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维基百科，自由的百科全书

美国的自然出生公民身份是美国宪法规定的担任总统或副总统的资格要求之一，旨在保护国家免受外国影响[1]。

美国宪法使用“自然出生公民”一词，但并未对其进行详细解释，长期以来，关于其确切含义的意见不一。21世纪初，宪法和法律学者结合相关判例法的共识是，自然出生公民包括在美国出生的人（除例外情况外）。至于在其他地方出生但符合出生公民权法律要求的人，截至2016年，主流共识是他们也属于自然出生公民[2][3][4]。

美国的前九任总统和第十二任总统扎卡里·泰勒在1789年宪法通过时均为美国公民，且均出生在美国领土内，并受到《巴黎条约》的承认。此后所有总统均为美国出生。美国历史上的45位[註 1]总统中，有八位的父母至少有一方并非出生在美国本土[5][6][7]。

美国最高法院的多项判决以及一些处理资格质疑的下级法院都曾提及“自然出生公民条款”，但最高法院从未直接处理过特定总统或副总统候选人是否具备自然出生公民资格的问题。2008年、2012年和2016年选举周期的许多资格诉讼在下级法院被驳回，原因是质疑者难以证明其有资格提出法律异议。此外，一些专家认为，“自然出生公民条款”的确切含义可能永远不会由法院裁决，因为最终总统资格问题可能会被认定为一个非司法性的政治问题，只能由国会而非政府的司法部门来裁决[8][9]。

宪法条款

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1787年美国宪法条款，着重提到自然出生公民条款

美国宪法第二条第一款第五节规定了担任美国总统的资格要求（着重部分以粗体表示）：

No Person except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen of the United States, at the time of the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the Office of President; neither shall any person be eligible to that Office who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty five Years, and been fourteen Years a Resident within the United States.[註 2]

译文：

无论何人，除生为合众国公民或在宪法采用时已是合众国公民者外，不得当选为总统；凡年龄不满35岁、在合众国境内居住不满14年者，也不得当选为总统[11][12]。

根据最初的宪法，选举团成员为总统投两票，得票第二多的选出副总统。第十二修正案要求副总统必须单独选举，并在最后条款中写道：“宪法上无资格担任总统的人，不得担任合众国副总统[註 3]。”

根据美国宪法第一条规定，众议员和参议员必须是美国公民，但并无必须出生于美国本土的要求，而总统则有此要求。

历史

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英国先例

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“自然出生”一词的使用并非没有先例。早期有记录的案例是1608年的加尔文案（英语：Calvin's Case），该案裁定，在英格兰国王管辖的任何地方出生的人（当时包括作为独立王国的苏格兰和爱尔兰，以及之前法国管辖的大部分地区）都是自然出生的英格兰臣民，因此有权在英国法院提起民事诉讼[13]。美国独立前的英国法律就使用了“自然出生的臣民”（natural born subject）这一术语。例如，《1708年外国新教徒归化法（英语：Foreign Protestants Naturalization Act 1708）》第三条规定[14][15][16]：

所有由女王陛下、其继承人和继任者所生的自然出生臣民的子女，无论出于何种意图、构造和目的，均应被视为本王国的自然出生臣民。[註 4]

1711年，托利党通过《安妮法案》第五章第十条废除了该法案（除引述的关于外国出生儿童的第三条款外）[17][18]。

随后，1730年《英国国籍法》规定：

用于解释该法案中所述条款……凡由英格兰或大不列颠王室之奴役所生的子女，或今后由该奴役所生的子女，其父亲在该等子女出生时，是或将是英格兰或大不列颠王室的自然臣民……特此宣布，无论就任何意图、解释和目的而言，均系大不列颠王室的自然臣民。[註 5][19]

《1740年殖民法案（英语：Plantation Act 1740）》中也有这样的用法[20]：

所有由国王陛下、他的后嗣或继任者所生的人，如果已经……或将在国王陛下在美洲的任何殖民地居住或居住七年或七年以上……应被视为、判定为国王陛下在本王国的自然出生的臣民。[註 6]

