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南亚海外侨民

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显示南亚地区的地图(绿色部分)。

南亚海外侨民(英语:South Asian diaspora,亦称为德西海外侨民(Desi diaspora),[1]是指祖先源于南亚地区但现居该区以外的群体,这个群体包含来自印度巴基斯坦孟加拉国斯里兰卡尼泊尔不丹马尔代夫等国的多元语言、文化、族裔和宗教群体。。[2]整个群体的人数超过4,400万人,是全球规模最大、地理分布最广的海外移民群体之一,在美国英国加拿大澳大利亚以及欧洲中东的各个地区都有人口众多的社区。[3]

南亚本族语的称法

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侨居在外的南亚人常被称为德西,这种称法受到许多南亚人认同,但对某些人而言仍存在争议。[4][5][6]

历史

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古代

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自古以来,一些南亚人为贸易目的曾移居至世界其他地区。甚至有少数南亚人在罗马帝国时期移居到欧洲。[7]

中世纪

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本节摘录自布哈拉奴隶贸易英语Bukhara slave trade

德里苏丹国时期(1206–1526年),大量受到统治的印度教信徒沦为奴隶,并出口至中亚奴隶市场,导致印度奴隶的价格低廉且供应充足,进而促使他们在国际市场上的需求扩张。[8]

德里苏丹国除将战俘作为奴隶外,也透过其税收制度获得大量的印度教徒奴隶。下属的伊克塔(暂时性的税收或收入分配权)拥有者甚至动员军队,大规模绑架印度教徒作为征收税赋的手段。[8]对于那些对苏丹忠诚度较低的社群,税赋往往以奴隶的形式来征收。此外,无法缴纳税款的非穆斯林,可被视为反抗苏丹权威,进而在战事中绑架,转而为奴。苏丹阿拉乌丁·卡尔吉英语Alauddin Khalji在位期间(1296–1316年)甚至将拖欠税款的非穆斯林转为奴隶的做法视为合法。[8]

罗姆人

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本节摘录自罗姆人

罗姆人,亦称罗姆(Roma)(单数:Rom)或罗姆尼人(Romani),是一个传统上过着游居/迁徙生活的印欧语系族群(印度-雅利安人)。[9][10][11]语言学和基因证据显示罗姆人源自南亚,很可能来自现今旁遮普地区拉贾斯坦地区信德地区[12][13][14]

欧洲殖民时期

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一尊纪念珍妮·泰特里(Janey Tetary)的雕像,她是一名在1884年苏里南起义行动中去世的印度契约劳工。[15]

在欧洲列强殖民南亚次大陆时期,有超过100万当地人被带往世界其他地区担任契约劳工[16]南亚人也被带到大英帝国东南亚的殖民地。[17]

海外移民的成员在反对英属印度统治的加达尔运动英语Ghadar Movement(也称加达尔党,是国际性政治运动,目的为推翻英国在印度的统治。)中扮演过重要角色。[18]

有些南亚人,主要来自旁遮普地区,移民到美国西岸,并与当地的墨西哥裔社群融合(参见旁遮普及墨西哥裔美国人英语Punjabi Mexican American)。[19]

当代

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英国于20世纪中叶结束南亚的殖民统治之后,南亚人向外的移民数量创下纪录。许多人移居到英国,并在该国的战后经济复苏中发挥过作用。[20][21]有些南亚人则前往中东寻求工作机会,但这些人之中有一些受到种族歧视和剥削。[22][23]在美国1965年移民和国籍法英语Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965通过,同意接受非白人移民之后,印度裔美国人成为美国最富有的族裔群体,且在该国电脑相关劳动力市场中占有10%以上的份额。[24]

由于南亚人早在欧洲殖民时期就已移居到世界各地,这个移民群体的一个显著特点是它产生数个次生海外移民 - 其中一些成员的家庭历经数代,辗转多个国家才到达最终目的地(例如一个人的祖先可能从印度来到非洲,而几代之后又从非洲移居到新西兰)。[25]

文化

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电影

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南亚海外移民中的一些人会观看南亚电影英语South Asian cinema(主要是宝莱坞电影),而一些南亚电影也会以海外移民的角色为主题。使用印地语的宝莱坞产业在团结海外移民方面发挥有重要作用,让印地语成为探索其南亚文化遗产的共同语言。[26]此类海外移民精通英语的特点也促使南亚媒体使用印地英语(Hinglish,印地语和英语的混合语)来迎合他们。[27]

