimes and Revolutions. Cambridge University Press. 19 November 2012: 245. ISBN 978-1-139-78938-7 （英语）. "The Dinlin are considered to have been part of the Tagar Culture and are mentioned in the written sources as being among the acquired "possessions" of the Huns (Mannai—Ool 1970: 107; Sulimirski 1970: 112)."

[5] Jeong, Choongwon; Wang, Ke; Wilkin, Shevan; Taylor, William Timothy Treal; Miller, Bryan K.; Bemmann, Jan H.; Stahl, Raphaela; Chiovelli, Chelsea; Knolle, Florian; Ulziibayar, Sodnom; Khatanbaatar, Dorjpurev; Erdenebaatar, Diimaajav; Erdenebat, Ulambayar; Ochir, Ayudai; Ankhsanaa, Ganbold. A Dynamic 6,000-Year Genetic History of Eurasia's Eastern Steppe. Cell. 12 November 2020, 183 (4): 890–904.e29. ISSN 0092-8674. PMC 7664836 . PMID 33157037. S2CID 214725595. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.10.015. hdl:21.11116/0000-0007-77BF-D  （英语）.

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