User:ThomasYehYeh/沙盒/模板
![]() | |
![]() | |
臨床資料 | |
---|---|
读音 | /mɛˌdrɒksiproʊˈdʒɛstəroʊn ˈæsɪteɪt/ me-DROKS-ee-proh-JES-tər-ohn ASS-i-tayt[1] |
商品名 | Depo-Provera及其他 |
其他名稱 | MPA、DMPA、Methylhydroxy |
AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
MedlinePlus | a604039 |
懷孕分級 |
|
给药途径 | 口服給藥, 舌下給藥, 肌肉注射, 皮下注射 |
藥物類別 | 黃體酯酮 (藥物)、黃體製劑、孕激素酯、抗促性腺激素、類固醇抗雄性激素 |
ATC碼 | |
法律規範狀態 | |
法律規範 |
|
藥物動力學數據 | |
生物利用度 | 口服: ~100%[3][4] |
血漿蛋白結合率 | 88% (與血清白蛋白結合)[4] |
药物代谢 | 肝臟 (羥基化 (CYP3A4), 氧化還原反應, 生物偶聯)[5][3][8] |
生物半衰期 | 口服: 12–33小時[5][3] 肌肉注射: ~50天[6] 舌下給藥: ~40天[7] |
排泄途徑 | 尿液[5] |
识别信息 | |
| |
CAS号 | 71-58-9 |
PubChem CID | |
IUPHAR/BPS | |
DrugBank | |
ChemSpider | |
UNII | |
KEGG | |
ChEBI | |
ChEMBL | |
化学信息 | |
化学式 | C24H34O4 |
摩尔质量 | 386.53 g·mol−1 |
3D模型(JSmol) | |
熔点 | 207至209 °C(405至408 °F) |
| |
|
醋酸甲羥孕酮(INN:medroxyprogesterone acetate,MPA),其注射劑型則稱長效醋酸甲羥孕酮(depot medroxyprogesterone acetate,DMPA)。商品名有狄波-普維拉(Depo-Provera),口服剂型商品名有法禄达(英語:Farlutal)[9]等,是黃體酯酮 (藥物)类激素药物[10][3]。適應範圍,包括避孕與激素替代療法[10] [3]。也可用於治疗子宮內膜異位症、異常子宫出血、女性化激素疗法及某些类型的癌症[10]。药物可单独使用,也可与雌激素(藥物)併用[11] [12]。有口服、舌下、肌肉或皮下注射等不同劑型[10]。
常见的副作用有月经失调(如閉經) 、腹痛和頭痛[10]。更严重的副作用有骨质流失、血栓、过敏和肝脏问题[10]。因有伤害胎儿的可能,故不建议個體在怀孕期使用[10]。 醋酸甲羥孕酮是一种人工合成的黃體酯酮 (藥物),它能活化孕酮受体,即孕酮的生物学靶点[3]。它也具弱的糖皮质激素活性和非常弱的雄激素活性,但無其他重要的激素活性[3] [13]。因為它的孕激素活性,使用後會减少人体的促性腺激素释放,并抑制性激素濃度[14]。它能抑制排卵而達到避孕的目的[10]。
醋酸甲羥孕酮在1956年被发现,在1959年取得美国的医疗使用許可[15] [16] [10]。已名列世界卫生组织基本药物清单中[17]。它是停經後激素治疗和纯孕激素避孕药中最常用的孕激素[18] [19]。注射型藥物已在100多个国家取得长效型避孕藥的使用許可[20] [21]。它是美国於2022年最常用处方药的第276名,開立的處方箋數量超过80万张[22][23]。
醫療用途
[编辑]醋酸甲羥孕酮(MPA)最常見的用途是製作長效醋酸甲羥孕酮(簡稱DMPA),這是一種長效、纯孕激素避孕药,供女性避孕。以相對高劑量使用可抑制排卵,是一種非常為有效的避孕藥。MPA也與雌激素(藥物)聯合用於更年期(停經)激素替代療法,以治療和預防更年期後婦女的症狀,例如潮熱、萎縮性陰道炎和骨質流失[3]。
DMPA可降低男性的性衝動,可用於化學去勢,以控制那些有性偏離或性慾亢進(包括已被定罪的性罪犯)者的不當或不必要的性行為[24][25]。
避孕
[编辑]長效醋酸甲羥孕酮 (DMPA) | |
---|---|
背景 | |
生育控制種類 | 黃體酯酮 (藥物)类激素药物 |
初次使用日期 | 1969[26] |
失敗比率 (第一年) | |
完美使用 | 0.2% |
一般使用 | 6% |
用法 | |
持續期間 | 3個月 (12–14週) |
可逆性 | 3–18個月 |
注意事項 | 最長間隔恰在滿三個月前 |
醫師診斷 | 12週 |
優點及缺點 | |
是否可以防止性傳播疾病 | 否 |
月經 | 首次注射後,會常見點狀月經出血。 |
月經 | 通常在注射第二劑後會停經 |
好處 | 當用者難以持續按時接受給藥時,仍有甚佳的避孕效果, 及罹患子宮內膜癌的風險降低。 |
