User:Dkzzl/西域
| Ducate of Antioch Δοῦκατον τῆς Ἀντιόχειας | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| the Byzantine Empire的Roman province | |||||||||||
| 970–1084/1182 | |||||||||||
 Duchy of Antioch in 1025, in dotted green | |||||||||||
| 國家 | the Byzantine Empire | ||||||||||
| 首府 | Antioch | ||||||||||
| 面积 | |||||||||||
• c. 975 | 76,700[1]平方公里（29,600平方英里） | ||||||||||
| 歷史時期 | Middle Ages | ||||||||||
| 28 October 969 | |||||||||||
• Creation of Ducate | 970 | ||||||||||
| December 969/January 970 | |||||||||||
• Seljuk Conquest | 1084 | ||||||||||
| 28 June 1098 | |||||||||||
| September 1108 | |||||||||||
• Treaty of Antioch | 1137 | ||||||||||
• 废除 | 1182 | ||||||||||
| |||||||||||
安条克都督领是拜占庭帝国的一个行政区域，由皇帝任命的“都督（古希臘語：δούξ）”或称“首领（古希臘語：κατεπάνω）”管辖。这一区划创建于970年帝国军队收复安条克之后，终结于1084年12月罗姆苏丹国的苏莱曼沙阿一世攻占安条克。之后第一次十字军攻占了安条克，博希蒙德在此建立安条克公国，1108年的《德沃尔条约》之后，拜占庭帝国承认其为帝国的“安条克都督”，这种关系断断续续地持续到1180年曼努埃尔一世死后。
历史
[编辑]历史背景
[编辑]公元前64年，庞培在征战之后将希腊化城市安条克及周边的奇里乞亚、叙利亚地区变作罗马共和国的行省。安条克接近波斯边境，有重要战略意义，同时又是塞琉古王朝的故都，其在罗马共和国与后来的帝国时期成为实际上的帝国东部首府。在四帝共治体制下，安条克成为东方管区总督所在地[2][3]。535年，查士丁尼一世废除了管区，该地区改由以君士坦丁堡为首府的东方大区直辖[4]。
634年，正统哈里发势力开始进攻拜占庭帝国，到638年，旧东方管区的辖地已被全部征服，安条克与奇里乞亚成为两大帝国对峙的前线，属于哈里发国的“要塞地带”[5]。拜占庭帝国方面，帝国的领土仅剩下东部大区的辖地及意大利，为了有效应对哈里发国的威胁，大区制度被废除，由新的军区制取代[6]。
征服
[编辑]
萨迈拉动乱期（861-870年）之后，阿拔斯哈里发国中央开始丧失许多埃米尔辖地的控制权，原本的地方总督开始独立行事，只在名义上承认哈里发的统治。944年，赫姆丹王朝的赛弗·道莱夺取了阿勒颇，自称埃米尔，并控制了安条克以及“要塞地带”的其余部分。他及他的后代与拜占庭帝国征战不断，拜占庭皇帝尼基弗罗斯二世于965年征服了奇里乞亚，将其划为塔尔苏斯、摩普绥提亚、帕迪安多斯、阿纳扎尔布斯等小军区[7]。
967年赛弗·道莱死后，赫姆丹王朝的势力迅速崩溃，969年10月，拜占庭的毛隆·奥罗斯（Mauron Oros）军区将军米海尔·布尔策斯违反皇帝的命令出兵军队攻占了安条克，结束了363年的穆斯林统治。由于他违抗命令，皇帝将他召回君士坦丁堡，安条克交给皇帝的表亲、利坎多斯军区将军尤斯塔西奥斯·马雷诺斯管理，帝国军队则向阿勒颇挺近[8]。同年晚些时候，帝国军队攻占了阿勒颇，与穆斯林势力签订了《色法尔条约》（时为969年12月或970年1月），阿勒颇与北叙利亚海岸仍由穆斯林统治，但成为拜占庭帝国的附庸国[9][10]。
创立与扩展
[编辑]
条约谈判进行之际，尼基弗罗斯二世被侄子约翰·齐米斯科斯（后来的约翰一世）刺杀，心怀不满的米海尔·布尔策斯也参与了阴谋，作为奖赏，他在970年下半年被任命为安条克的第一任“都督（δούξ）”，同时也管辖奇里乞亚、叙利亚的所有小军区，其中包括拥有骑兵部队的塔尔苏斯军区，以及其他可能包含骑兵的军区[11]。974与975年，约翰一世亲自率军攻打法蒂玛王朝，在新征服地区设立了更多的军区，同样归安条克都督管辖。安条克都督区一度向南延伸到位于戈兰高地的巴莱尼奥斯军区[12]。
976年约翰一世去世，恢复权力的巴西尔二世（976-1025年在位）依旧任命米海尔·布尔策斯为安条克都督。但几个月后，米海尔就加入了巴尔达斯·斯克勒罗斯领导的叛军。989年，米海尔再次被任命为安条克都督，直到995年因面对阿拉伯人进攻多次战败而被解职[13]，奥龙特斯河战役成为最后一根稻草。下一任都督是达米安·达拉瑟诺斯，他在998年7月19日对抗法蒂玛军队的阿帕梅亚战役中阵亡[14][15]。
达米安死后，曾在保加利亚作战的尼基弗罗斯·欧拉诺斯被任命为安条克都督[16]。在任上他多次与巴西尔二世协同作战，以稳定其辖区的局势，并参与了帝国向伊比利亚人王国方向的扩张。后来他获得了全权指挥东部边境的帝国军队的权力，一枚印章显示他拥有“东部之主（ὁ κρατῶν τῆς Ἀνατολῆς）”的头衔[17][18]。
终结
[编辑]之后几位都督没有留下太多记载，下一位有名的都督是前总督达米安·达拉瑟诺斯之子君士坦丁·达拉瑟诺斯，他于1024-1025年在任[19]。1055年，卡塔卡隆·凯考梅诺斯 成为安条克都督[20]，1062-63年，日后成为米海尔七世（1071-1078年在位）主政大臣的尼基弗里策斯担任此职[21]。1071年关键的曼奇科特战役之后，约瑟夫·塔尔哈内奥特斯被任命为新任都督[22]。 此后的七年中，安条克民众曾多次动乱，但被伊萨克·科穆宁镇压[23]。
安条克动乱的同期，将领菲拉莱托斯·布拉哈米奥斯在罗曼努斯四世（1068-1071年在位）在这一区域叛乱并自立为帝。1078年，尼基弗罗斯三世（1078-1081年在位）授予他安条克都督的职位，换取他取消帝号[24]。他也成为最后一任安条克都督，因为1084年12月罗姆苏丹国苏丹苏莱曼沙阿一世攻占了安条克。
