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南亚裔英国人

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南亚裔英国人
總人口
5,000,000
印度裔 – 1,927,150 – 2.9%(2021/22普查)
巴基斯坦裔 – 1,662,286 – 2.5% (2021/22普查)
孟加拉裔 – 651,834 – 1.0%(2021/22普查)
其他 – 约700,000 – 1.1%(2021/22普查)
宗教信仰
伊斯兰教印度教锡克教基督教无宗教
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南亚裔英国人是指自南亚,或是东南亚和非洲等地移民到英国的南亚裔群体。南亚裔自17世纪起移民来英,20世纪中叶迎来大规模移民潮。

里希·苏纳克于2022年至2024年担任英国首相,是英国首个南亚裔首相。

历史

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自17世纪中叶起就有南亚裔移民来英。19世纪70年代年至20世纪50年代间,南亚裔在英国社会的各个领域都有影响,如少数族裔权利运动、战争和代表权等[1]。20世纪中期,英国本土迎来一波南亚移民潮[2]

17世纪

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随着英国东印度公司印度次大陆的商业和殖民活动,这一时期的南亚裔通过水路入英,他们往往是仆人或是水手。在英国东印度公司首度招募船队航往亚洲时,就由四名南亚人应征担任水手,他们是葡印混血英语Luso-Asians群体[3]。英国东印度公司在17世纪曾雇佣数千名南亚拉斯卡水手英语Lascar、学者、工人,主要是孟加拉裔或南亚穆斯林。

18世纪

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18世纪最早较多移民来英的南亚裔群体是东印度公司招募的民兵兼水手,称为“拉斯卡”(Lascar),主要来自孟加拉地区。许多这些水手是逃离职守或是遭船队遗弃而在英国本土定居[4][5]。许多这些水手难以就业而露宿街头,在当时的报刊信件中常被形容为“悲惨的东西”(miserable objects),“在街头颤抖挨饿[6]”。这些水手基本是男性[7],有一些拉斯卡水手和英国女子结婚,并皈依基督教圣公宗[8]。大多数来英的南亚裔都是来游览或是暂居,数月或数年后返回印度[9][10]

19世纪

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自1600年至1857年,约有20至40,000名南亚人移民来英,各个阶层皆有,但大部分是水手[11]。在英国各大港口,都有南亚水手暂居,度过航行间歇[12],形成早期的穆斯林水手群体,他们主要居住在军营、教会慈善宿舍和旅舍[5]。还有一支是船队的厨师群体,他们主要来自孟加拉的锡尔赫特

早期留居在英国的南亚裔主要是混血群体和基督徒。穆斯林群体虽因文化隔阂而较难融入英国社会,但仍有人为了生计而选择融入英国习俗[13]。早期南亚裔移民的代表人物是迪恩·穆罕默德,他是来自巴特那的一位孟加拉裔军人,为英国东印度公司军队的上尉,他将印度菜和阿育吠陀式洗头引入欧洲[14][15]

19世纪时,许多拉斯卡水手生活困窘,且得到公众关注,于是东印度公司亦作出举措为其开辟居所,但欠缺维护、质量低劣。1814年,亚洲水手保护协会(Society for the Protection of Asiatic Sailors)成立,亦曾接到有关拉斯卡水手遭虐待的举报[6]

1842年,英國海外傳道會发布报告“伦敦拉斯卡的状况”,以严峻字眼形容之[16]。其记载在1850年冬天,有40名印度裔男子在伦敦街头饥寒交迫而死。福音派基督徒获悉后,倡议设立慈善之家,并筹款一万五千英镑援助拉斯卡人。1856年,亚洲人、非洲人和南洋岛民陌生人之家(Strangers' Home for Asiatics, Africans and South Sea Islanders)正式成立,位置在萊姆豪斯商业路英语Commercial Road[17]

20世纪

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据估计,在20世纪50年代之前,英国本土共有8千名印度裔人口,大部分是在港口城市,为拉斯卡水手的后代,就业率相对较低[18],待遇也较差,多数人不会在英永居[19][20]。伦敦港务局曾在20世纪30年代刊文介绍之,称拉斯卡水手是“常在码头来往的海员,虽然在东区显得格格不入,但可以很好自理,知道如何购买想要的物品[21]”。

1932年,印度国民大会党调查海外印度侨民人口,估计在英国有7,128名印度裔人口[22]。自1800年至1945年,估计共有2万名南亚裔移民来英[23]