風險 | 骨密度會降低,但停用後有恢復的可能 |
医学注释 | |
對於欲養育後代者,建議在計畫懷孕前6個月即改用其他避孕方式(例如口服纯孕激素避孕药),以便生育能力能更可靠恢復。 |
DMPA以Depo-Provera和Depo-SubQ Provera 104等品牌名稱於市面上銷售,用作長效避孕用途[27][28]。經由肌肉注射或皮下注射給藥,在體內形成一個長效儲庫(depot),藥物在往後數個月內會從中緩慢釋放。
有效性
[编辑]美國知名人口學家和公共衛生專家James Trussell估計DMPA在"理想使用"下第一年的失敗率,是七項臨床試驗失敗率的平均值,為0.3% [29][30] 。
在2004年之前,James Trussell估計的DMPA"一般使用"失敗率與其"理想使用"失敗率相同:0.3%[31]。
優點
[编辑]- 具有高效避孕作用。
- 僅需每隔12週注射一次。
- 不含雌激素。
- 藥物交互作用極少(與其他激素避孕藥相比)。
- 降低子宮內膜癌的風險(可降低80%)[35][36][37]。
- 降低缺鐵性貧血、骨盆腔發炎疾病 (PID) 和子宮外孕的風險[38][39]。
- 減輕子宮內膜異位症的症狀。
- 原發性經痛、排卵痛和功能性卵巢囊腫的發生率降低。
- 罹患癲癇女性的發作率降低。 此外,DMPA的避孕效果不受酶誘導抗癲癇藥的影響,與多數其他激素避孕藥不同[40]。
- 有鐮狀細胞病女性發生鐮刀型紅血球疾病危象的發生率和嚴重程度可降低[28]。
市售劑型
[编辑]僅含MPA成分的劑型有:2.5、5和10毫克的口服錠劑,150毫克/毫升(1毫升)或400毫克/毫升 (2.5毫升) 的微晶水性懸浮液(肌肉注射用),以及104毫克 (0.65毫升,濃度為160毫克/毫升) 的微晶水性懸浮液(皮下注射用) [41][42]。也曾以100、200、250、400和500毫克口服錠劑,500和1,000毫克口服懸浮液,以及50毫克/毫升微晶水性懸浮液(肌肉注射劑)上市 [43][44]。
禁忌症
[编辑]- 具有心血管疾病的多重風險因子
- 目前有深靜脈血栓或肺栓塞
- 使用DMPA期間出現伴有先兆的偏頭痛
- 尚未確定原因的陰道出血
- 曾經被診斷出罹患乳癌,但自從確診以來,已至少五年沒有任何證據顯示癌症復發或存在。
- 活動性肝病
- 對雌激素缺乏和高密度脂蛋白 (HDL) 水平降低,理論上可能會增加心血管風險的擔憂
- 目前或近期罹患乳癌
- 懷孕
不建議個體在初經前、手術前或手術恢復期間使用MPA[47]。
副作用
[编辑]使用MPA的女性最常見的副作用有痤瘡、月經量變化、嗜睡,如果孕婦使用可能會導致胎兒出現出生缺陷。其他常見的副作用乳房脹痛、面部毛髮增多、頭髮減少、難以入睡或維持安眠、胃痛以及體重減輕或是增加[48]。據報導,使用MPA女性的副作用還有性慾降低[49]。DMPA會影響月經出血模式。使用一年後,55%的女性會出現閉經(停經),兩年後,比例上升到68%。在使用最初幾個月,曾有"不規則或不可預測的出血或點狀出血,或罕見的、大量或持續性出血"的報導[50]。MPA似乎與維生素B12缺乏症無關[51]。關於使用DMPA導致體重增加的數據也不一致[52][53]。
情緒變化
[编辑]人們曾擔憂像MPA這樣的黃體脂酮可能有引發抑鬱和情緒變化的風險,而導致一些臨床醫生和女性不願使用[54][55]。然而,大多數研究均顯示黃體脂酮並不會引起不良的心理影響(例如抑鬱或焦慮),與一般流行的觀念恰恰相反[54]。
長期影響
[编辑]由美國國家衛生院啟動的婦女健康倡議,針對口服結合型雌激素 (CEEs) 和MPA組合與安慰劑相比的使用進行研究。但此項研究在發現意想不到的風險後,而必須提前終止。具體發現是雖然激素療法不影響全因死亡率,但更年期激素療法的好處(降低髖部骨折、大腸癌和子宮內膜癌的風險以及所有其他死因)被冠狀動脈疾病、乳癌、中風和肺栓塞的風險增加所抵消[56]。
血栓
[编辑]多項研究顯示DMPA在未停經女性中作為纯孕激素避孕藥使用時,與較高的靜脈血栓風險有關聯[57]
骨密度
[编辑]未停經女性和男性使用DMPA ,若是單獨使用且未搭配雌激素,特別是在高劑量下,可能會導致骨密度降低。但此情況似乎也能恢復到正常水平,即使是使用多年之後。
愛滋病毒風險
[编辑]目前對於使用DMPA的女性是否會增加感染愛滋病的風險,學術界仍存在不確定性。有些觀察性研究顯示風險可能增加,但也有其他研究未發現此種關聯[58]。 世界衛生組織(WHO)在2012年2月和2014年7月發佈聲明,表示這些數據並不會改變他們對於愛滋病高風險女性使用DMPA,並無限制的建議(避孕醫療資格 (MEC) 第1類)[59][60]。
母乳哺育
[编辑]進行母乳哺育的母親可使用MPA。如果在產後立即給藥,可能會導致大量出血(激素失衡導致的子宮內膜不穩定性表現),因此最好延遲到產後六週再使用。如果沒進行哺乳,則可在產後五天內使用。
過量