十字军时代
[编辑]第一次十字军东征
[编辑]1095年，拜占庭皇帝阿莱克修斯一世向拉丁西欧求援，以求自罗姆苏丹国手中收复安纳托利亚，这一求援最终演变为第一次十字军东征，最初十字军领袖承诺将征服的土地还给拜占庭帝国[25]，但双方在安条克围城战中产生嫌隙，博希蒙德占据了安条克并拒绝将其交还帝国，理由是阿莱克修斯在围城战中的所谓“背叛”使得十字军的誓言无效[26]。其他十字军领袖不情愿地接受了博希蒙德对安条克的统治。此后十年中，博希蒙德与侄子坦克雷德在叙利亚与奇里乞亚与拜占庭与塞尔柱势力征战，大大扩展了领土。阿莱克修斯拒绝承认博希蒙德为安条克的独立君主，认为他违背誓言，拒绝交还过去属于安条克都督领的帝国领土[27]。1107年博希蒙德大举进攻帝国，但在都拉齐翁之围中失败，被迫与帝国签订条约。
德沃尔条约（1108年）
[编辑].png)
双方签订了《德沃尔条约》，博希蒙德成为阿莱克修斯的附庸，并被授予荣誉头衔“可敬者（σεβαστός）”。阿莱克修斯承认博希蒙德为帝国的安条克与埃德萨都督（非世袭），以此认可了博希蒙德的实际统治。旧的安条克都督领被一分为三，博希蒙德保留安条克及周边地区，北部的奇里乞亚与南部的老底嘉（今拉塔基亚）划归帝国，成为独立的都督领[28]。作为补偿，博希蒙德被授予了东部叙利亚与美索不达米亚的土地，尽管这些土地并不受帝国或十字军控制[29][30]。
博希蒙德承诺将让侄子坦克雷德也接受这些条款，甚至不惜使用武力，在他与阿莱克修斯的设想中，安条克将在博希蒙德死后被帝国收回，坦克雷德则保留埃德萨[31]。然而博希蒙德并未回到安条克确保条约的执行，1111年死在意大利；坦克雷德1109年被赶出埃德萨，他拒绝接受条约，因为如果交出安条克他将失去所有领地[32]。 坦克雷德死于1112年，阿莱克修斯死于1118年，生前没有来得及用武力解决问题，于是安条克问题仍然悬而未决[33]。
约翰二世时期
[编辑]德沃尔条约中，博希蒙德不仅向阿莱克修斯，还向其子共治皇帝约翰二世宣誓效忠。约翰二世顺利继位后，设想以联姻手段收回安条克，1118/19年，他提议让自己的儿子与共治皇帝阿莱克修斯与安条克摄政萨勒诺的罗杰之女结婚，但1119年罗杰去世，继任的摄政耶路撒冷国王鲍德温二世则于1123年被俘，婚事最终没有实现。
1130年博希蒙德之子博希蒙德二世去世，尚在襁褓中的女儿安条克的康斯坦斯继承了安条克，约翰皇帝又提议让康斯坦斯与自己的幼子曼努埃尔结婚[34]。约翰计划在四个儿子间分割帝国，让曼努埃尔统治安条克与塞浦路斯、安塔利亚。这一计划最终仍然落空，康斯坦斯于1136年嫁给普瓦捷的雷蒙。
The following year John campaigned against the Armenian Kingdom Cilicia who had entered into an anti-imperial alliance with Raymond.[35] After re-establishing control over Cilicia, John moved south, permanently annexing the Antochian lands north of the Syrian Gates.[36] Finally, Antioch was put under imperial blockade.[37] Raymond was eventually pressured to meet John in person and a new agreement was made re-asserting Byzantine vassalage over Antioch.[38] Raymond promised to cede the ducate to John upon the planned conquest of Aleppo and surrounding cities which in turn would be ruled by Raymond.[39] In 1118, John campaigned with Raymond in Syria in order to fufill the treaty by conquering the territories promised to Raymond. Forts and minor cities were captured, with Atarib and Kafartab granted to the principality, however Aleppo could not be taken so Raymond was not obliged to hand over Antioch to the emperor.[40]
In 1142, Raymond requested imperial aid against Imad al-Din Zengi in Aleppo and John obliged, seeing a campaign as another opportunity for acquiring the ducate.[41] He arrived in the region in Autumn and demanded Raymond hand over Antioch in order to secure the conquest of Aleppo for Raymond, but the Antiochians refused.[42] As it was too late in the year for a campaign against either Antioch or Aleppo, John was forced to accept this temproary refusal until the next year, however the emperor died in April 1143.
曼努埃尔一世时期