法学家威廉·布莱克斯通在1765年写道：“自然出生的臣民是指在英格兰王室领土内出生的人”[16][21]。布莱克斯通补充道，不是居民的后代也可以是自然出生的臣民[21][22]：

但是根据几项更为现代的法规......所有由国王侍从所生的孩子，如果他们的父亲是自然出生的臣民，那么他们自己在所有意图和目的上都是自然出生的臣民，无一例外；除非他们的父亲因叛国罪而被剥夺公民权或被放逐到海外；或者当时为与英国敌对的王子服务。[註 7]

然而在1775年，布莱克斯通改变了他的观点，并解释说，这些孩子“现在被视为自然出生的臣民”，而不是“现在是自然出生的臣民”[23]。

同样，弗朗西斯·普洛登最初解释说，早期英国成文法使得英国父母在外国出生的子女“在事实上和法律上……成为真正的本土臣民”，而十八世纪的英国成文法则使得某些人根据成文法成为自然出生的臣民，就像其他人根据普通法成为自然出生的臣民一样[24]。然而，经过进一步考虑后，他也推翻了观点，并于1785年得出结论，成文法并没有使得这些孩子成为自然出生的臣民。相反，他们身上仍然保留着“外来身份的残余”[25]。

在布莱克斯通案之前，爱德华·科克在加尔文案中提出了更为狭隘的观点[26]。科克认为：“如果国王驻外国的任何大使，与其妻子（身为英国女性）所生的孩子，根据英国的普通法，他们是自然出生的臣民，但他们却出生在国王的领土之外[註 8][27]。”

“natural born”一词经常与“native born”同义使用[28]。英国词典编纂者塞缪尔·约翰逊在1756年写道，“natural”一词的意思是“native”，而“native”一词可以指“居住者”或“后代”[29]。

1776年至1789年

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从1776年《美国独立宣言》到1789年《美国宪法》通过，北美十三州都脱离了英国的统治。在此期间，《邦联条例》将整个国家紧密联系。“自然出生公民”一词在此期间有时会被使用。其中一个例子是1784年，马里兰总议会授予法国出生的拉斐德侯爵公民身份[30][31][32]：

由马里兰州议会颁布——拉斐德侯爵及其男性继承人永远为本州公民，他们每个人都被判定为本州出生的公民，并从此享有本州出生公民的所有豁免权、权利和特权......[註 9]

制宪会议

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宪法并未解释“自然出生”的含义[33]。1787年6月18日，亚历山大·汉密尔顿向制宪会议提交了一份政府规划草案[34]。该草案规定设立一位行政“总督”，但没有资格要求[35]。制宪会议闭幕时，汉密尔顿向詹姆斯·麦迪逊递交了一份文件，称该文件概述了他希望制宪会议提出的宪法；他在审议期间阐述了宪法的原则。马克斯·法兰德写道：“该文件并未提交给制宪会议，其价值仅体现了汉密尔顿的个人观点[36]。”由汉密尔顿提出的宪法草案第九条第一款规定：“任何人除非现在是某个州的公民，或今后出生为美国公民，否则无资格担任美国总统”[註 10][37]。

1787年7月25日，约翰·杰伊致函制宪会议主席乔治·华盛顿：

请允许我暗示，对外国人进入我国政府行政部门进行严格审查，并明确宣布美国军队总司令职位不得授予或移交给任何非美国本土出生的公民，这是否明智且合时宜。[註 11][38][39]

细节委员会（英语：Committee of Detail）最初提议总统必须仅仅是公民，并居住满21年。但十一人委员会在收到杰伊的信件后，将“公民”改为“自然出生公民”，并将居住要求改为14年，且未提供任何记录解释。制宪会议未经进一步记录辩论即接受这一修改[33]。