[编辑]醫界曾進行"超高"MPA劑量給藥進行研究,口服劑量高達每5,000毫克,肌肉注射劑量則高達每天2,000毫克,但未有重大的耐受性或安全性問題出現[61][62][63]。
藥物交互作用
[编辑]當將MPA與結合型雌激素併用,以治療更年期症狀時,會增加個體罹患乳癌、失智症和血栓的風險 [47] 。 但如果MPA是作為避孕藥使用,通常不會與其他藥物產生交互作用。值得注意的是當MPA與氨魯米特聯合用於治療乳癌轉移時,曾觀察有抑鬱症增加的現象[64]。此外,使用貫葉連翹(草藥)可能會加速MPA在使用者體內代謝,而降低其避孕效果[47]。
藥理學
[编辑]藥效學
[编辑]MPA是孕酮受體 (PR)、雄性激素受體 (AR) 和糖皮質激素受體 (GR) 的激動劑[4],分別以約0.01nM(奈摩爾每公升)、1nM和10nM的半數最大效應濃度值激活這些受體[65]。
藥代動力學
[编辑]吸收
[编辑]關於更年期替代劑量MPA的藥代動力學研究非常少[66][3] 。口服MPA的生物利用度約為100%[3]。單次口服10毫克MPA 後,使用放射免疫分析法測得的MPA峰值水平在給藥後2小時內達到1.2至5.2納克/毫升[66][67]。
歷史
[编辑]MPA(醋酸甲羥孕酮)於1956年被發現[15][68][69][70],Upjohn公司於1959年推出口服劑型(品牌名稱Provera)以治療婦科疾病[71][72]。注射劑型DMPA(品牌名稱Depo-Prover)於1960年上市,用於癌症治療[73]。含炔雌醇的口服避孕藥 (品牌名稱Provest)於1964年推出,但於1970年停產[74][75][76]。
DMPA於1950年代後期開發,並於1963年首次評估其作為注射避孕藥的臨床試驗[77]。Upjohn公司在1967年向FDA申請肌肉注射用的DMPA (品牌名稱Depo-Provera,150毫克/毫升MPA) 作為長效避孕藥,但被駁回 [78][79]。然而此配方於1969年在美國以外的國家成功上市,並在1992年前於全球90多個國家銷售[26]Upjohn公司在1978年和1983年再次嘗試爭取FDA批准DMPA作為避孕藥,但兩次申請都和1967年一樣,也遭駁回[78][79]。DMPA最終於1992年獲得FDA批准用於避孕,品牌名稱為Depo-Provera[78]。DMPA的皮下注射配方Depo-SubQ Provera 10(104毫克/0.65毫升MPA)於2004年12月在美國作為避孕藥推出,隨後也被批准用於治療子宮內膜異位症相關的骨盆腔疼痛[80]。
MPA也在全球以許多其他品牌名稱銷售,例如Farlutal、Perlutex和Gestapuran等[81][82]。
社會與文化
[编辑]品牌名稱
[编辑]MPA以多種品牌名稱在全球各地銷售[82][83][81]。
取得
[编辑]在全球各地均有口服MPA和注射劑型DMPA的供應[82] 。口服MPA可單獨使用,也可與結合型雌激素、雌二醇和戊酸雌二醇組合使用[82]。DMPA已在全球100多個國家註冊用作避孕用途[84][85][82]。注射劑型和環戊丙酸雌二醇的組合已在18個國家獲准作為避孕藥使用[84]。
獸醫用途
[编辑]MPA被用來減少公貓的攻擊行為和隨處噴尿行為[86]。對於控制已接受絕育手術的公貓來說會特別有效,需每月注射一次[86]。
參見
[编辑]參考文獻
[编辑]- ^ Medroxyprogesterone Uses, Dosage & Side Effects.
- ^ Product monograph brand safety updates. Health Canada. February 2024 [2024-03-24].
- ^ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 Kuhl H. Pharmacology of estrogens and progestogens: influence of different routes of administration (PDF). Climacteric. 2005, 8 (Suppl 1): 3–63. PMID 16112947. S2CID 24616324. doi:10.1080/13697130500148875.
- ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Schindler AE, Campagnoli C, Druckmann R, Huber J, Pasqualini JR, Schweppe KW, Thijssen JH. Classification and pharmacology of progestins. Maturitas. 2008, 61 (1–2): 171–180. PMID 19434889. doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2008.11.013.
- ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Provera (PDF). FDA. 2015 [2018-03-31]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2017-02-11).
- ^ Depo_Provera (PDF). FDA. 2016 [2018-03-31]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2020-07-29).
- ^ depo-subQ Provera (PDF). FDA. 2017 [2018-03-31].
- ^ Stanczyk FZ, Bhavnani BR. Reprint of "Use of medroxyprogesterone acetate for hormone therapy in postmenopausal women: Is it safe?". The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. September 2015, 153: 151–159. PMID 26291834. S2CID 23985966. doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.08.013.
- ^ FARLUTAL®. Pfizer. [2025-03-13].
- ^ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 Medroxyprogesterone Acetate. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. [2016-08-08]. (原始内容存档于2016-12-24).
- ^ Archive copy. [2017-11-24]. (原始内容存档于2018-08-03).
- ^ Sweetman, Sean C. (编). https://web.archive.org/web/20210828162143/https://about.medicinescomplete.com/wp-content/plugins/revslider/public/assets/js/extensions/revolution.extension.parallax.min.js?version=5.4.5
|archiveurl=
缺少标题 (帮助). Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference 36th. London: Pharmaceutical Press. 2009: 2113–2114 [2018-04-01]. ISBN 978-0-85369-840-1. (原始内容存档于2021-08-28). - ^ Kemppainen JA, Langley E, Wong CI, Bobseine K, Kelce WR, Wilson EM. Distinguishing androgen receptor agonists and antagonists: distinct mechanisms of activation by medroxyprogesterone acetate and dihydrotestosterone. Molecular Endocrinology. March 1999, 13 (3): 440–54. PMID 10077001. doi:10.1210/mend.13.3.0255.
- ^ Genazzani AR. Frontiers in Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation. Taylor & Francis. 1993-01-15: 320. ISBN 978-1-85070-486-7. (原始内容存档于2016-05-20).
- ^ 15.0 15.1 Stanley M. Roberts. Introduction to Biological and Small Molecule Drug Research and Development: Chapter 12. Hormone replacement therapy. Elsevier Science. 2013-05-07: 9– [2018-04-03]. ISBN 978-0-12-806202-9. (原始内容存档于2020-08-01).