在二战战后,开始有更大规模移民赴英,主要是来自旁遮普地区、巴基斯坦的米尔布尔和孟加拉国的錫爾赫特[24]。1962年,英国议会出台英联邦移民法案英语Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1962,旨在控制及限制此类移民。

人口

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根据2021年至2022年估测,英国共有约500万南亚裔人口,占英国总人口的7.5%。根据2021年英国人口普查英语2021 United Kingdom census,英国的印度裔人口为1,927,150(2.9%),巴基斯坦裔人口为1,662,286(2.5%),孟加拉裔人口为651,834(1.0%),另有逾70万为南亚余下国家或海外南亚侨民的后裔[25][26][27]

南亚裔英国人内部又分为诸多族群BBC常以南亚裔群体(South Asian groups)、南亚裔族群(South Asian ethnic groups)指称之[28][29][30][31]

以下表格列出2021年英国人口普查中,出生地登记在南亚的人口数目,因而不包括出生在英国的南亚裔人口。

国家或地区  英格兰
(2021)[32]
 苏格兰
(2022)[33]
 威尔士
(2021)[32]
北爱尔兰
(2021)[34]
 英国
(2021/22)
 印度 906,962 37,729 13,399 6,910 965,000
 巴基斯坦 616,454 28,891 7,103 1,235 653,683
 孟加拉国 266,290 4,063 6,752 629 277,734
 斯里蘭卡 141,861 8,722 2,435 192
 阿富汗 84,877 816 73
 尼泊尔 77,349 1,271 270
其他 1,117 36
总计 2,094,910 78,249 31,812 9,309 2,214,280