自然出生公民条款的合宪性

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2012年，阿卜杜勒·卡里姆·哈桑提起数宗不成功的诉讼，声称美国宪法第十四修正案中的平等保护条款取代了自然出生公民条款；他认为自然出生公民身份是一种基于国籍的歧视[40]。

归化美国公民堅克·維吾爾曾寻求参加2024年民主党总统初选，但因提出与哈桑类似的论点，被排除在各州选票之外[41][42][43]。另一名归化美国公民希瓦·阿亚杜赖（英语：Shiva Ayyadurai）也曾寻求参加2024年美国总统选举，但他也提出了类似的论点而被排除在外[44]。

拟议的宪法修正案

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合理性

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条款的解释

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参选资格的挑战

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公众意见

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参见

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注释

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  1. ^ 虽然美国历史上共有47任总统，但真正担任过总统的则有45人。有两位总统的任期并非连续：格罗弗·克利夫兰同时是第22任和第24任美国总统，而唐纳德·特朗普同时是第45任和第47任美国总统。（截至2025年）
  2. ^ 《杜克法学期刊》的一篇文章指出：“由于逗号的位置问题，如果从字面上理解，这一条款似乎暗示只有在宪法通过时在世的人才有资格担任总统。然而，出于目的主义和结果主义的原因，该条款从未被这样解读过”。（"Because of the placement of the commas, this clause, if read literally, suggests that only individuals alive at the time the Constitution was adopted are eligible to be president. For purposive and consequentialist reasons, however, the clause never has been read that way."）[10]
  3. ^ 条款原文："All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside."
  4. ^ 原文：That the Children of all natural born Subjects born out of the Ligeance of Her Majesty Her Heires and Successors shall be deemed adjudged and taken to be natural born Subjects of this Kingdom to all Intents Constructions and Purposes whatsoever
  5. ^ 原文：for the explaining the said recited Clause in the said Act . . . [t]hat all Children born out of the Ligeance of the Crown of England, or of Great Britain, or which shall hereafter be born out of such Ligeance, whose Fathers were or shall be natural-born Subjects of the Crown of England, or of Great Britain, at the Time of the Birth of such Children respectively ... are hereby declared to be natural-born Subjects of the Crown of Great Britain, to all Intents, Constructions and Purposes whatsoever.
  6. ^ 原文：[A]ll persons born out of the legience of His Majesty, His Heirs, or Successors, who have ... or shall inhabit or reside for ... seven years or more in any of His Majesty's colonies in America ... shall be deemed, adjudged, and taken to be His Majesty's natural-born subjects of this Kingdom.
  7. ^ 原文：But by several more modern statutes ... all children, born out of the king's ligeance, whose fathers were natural-born subjects, are now natural-born subjects themselves, to all intents and purposes, without any exception; unless their said fathers were attainted, or banished beyond sea, for high treason; or were then in the service of a prince at enmity with Great Britain.
  8. ^ 原文："[I]f any of the King's Ambassadors in foreign nations, have children there of their wives, being English women, by the common laws of England they are natural-born subjects, and yet they are born out of the King's dominions."
  9. ^ 原文：Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Maryland—that the Marquis de laFayette and his Heirs male forever shall be and they and each of them are hereby deemed adjudged and taken to be natural born Citizens of this State and shall henceforth be entitled to all the Immunities, Rights and Privileges of natural born Citizens thereof ...
  10. ^ 原文："No person shall be eligible to the office of President of the United States unless he be now a Citizen of one of the States, or hereafter be born a Citizen of the United States."
  11. ^ 原文：Permit me to hint, whether it would not be wise and seasonable to provide a strong check to the admission of Foreigners into the administration of our national Government, and to declare expressly that the Command in chief of the American army shall not be given to, nor devolve on, any but a natural born Citizen.