[...] medroxyprogesterone acetate, also known as Provera® (discovered simultaneously by Searle and Upjohn in 1956) [..]
- ^ Sneader, Walter. Chapter 18: Hormone analogs. New York: Wiley. 2005: 204. ISBN 0-471-89980-1.
- ^ World Health Organization. World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2019. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
- ^ A. Wayne Meikle. Hormone Replacement Therapy. Springer Science & Business Media. 1999-06-01: 383– [2018-07-20]. ISBN 978-1-59259-700-0. (原始内容存档于t 2020-08-01).
- ^ Special Programme of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction (World Health Organization); World Health Organization. Research on Reproductive Health at WHO: Biennial Report 2000-2001. World Health Organization. 2002: 17– [2018-07-20]. ISBN 978-92-4-156208-9. (原始内容存档于2020-08-01).
- ^ Bagade O, Pawar V, Patel R, Patel B, Awasarkar V, Diwate S. Increasing use of long-acting reversible contraception: safe, reliable, and cost-effective birth control (PDF). World J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2014, 3 (10): 364–392 [2018-08-02]. ISSN 2278-4357. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2017-08-10).
- ^ Sulochana Gunasheela. Practical Management of Gynecological Problems. JP Medical Ltd. 2011-03-14: 39– [2018-08-02]. ISBN 978-93-5025-240-6. (原始内容存档于2020-08-01).
- ^ The Top 300 of 2022. ClinCalc. [2024-08-30]. (原始内容存档于2024-08-30).
- ^ Medroxyprogesterone Drug Usage Statistics, United States, 2013 - 2022. ClinCalc. [2024-08-30].
- ^ Light SA, Holroyd S. The use of medroxyprogesterone acetate for the treatment of sexually inappropriate behaviour in patients with dementia (PDF). Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience. March 2006, 31 (2): 132–134. PMC 1413960
. PMID 16575429. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2016-03-07).
- ^ The chemical knife. [2009-01-22]. (原始内容存档于2009-01-07).
- ^ 26.0 26.1 Nadakavukaren A. Our Global Environment: A Health Perspective, Seventh Edition. Waveland Press. 2011-02-28: 63–. ISBN 978-1-4786-0976-6.
- ^ Bakry S, Merhi ZO, Scalise TJ, Mahmoud MS, Fadiel A, Naftolin F. Depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate: an update. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics. July 2008, 278 (1): 1–12. PMID 18470526. S2CID 11340062. doi:10.1007/s00404-007-0497-z.
- ^ 28.0 28.1 28.2 Westhoff C. Depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate injection (Depo-Provera): a highly effective contraceptive option with proven long-term safety. Contraception. August 2003, 68 (2): 75–87. PMID 12954518. doi:10.1016/S0010-7824(03)00136-7.
- ^ Trussell J. Contraceptive Efficacy. Hatcher RA, Trussell J, Stewart FH, Nelson AL, Cates Jr W, Guest F, Kowal D (编). Contraceptive Technology 18th rev. New York: Ardent Media. 2004: 773–845. ISBN 978-0-9664902-5-1.
- ^ Trussell J. Contraceptive failure in the United States. Contraception. August 2004, 70 (2): 89–96. PMC 3638209
. PMID 15288211. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2004.03.009.
- ^ Trussell J, Hatcher RA, Cates W, Stewart FH, Kost K. A guide to interpreting contraceptive efficacy studies. Obstetrics and Gynecology. September 1990, 76 (3 Pt 2): 558–567. PMID 2199875.
- ^ Hatcher RA. Depo-Provera Injections, Implants, and Progestin-Only Pills (Minipills). Hatcher RA, Trussell J, Stewart F, Cates W, Stewart GK, Guest F, Kowal D (编). Contraceptive Technology 18th rev. New York: Ardent Media. 2004: 461–494. ISBN 978-0-9664902-5-1.
- ^ Speroff L, Darney PD. Injectable Contraception. A Clinical Guide for Contraception 4th. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2005: 201–220. ISBN 978-0-7817-6488-9.
- ^ Mishell DR. Contraception. Strauss III JF, Barbieri RL (编). Yen and Jaffe's Reproductive Endocrinology 5th. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders. 2004: 899–938. ISBN 978-0-7216-9546-4.