体育活动

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在美国弗吉尼亚州,一位参与板球活动的南亚海外侨民成员。

南亚人将他们的一些南亚传统游戏英语Traditional games of South Asia,例如卡巴迪Kho Kho,在英国殖民时期传入南非马来西亚等地。[28][29][30]在后殖民时代,卡巴迪和Kho Kho被海外移民带到部分西方国家。[31][32][33]在某些情况下,卡巴迪被用于艰困/恶劣环境中展现出阳刚之气的用途。[34]

板球

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板球是一项在南亚广受欢迎的运动,在北美和中东地区也受到海外移民的赞助。[35]美国职业板球大联盟英语Major League Cricket主要就是针对此海外移民群体中的观众。[36][37][38]2015年欧洲移民危机英语2015 European migrant crisis发生以来,这项运动在欧洲的普遍性也有所进展。[39]

总体而言,南亚海外侨民与运动间的关系复杂,因为运动既可以让文化得以延续,同时也可用来打破当地人对此群体在社会层面和身体层面的刻板印象。[40]

音乐

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德西酒吧

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本节摘录自德西酒吧英语Desi pub

德西酒吧指的是由印度裔老板拥有或管理的英式酒吧。它们通常提供旁遮普食物英语Punjabi food,同时保留传统英式酒吧的元素,例如爱尔啤酒酒吧游戏英语pub game。"德西(Desi)"这个字眼源自印度斯坦语,往前是衍生自梵语中"土地"或"国家"的意思。德西酒吧在1960年代出现,当时正值印度次大陆人口大量移居英国之后。它们被誉为亚洲和英国社区文化融合的成功范例。[41]

移民社区间关系

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新加坡小印度,当地居民庆祝屠妖节(即排灯节)的活动。

海外侨民内部

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此类海外侨民代表来自印度次大陆不同地区的各种语言、文化、族裔和宗教群体。这些移民内部不同群体之间有时会存在紧张关系。.[42]例如,1947年的印巴分治造成的印度教徒与穆斯林之间的紧张关系,有时会在海外侨民中的印度教徒和穆斯林之间出现,特别是在那些印度裔和巴基斯坦孟加拉国裔之间的。[43][44]自从1992年巴布里清真寺拆除事件以及2014年主张印度教民族主义印度人民党(BJP)赢得印度大选等事件以来,这种紧张关系在英国的南亚海外移民中受到更频繁的提及。[45][46][47]

基于种姓制度而呈现的歧视问题在一定程度上会在印度裔海外侨民内部发生。在美国有项非科学性调查,显示67%的低种姓达利特人在职场上经历过种姓歧视问题。[48]而在加州,海外侨民内部曾就是否应通过明确禁止种姓歧视的立法发生过激烈的辩论。[49]

海外侨民与南亚

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南亚海外侨民社区因向南亚国家提供重要的经济支持和汇款而闻名。[50]印度在某些危机情况下,例如1991年的印度经济危机英语1991 Indian economic crisis|,曾发行过海外移民债券,[51]并且越来越重视让其海外侨民参与其中。[52]来自美国麻省理工学院的印度海外侨民毕业生在建立该国印度理工学院系统的过程中曾发挥过重要作用。[53]

南亚国家与其海外侨民之间在对分离主义运动的支持问题上曾发生过紧张关系,例如印度与其旁遮普地区海外侨民之间就存在对卡利斯坦运动的反对与支持间的争议。[50]这些紧张关系有时甚至会升级,损害南亚国家与海外移民所在的地主国之间的,例如发生在2023年的加拿大-印度外交争端英语Canada–India diplomatic row[54]

海外侨民与所在地主国

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信仰印度教的南亚海外侨民在其居住的地主国受到一些审视,原因在于他们在推动印度教民族主义方面扮演日益重要的角色,部分海外侨民成员对此审视不以为然,但也反对印度教民族主义。[55][56][57][58]

一些在加拿大的旁遮普地区移民于近几十年来则加入帮派(参见印度裔加拿大组织犯罪英语Indo-Canadian organized crime),发生争夺地盘而相互杀戮的情事。[59]

流行文化

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北美洲

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印度裔加拿大人罗素·彼得斯是该国一位知名的单口喜剧(独角喜剧)人及演员。

在美国的南亚海外侨民代表性稳步升高。在过去几十年中,电视系列剧《辛普森家庭》中的柯阿三角色曾是最显著的南亚形象代表,但现在已有更多元化的代表,例如喜剧演员哈桑·明哈杰英语Hasan Minhaj已成为一出色的范例。[60]

电玩游戏

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参见

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依接收国划分的侨民人口

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第二次移民

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依来源国划分的侨民

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其他相关议题

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参考文献

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