参见

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参考文献

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  1. ^ Ahmed, Rehana; Mukherjee, Sumita; Stadtler, Florian. Ranasinha, Ruvani , 编. South Asians and the shaping of Britain, 1870–1950. Manchester University Press英语Manchester University Press. 2019. ISBN 978-0719085147. 
  2. ^ Dattani, Meera. 'This unassuming street in north London is the city's original "Little India" – and nowhere else captures the original South Asian experience quite like it. BBC. 8 September 2021. South Asians have lived in London since the mid-17th Century, when ships of the colonial East India Company docked in the capital. However, most came in the middle of the 20th Century. 
  3. ^ Fisher, Michael H.; Lahiri, Shompa; Thandi, Shnider. A South Asian History of Britain: Four Centuries of Peoples from the Indian Sub-Continent. Oxford, UK. 2007: 6–8. ISBN 978-1-84645-008-2. 
  4. ^ The Goan community of London - Port communities. portcities.org.uk. [23 February 2016]. (原始内容存档于2015-09-24). 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 Nijhar, Preeti. Law and Imperialism: Criminality and Constitution in Colonial India and Victorian England. Routledge. 30 September 2015. ISBN 978-1-317-31600-8. 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 LMA Learning Zone > schooLMAte > Black and Asian Londoners > Timeline. learningzone.cityoflondon.gov.uk. [23 February 2016]. (原始内容存档于7 March 2016). 
  7. ^ Fisher, Michael H. Counterflows to Colonialism: Indian Traveller and Settler in Britain, 1600–1857. Orient Blackswan. 2006: 111–9, 129–30, 140, 154–9, 160–8, 172, 181. ISBN 978-81-7824-154-8. Lists of names of lascars suggest a single lascar crew might include Muslims, Catholic and Protestant Christians (of part Portuguese or other European descent), Parsis, Armenians, and/or Hindus ... In contrast, identities like Indian, Chinese, Arab, or Malay apparently remained potent on board ship and in Britain ... Tensions around lascars in London especially increased from the fall 1813 season onwards. The particularly large number of Asian seamen arriving that year exacerbated conflicts aboard ship, inside the depot, and with the surrounding British community ... In September 1813 alone, Malay sailors fought Arabs, killing one; Chinese tongs英语Tong (organization) fought each other 
  8. ^ Fisher, Michael H. Counterflows to Colonialism: Indian Traveller and Settler in Britain, 1600–1857. Orient Blackswan. 2006. ISBN 978-81-7824-154-8. 
  9. ^ Fisher, Michael H. Counterflows to Colonialism: Indian Traveller and Settler in Britain, 1600–1857. Orient Blackswan. 2006: 1. ISBN 978-81-7824-154-8. 
  10. ^ Fisher, Michael Herbert. Counterflows to Colonialism: Indian Travellers and Settlers in Britain, 1600 .... Orient Blackswan. 2006. ISBN 9788178241548. (原始内容存档于2 September 2017). 
  11. ^ Fisher, Michael H. Excluding and Including 'Natives of India': Early-Nineteenth-Century British-Indian Race Relations in Britain. Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East英语Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East. 2007, 27 (2): 303–314 [304–5]. S2CID 146613125. doi:10.1215/1089201x-2007-007. 
  12. ^ The lascars' lot. The Hindu. 5 January 2003. (原始内容存档于7 November 2015). 
  13. ^ Fisher, Michael H. Counterflows to Colonialism: Indian Traveller and Settler in Britain, 1600–1857. 2006. ISBN 978-81-7824-154-8. 
  14. ^ Narain, Mona. Dean Mahomet's "Travels", Border Crossings, and the Narrative of Alterity需要付费订阅. Studies in English Literature, 1500-1900. 2009, 49 (3): 693–716. JSTOR 40467318. S2CID 162301711. doi:10.1353/sel.0.0070. 
  15. ^ Curry house founder is honoured. BBC. 29 September 2005 [5 July 2014]. (原始内容存档于2017-08-01). 
  16. ^ Behal, Rana P.; Linden, Marcel van der. Coolies, Capital and Colonialism: Studies in Indian Labour History. Cambridge University Press. 1 January 2006. ISBN 978-0-521-69974-7. 
  17. ^ Strangers' Home for Asiatics, Africans and South Sea Islanders | Making Britain. open.ac.uk. [23 February 2016]. (原始内容存档于2023-06-10). 
  18. ^ Chatterji, Joya; Washbrook, David. Routledge Handbook of the South Asian Diaspora. Routledge. 3 January 2014. ISBN 978-1-136-01824-4. 
  19. ^ Visram, Rozina. Asians In Britain: 400 Years of History. 2002: 254–269. 
  20. ^ Behal, Rana P.; Linden, Marcel van der. Coolies, Capital and Colonialism: Studies in Indian Labour History. Cambridge University Press. 2006. ISBN 978-0-521-69974-7. 
  21. ^ Jones, J. P. Lascars in the Port of London. The P.L.A. Monthly. February 1931 [3 June 2020]. (原始内容存档于2023-08-18) –通过lascars.co.uk. 
  22. ^ Visram, Rozina. Ayahs, Lascars and Princes: The Story of Indians in Britain 1700–1947. Routledge. 30 July 2015. ISBN 978-1-317-41533-6. 
  23. ^ Panayi, Panikos. An Immigration History of Britain: Multicultural Racism Since 1800. Routledge. 11 September 2014. ISBN 978-1-317-86423-3. 
  24. ^ https://www.striking-women.org/module/map-major-south-asian-migration-flows/post-1947-migration-uk-india-bangladesh-pakistan-and
  25. ^ Ethnic group, England and Wales: Census 2021. Office for National Statistics. [29 November 2022]. (原始内容存档于2023-09-22). 
  26. ^ Scotland's Census 2022 - Ethnic group, national identity, language and religion - Chart data. Scotland's Census. National Records of Scotland英语National Records of Scotland. 21 May 2024 [21 May 2024]. (原始内容存档于2024-05-21).  Alternative URL页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) 'Search data by location' > 'All of Scotland' > 'Ethnic group, national identity, language and religion' > 'Ethnic Group'
  27. ^ MS-B01: Ethnic group. Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency. 22 September 2022 [7 January 2023]. (原始内容存档于2023-08-12). 
  28. ^ South Asians in UK at greater risk from Covid. BBC. 1 May 2021. According to the most recent 2011 census, 21% of South Asian groups live in multigenerational households, compared with about 7% of white groups英语White people in the United Kingdom. 
  29. ^ Cancer awareness 'low in black and South Asian groups'. BBC. 1 November 2014. 
  30. ^ BAME We're Not the Same: Indian. BBC. Note: Indian and British Indian communities are vastly different from Pakistani, Sri Lankan, Bangladeshi and other ‘South Asian’ groups. We must be mindful and recognise these differences. 
  31. ^ 'It's not over' warning as London heads for tier 3. BBC. 14 December 2020. The Office for National Statistics has been investigating why ... South Asian ethnic groups in the UK have been particularly badly affected. 
  32. ^ 32.0 32.1 Country of birth (extended). www.ons.gov.uk. Office for National Statistics. [12 August 2023]. 
  33. ^ Table UV204 - Country of birth: Country by Country of Birth by Individuals. National Records of Scotland. [24 May 2024]. (原始内容存档于2021-05-14).  > 'All of Scotland' > 'Ethnic group, national identity, language and religion' > 'Country of birth: UV204'
  34. ^ MS-A18: Country of birth - full detail. nisra.gov.uk. Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency. [22 September 2023]. 

外部链接

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