- ^ Kaunitz AM. Current options for injectable contraception in the United States. Seminars in Reproductive Medicine. December 2001, 19 (4): 331–337. PMID 11727175. S2CID 39556669. doi:10.1055/s-2001-18641.
- ^ Bigrigg A, Evans M, Gbolade B, Newton J, Pollard L, Szarewski A, Thomas C, Walling M. Depo Provera. Position paper on clinical use, effectiveness and side effects. The British Journal of Family Planning. July 1999, 25 (2): 69–76. PMID 10454658.
- ^ Depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) and risk of endometrial cancer. The WHO Collaborative Study of Neoplasia and Steroid Contraceptives. International Journal of Cancer. September 1991, 49 (2): 186–190. PMID 1831802. S2CID 221776781. doi:10.1002/ijc.2910490207.
- ^ Bartz D, Goldberg AB. Injectable contraceptives. Hatcher RA, Trussell J, Nelson AL, Cates W J, Kowal D, Policar MS (编). Contraceptive technology 20th revised. New York: Ardent Media. 2011: 212–213. ISBN 978-1-59708-004-0. OCLC 781956734.
Advantages of DMPA Injectables. 5. Reduced risk of ectopic pregnancy. Compared with women who use no contraceptive at all, women who use DMPA have a reduced risk for having an ectopic pregnancy. Although the overall risk of pregnancy and thus ectopic pregnancy is lowered by DMPA, the possibility of an ectopic pregnancy should be excluded if a woman using DMPA becomes pregnant. One study showed that 1.5% of women who got pregnant on DMPA had an ectopic pregnancy, the same ectopic rate as women who conceived while not using contraception.27
温哥华格式错误 (帮助) - ^ Borgatta L, Murthy A, Chuang C, Beardsley L, Burnhill MS. Pregnancies diagnosed during Depo-Provera use. Contraception. September 2002, 66 (3): 169–172. PMID 12384205. doi:10.1016/S0010-7824(02)00340-2.
- ^ O'Brien MD, Guillebaud J. Contraception for women with epilepsy. Epilepsia. September 2006, 47 (9): 1419–1422. PMID 16981856. S2CID 22284176. doi:10.1111/j.1528-1167.2006.00671.x
.
- ^ Drugs@FDA: FDA Approved Drug Products. United States Food and Drug Administration. [2018-03-31]. (原始内容存档于2016-11-16).
- ^ Engorn B, Flerlage J. The Harriet Lane Handbook E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. 1 May 2014: 846–. ISBN 978-0-323-11246-8.
- ^ Tiziani AP. Havard's Nursing Guide to Drugs. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2013-06-01: 989–. ISBN 978-0-7295-8162-2.
- ^ Leidenberger FA. Klinische Endokrinologie für Frauenärzte. Springer-Verlag. 2013-04-17: 528–. ISBN 978-3-662-08110-5.
- ^ WHO. Progestogen-only contraceptives. Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use 3rd. Geneva: Reproductive Health and Research, WHO. 2004. ISBN 978-92-4-156266-9. (原始内容存档于2009-05-31).
- ^ FFPRHC. The UK Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use (2005/2006) (PDF). 2006 [2007-01-11]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2007-06-19).
- ^ 47.0 47.1 47.2 MedroxyPROGESTERone: Drug Information Provided by Lexi-Comp. Merck Manual. 2009-12-01 [2010-07-08]. (原始内容存档于2010-07-24).
- ^ Medroxyprogesterone. MedlinePlus. 2008-01-09 [2010-07-02]. (原始内容存档于2010-07-12).
- ^ King SR. Neurosteroids and the Nervous System. Springer Science & Business Media. 9 November 2012: 45–. ISBN 978-1-4614-5559-2. (原始内容存档于2017-11-05).
- ^ Pfizer. Depo-Provera Contraceptive Injection, US patient labeling (PDF). October 2004 [2007-02-21]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2007-02-06).
- ^ Amatayakul K, Sivasomboon B, Thanangkul O. Vitamin and trace mineral metabolism in medroxyprogesterone acetate users. Contraception. September 1978, 18 (3): 253–269. PMID 720068. doi:10.1016/s0010-7824(78)80019-5.
- ^ Nelson AL. DMPA: battered and bruised but still needed and used in the USA. Expert Review of Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2014, 5 (6): 673–686. ISSN 1747-4108. doi:10.1586/eog.10.60.