参考资料

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  1. ^ Tucker, St. George. St. George Tucker, Blackstone's Commentaries 1:App. 316–s25, 328–29. 1803 [2016-04-10]. 
  2. ^ Williams, Pete. 'Natural Born' Issue for Ted Cruz Is Not Settled and Not Going Away. NBC News. 2016-01-19. The emerging consensus of the legal experts, however, is that being 'natural born' means becoming a citizen at the moment of birth, as opposed to achieving it later through the process of naturalization.... 
  3. ^ Maskell, Jack. Qualifications for President and the 'Natural Born' Citizenship Eligibility Requirement (PDF). Congressional Research Service: 2. 2011-11-14 [2012-02-25]. In addition to historical and textual analysis, numerous holdings and references in federal (and state) cases for more than a century have clearly indicated that those born in the United States and subject to its jurisdiction (i.e., not born to foreign diplomats or occupying military forces), even to alien parents, are citizens 'at birth' or 'by birth', and are 'natural born', as opposed to 'naturalized', U.S. citizens. There is no provision in the Constitution and no controlling American case law to support a contention that the citizenship of one's parents governs the eligibility of a native born U.S. citizen to be President. 
  4. ^ Ted Cruz wins citizenship case in Pennsylvania; stays on primary election ballot. The Morning Call. 2016-03-31. 
  5. ^ 引用错误：没有为名为MyUser_Law.justia.com_January_16_2016c的参考文献提供内容
  6. ^ Jon Meacham. Thomas Jefferson: The Art of Power需要免费注册. Random House Publishing Group. 2012-01-13: 6–7. ISBN 978-0-679-64536-8. 
  7. ^ 引用错误：没有为名为Pilon的参考文献提供内容
  8. ^ Tokaji, Daniel. The Justiciability of Eligibility: May Courts Decide Who Can Be President?. Michigan Law Review, First Impressions. 2008, 107: 31. 
  9. ^ Gordon, Charles. Who can be President of the United States: The Unresolved Enigma. Maryland Law Review (Baltimore Maryland: Maryland Law Review, Inc. University of Maryland School of Law). 1968, 28 (1): 1–32 [2012-10-08]. 
  10. ^ Bradley, Curtis A.; Siegel, Neil. CONSTRUCTED CONSTRAINT AND THE CONSTITUTIONAL TEXT. Duke Law Journal. April 2015, 64 (7): 1243 (footnote 130). 
  11. ^ 任东来; 陈伟; 白雪峰; Charles J. McClain; Laurene Wu McClain. 美国宪政历程：影响美国的25个司法大案. 中国法制出版社. 2004年1月: 565-567. ISBN 7-80182-138-6. 
  12. ^ 李道揆. 美国政府和政治（下册）. 商务印书馆. 1999: 775–799. 
  13. ^ Coke, Edward. The reports of Sir Edward Coke, knt. [1572-1617]. In thirteen parts. A new ed., with additional notes and references, and with abstracts of the principal points. London. 2018-03-26. hdl:2027/nyp.33433009487145 –通过babel.hathitrust.org/. 
  14. ^ Great Britain, Statutes of the Realm, Vol. 9, p. 63 (London, Dawsons of Pall Mall 1822, reprinted 1962).
  15. ^ Piggott, Francis. Nationality and Naturalization. W. Clowes and Sons. 1907: 48–50. 
  16. ^ 16.0 16.1 McManamon, Mary. "The Natural Born Citizen Clause as Originally Understood", Catholic University Law Review, v. 64, no. 2 (2015).
  17. ^ William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England, Vol. 1, p. 363 (Oxford, The Clarendon Press 1765)
  18. ^ Biglieri, Ezio; Prati, G. Encyclopedia of Public International Law. Elsevier. 2014: 54. ISBN 978-1-4832-9477-3. 
  19. ^ British Nationality Act, 1730. United Settlement. [2016-03-03]. 
  20. ^ Cohen, Elizabeth. "Citizenship and the Law of Time in the United States", Duke Journal of Constitutional Law & Public Policy, Vol. 8, p. 67 n. 59 (2013).