[编辑]Manuel succeeded his father and would eventually secure a more enduring agreement with the Antiochian princes. Manuel, who was with John in Cilicia, had to abandon his father's planned campaign in order to secure his ascension to the throne by hurrying back to Constantinople, so Antioch remained under Raymond's control. However, after the Fall of Edessa (1144), Raymond visited Constantinople and paid homage to the emperor in person, confirming his status as an imperial subject. In 1158, Manuel visited Antioch in triumph and the new prince Raynald of Châtillon again submitted to the emperor.[43] Imperial suzerainity was then cemented by Manuel's marriage to Raynald's step-daughter Maria of Antioch in 1161, and the marriage of Manuel's grandniece Theodora Komnene to Raynald's step-son Bohemond III of Antioch in 1177.[44]
Manuel died in 1180, succeeded by his and Maria's young son Alexios II Komnenos. With an Antiochian princess as regent and a half-Antiochian emperor on the throne, there was hope for a final Byzantine-Antiochian union. However, in a wave of anti-Latin sentiment, Manuel's cousin Andronikos I Komnenos murdered both Maria and Alexios and took the throne. Although Bohemond had divorced Theodora soon after Manuel's death, with the murder of his sister Bohemond broke all ties with the empire and campaigned against imperial holdings in Cilicia. The subsequent two decades of chaos within the empire meant that Byzantium was never again in a position to force vassalage upon the Antiochians.[45]
安条克都督列表
[编辑]| Doux | Term of office | Notes | Titles | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
 Byzantine Antioch[46]
| ||||
 Appointed by Nikephoros II Phokas (963–969)
| ||||
| Eustathios Maleinos | 969 | 970 |
|
Strategos of Antioch and Lykandos |
 Appointed by John I Tzimiskes (969–976)
| ||||
| Michael Bourtzes | 970 |
|
Proedros | |
 Appointed by Basil II (976–1025)
| ||||
| Michael Bourtzes | 976 | Second Appointment | Proedros | |
| Leo Melissenos | 985 | 986 | ||
| Bardas Phokas the Younger | 986 | 987 | Doux of the East | |
| Leo Phokas the Younger | 987 | 989 | ||
| Romanos Skleros? | 约990 | 约991 | ||
| Michael Bourtzes | 约989 | 995 |
|
Proedros |
| Damian Dalassenos | 995 | 998 | Killed in action at the Battle of Apamea (998) | Doux of the East
Patrikios or Magistros |
| Nikephoros Ouranos | 998 | 1007
/1011 |
Imperial viceroy of the east stationed at Antioch | Krator of the East
Magistros |
| Pankratios | 约1000 | Protospatharios | ||
| Michael | 1011 | Koitonites | ||
| Constantine Dalassenos | 1024 | 1025 | Son of Damian | Patrikios |
 Appointed by Constantine VIII (1025–1028)
| ||||
| Michael Spondyles | 1026 | 1029 | Defeated by the Mirdasid emir of Aleppo | Patrikios |
 Appointed by Romanos III Argyros (1028–1034)
| ||||
| Pothos Argyros | 约1029 | |||
| Constantine Karantenos | 1029 | 1030 | Patrikios | |