- ^ Aronson JK. Meyler's Side Effects of Drugs: The International Encyclopedia of Adverse Drug Reactions and Interactions. Elsevier Science. 2015-10-15: 2–. ISBN 978-0-444-53716-4.
Perhaps surprisingly, a consensus seems to be emerging that depot medroxyprogesterone acetate implants do not in fact result in an increase in the incidence of depression or in the severity of pre-existing depression, even after 1 or 2 years, nor do they cause significant weight gain.
- ^ 54.0 54.1 Lobo RA. Treatment of the Postmenopausal Woman: Basic and Clinical Aspects. Elsevier. 5 June 2007: 211–. ISBN 978-0-08-055309-2.
- ^ Kaunitz AM. Long-acting hormonal contraception: assessing impact on bone density, weight, and mood. International Journal of Fertility and Women's Medicine. 1999, 44 (2): 110–117. PMID 10338269.
Despite the efficacy and increasing acceptability of these long-term methods, some clinicians and women are reluctant to use them because of concerns regarding reduction in bone density with DMPA, and depressive symptoms and body weight issues with both injectables and implants. Recent multicenter experience showed no increase in depressive symptoms after 1 year's DMPA use and 2 years' Norplant use, even among users with the highest mean depressive symptom scores pre-therapy.
- ^ Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL, LaCroix AZ, Kooperberg C, Stefanick ML, Jackson RD, Beresford SA, Howard BV, Johnson KC, Kotchen JM, Ockene J. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results From the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial (PDF). JAMA. July 2002, 288 (3): 321–333. PMID 12117397. S2CID 20149703. doi:10.1001/jama.288.3.321. 温哥华格式错误 (帮助)
- ^ Prentice RL, Anderson GL. The women's health initiative: lessons learned. Annual Review of Public Health. 2008, 29: 131–150. PMID 18348708. doi:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.29.020907.090947
.
- ^ Polis CB, Phillips SJ, Curtis KM, Westreich DJ, Steyn PS, Raymond E, Hannaford P, Turner AN. Hormonal contraceptive methods and risk of HIV acquisition in women: a systematic review of epidemiological evidence. Contraception. October 2014, 90 (4): 360–390. PMID 25183264. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2014.07.009
. hdl:2164/4151
.
- ^ WHO Department of Reproductive Health and Research. Technical Statement: Hormonal contraception and HIV. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2012-02-16. (原始内容存档于2015-01-30).
- ^ WHO Department of Reproductive Health and Research. 2014 Guidance Statement: Hormonal contraceptive methods for women at high risk of HIV and living with HIV (PDF). Geneva: World Health Organization. 2014-07-23. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2015-01-30).
- ^ Muss HB, Cruz JM. High-dose progestin therapy for metastatic breast cancer. Annals of Oncology. August 1992, 3 (Suppl 3): 15–20. PMID 1390312. doi:10.1093/annonc/3.suppl_3.S15
.
- ^ Pannuti F, Martoni A, Lenaz GR, Piana E, Nanni P. A possible new approach to the treatment of metastatic breast cancer: massive doses of medroxyprogesterone acetate. Cancer Treatment Reports. April 1978, 62 (4): 499–504. PMID 350387.
- ^ Simons JP, Schols AM, Hoefnagels JM, Westerterp KR, ten Velde GP, Wouters EF. Effects of medroxyprogesterone acetate on food intake, body composition, and resting energy expenditure in patients with advanced, nonhormone-sensitive cancer: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Cancer. February 1998, 82 (3): 553–560. PMID 9452274. doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0142(19980201)82:3<553::aid-cncr18>3.0.co;2-0
.
- ^ Meyler L. Meyler's side effects of endocrine and metabolic drugs. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science. 2009: 281–284]. ISBN 978-0-444-53271-8. (原始内容存档于2014-10-23).
- ^ World Health Organization. Residues of Some Veterinary Drugs in Animals and Food: Monographs Prepared by the Sixty-second Meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, Rome, 4-12 February 2004. Food & Agriculture Org. 2004: 49. ISBN 978-92-5-105195-5. (原始内容存档于2014-06-17).
- ^ 66.0 66.1 Stanczyk FZ, Bhavnani BR. Use of medroxyprogesterone acetate for hormone therapy in postmenopausal women: is it safe?. The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. July 2014, 142: 30–38. PMID 24291402. S2CID 22731802. doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.11.011.