  21. ^ 21.0 21.1 Blackstone, William. Commentaries on the Laws of England, Vol. 1, p. 354 (Oxford, The Clarendon Press 1765).
  22. ^ Dann, Carrie. "Yes, Ted Cruz Was Born in Canada. So What?", NBC News (2015-03-26).
  23. ^ Blackstone, William. "Commentaries on the Laws of England", Vol. 1, p. 373 (Oxford, The Clarendon Press, 7th ed. 1775).
  24. ^ Plowden, Francis. "An Investigation of the Native Rights of British Subjects", pp. 74, 161-62 (London, Baldwin, Whieldon & Debrett 1784).
  25. ^ Plowden, Francis. "A Supplement to the Investigation of the Native Rights of British Subjects", p. 134 (London, Baldwin, Whieldon & Debrett 1785).
  26. ^ 7 Coke Report 1a, 77 ER 377 (1608), Opinion of Edward Coke.
  27. ^ Edwards, F. B. "Natural-Born British Subjects at Common Law", Journal of the Society of Comparative Legislation, Vol. 14, p. 318 (1914).
  28. ^ Maskell, Jack. Qualifications for President and the 'Natural Born' Citizenship Eligibility Requirement (PDF). CRS Report for Congress: 31–32. 2011. 
  29. ^ Johnson, Samuel. A Dictionary Of The English Language: In Which The Words are Deduced from Their Originals, And Illustrated in Their Different Significations By Examples from the Best Writers, To Which Are Prefixed, A History of the Language, And An English Grammar : In Two Volumes 2. Knapton. 1756: 180-181. 
  30. ^ Speare, Morris. Lafayette, Citizen of America (PDF). The New York Times. 1919-09-07. 
  31. ^ Riley, Elihu. "The Ancient City": A History of Annapolis, in Maryland, 1649-1887, p. 198 (Record Printing Office 1887).
  32. ^ Lee, Thomas. Is Ted Cruz a 'natural born Citizen'? Not if you're a constitutional originalist. Los Angeles Times. 2016-01-10. 
  33. ^ 33.0 33.1 Han, William. Beyond Presidential Eligibility: The Natural Born Citizen Clause as a Source of Birthright Citizenship. Drake Law Review. 2010, 58 (2): 462–463. 
  34. ^ Pryor, Jill A. "The Natural-Born Citizen Clause and Presidential Eligibility: An Approach for Resolving Two Hundred Years of Uncertainty". 97 Yale Law Journal 881, 889 (1988)互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2011-06-03.
  35. ^ Avalon Project - Madison Debates - June 18. avalon.law.yale.edu. 
  36. ^ 3 M. Farrand, The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, at 619.
  37. ^ 3 Farrand, at 629.
  38. ^ Heard, Alexander; Nelson, Michael (1987). Presidential Selection, Duke University Press. p. 123. [2011-04-24].
  39. ^ Columbia Digital Library Collections. wwwapp.cc.columbia.edu. 
  40. ^ Palazzolo, Joe. The Other Democratic Candidate. The Wall Street Journal. 2012-09-04. 
  41. ^ Rogers, Josh. State Ballot Law Commission upholds barring Cenk Uygur from NH Primary ballot. New Hampshire Public Radio. 2023-11-02. 
  42. ^ Timotija, Filip. Democratic presidential candidate Cenk Uygur raises more than $250K since campaign launch. The Hill. 2023-11-25. 
  43. ^ Thompson, Alexander. Federal judge rejects Turkey-born pundit's bid to get on SC presidential ballot. The Post and Courier. 2024-01-10. 
  44. ^ Fox, Joey. Ayyadurai, born in India, deemed ineligible for N.J. presidential ballot. New Jersey Globe. 2024-08-06. 

外部链接

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Natural Born Citizen Of The United States}} [[Category:美國憲法條款]] [[Category:美国公民]]

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