- ^ Victor A, Johansson ED. Pharmacokinetic observations on medroxyprogesterone acetate administered orally and intravaginally. Contraception. September 1976, 14 (3): 319–329. PMID 975821. doi:10.1016/0010-7824(76)90099-8.
- ^ Sneader W. Chapter 18: Hormone analogs. Drug discovery: a history. New York: Wiley. 2005: 204. ISBN 978-0-471-89980-8.
- ^ FR 1295307,「Procédé de préparation de dérivés cyclopentano-phénanthréniques」,发表于1962-06-08,指定于Syntex SA
- ^ US granted 3377364,Spero G,「6-methyl-17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, the lower fatty acid 17-acylates and methods for producing the same」,发表于1968 -04-09,指定于Upjohn Company
- ^ Green W. Odyssey of Depo-Provera: Contraceptives, Carcinogenic Drugs, and Risk-Management Analyses. Food Drug Cosmetic Law Journal (Chicago). 1987, (42): 567–587.
Depo-Provera is a drug, manufactured by The Upjohn Co., whose active ingredient is medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA). FDA first approved the drug in 1959 to treat amenorrhea,5 irregular uterine bleeding, and threatened and habitual abortion.
- ^ Hartmann KE, Jerome RN, Lindegren ML, Potter SA, Shields TC, Surawicz TS, Andrews JC. Labeled Indications for Drugs Included in Review. Primary Care Management of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US). 2013. PMID 23617013.
- ^ Depo-Provera (medroxyprogesterone acetate) (NDA # 012541) - Drugs@FDA: FDA Approved Drug Products, [2018-04-02],
Original Approvals or Tentative Approvals: 09/23/1960.
- ^ Gelijns A. Innovation in Clinical Practice: The Dynamics of Medical Technology Development. National Academies. 1991: 167–. NAP:13513.
- ^ William Andrew Publishing. Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Encyclopedia. Elsevier. 2013-10-22: 1501–. ISBN 978-0-8155-1856-3.
- ^ Blum RW. Adolescent Health Care: Clinical Issues. Elsevier Science. 2013-10-22: 216–. ISBN 978-1-4832-7738-7.
- ^ Li C. Breast Cancer Epidemiology. Springer Science & Business Media. 2009-11-11: 110–. ISBN 978-1-4419-0685-4.
- ^ 78.0 78.1 78.2 Levitt JI. Black Women and International Law: Deliberate Interactions, Movements and Actions. Cambridge University Press. 30 April 2015: 230–231. ISBN 978-1-316-29840-4.
- ^ 79.0 79.1 Documentation on Women's Concerns. Library and Documentation Centre, All India Association for Christian Higher Education. January 1998.
Upjohn meanwhile, had been repeatedly seeking FDA approval for use of DMPA as a contraceptive, but applications were rejected in 1967, 1978 and yet again in 1983, [...]
- ^ Shoupe D, Mishell DR. The Handbook of Contraception: A Guide for Practical Management. Humana Press. 2015-09-28: 126–. ISBN 978-3-319-20185-6.
- ^ 81.0 81.1 Index Nominum 2000: International Drug Directory. Taylor & Francis. January 2000: 638–. ISBN 978-3-88763-075-1. (原始内容存档于2013-06-19).
- ^ 82.0 82.1 82.2 82.3 82.4 Medroxyprogesterone Uses, Dosage & Side Effects. Drugs.com.
- ^ Sweetman SC (编). Sex hormones and their modulators. Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference 36th. London: Pharmaceutical Press. 2009: 2113–2114. ISBN 978-0-85369-840-1.
- ^ 84.0 84.1 Bagade O, Pawar V, Patel R, Patel B, Awasarkar V, Diwate S. Increasing use of long-acting reversible contraception: safe, reliable, and cost-effective birth control (PDF). World J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2014, 3 (10): 364–392 [2018-08-02]. ISSN 2278-4357. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2017-08-10).
- ^ Gunasheela S. Practical Management of Gynecological Problems. JP Medical Ltd. 2011-03-14: 39–. ISBN 978-93-5025-240-6.
- ^ 86.0 86.1 Simpson BS, Papich MG. Pharmacologic management in veterinary behavioral medicine. The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Small Animal Practice. March 2003, 33 (2): 365–404, vii. PMID 12701517. doi:10.1016/S0195-5616(02)00130-4.