| Niketas of Mistheia | Autumn 1030 | 1032 | Patrikios
Rector | |
| Theophylact Dalassenos | 约1032 | 约1034 |
|
Anthypatos
Patrikios |
 Appointed by Michael IV (1034–1041)
| ||||
| Niketas | 1034 | Brother of Michael IV | Proedros | |
| Leo | 约1037 | Anthypatos
Patrikios Vestes | ||
| Constantine | 1037/1038 | Brother of Michael IV | ||
| Basil Pediadites | 约1038 | 约1041 | Vestes | |
| Stephen | 约1040 | Vestarches | ||
.png){kind=small} Appointed by Constantine IX Monomachos (1042–1055)
| ||||
| Gregory | 约1042 | 约1054 | Vestarches | |
| Michael Iasites | 约1047 | Magistros | ||
Michael Kontostephanos |
约1055 | Kouropalates | ||
| Constantine Bourtzes | 约1052 | Magistros | ||
| Romanos Skleros | 约1054 | 约1055 | Proedros | |
| Appointed by Theodora Porphryogentia (1055–1056)
| ||||
| Katakalon Kekaumenos | 约1056 | Magistros | ||
 Appointed by Isaac I Komnenos (1057–1059)
| ||||
| Michael Ouranos | 1056 | 1057 | ||
.png)
Romanos Skleros |
约1057 | 约1058 | Reinstated as doux by Isaac as reward for loyalty | Stratopedarches of the East
Proedros |
| Adrianos | 1059 | |||
 Appointed by Constantine X Doukas (1059–1067)
| ||||
.png)
|
约1060 | 约1061 | Joint command of Antioch and Edessa | Doux of Antioch and Edessa
Magistros Vestarches |
| Nikephoritzes | 1062 | 1063 | Sebastophoros | |
| Bekh | 约1065 | |||
| John | 约1060s | |||
| Nikephoritzes | 1067 | Second Appointment | Sebastophoros | |
|
|
1067 | 1068 | Second Appointment | Proedros |
 Appointed by Romanos IV Diogenes (1068–1071)
| ||||
| Peter Libellisios | 1068 | 1069 | Magistros | |
| Constantine | 约1069 | Protokouropalates | ||
| Chatatourios | 约1069 | 1072
(disputed) |
|
|
| Appointed by Michael VII Doukas (1071–1078)
| ||||
| Joseph Tarchaneiotes | 1072 | 1074 | Proedros | |
| Katakalon Tarchaneiotes | 1074 | Son of Joseph | ||
(约1050–1102/1104) |
1074 | 1078 | Domestic of the Schools of the East
Protopedros | |
| Michael Maurex | 约1078 | Kouropalates | ||
| Vasakios Pahlavouni | 约1078 | |||
 Appointed by Nikephoros III (1078–1081)
| ||||
|
1078/1079 | 1084 |
|
Domestic of the Schools of the East
Protosebastos |
.svg){kind=small} Crusader Antioch
| ||||
.png){kind=small} Recognised by Alexios I Komnenos (1081–1118)
| ||||
| Bohemond I of Antioch
(约1054–1111) |
de facto
1098 de jure 1108 |
1111 |
|
Prince of Antioch
Sebastos |
| Bohemond II of Antioch
(约1107–1130) |
1111 | 1130 |
|
Prince of Antioch |
 Recognised by John II Komnenos (1118–1143)
| ||||
| Raymond of Poitiers
(约1105–1149) |
1137 | 1149 |
|
Prince of Antioch |
 Recognised by Manuel I Komnenos (1143–1180)
| ||||
 Raynald of Châtillon
(约1124–1187) |
1153 | 1161/
1162 |
|
Prince of Antioch |
 Bohemond III of Antioch
(约1148–1201) |
1163 | 1082 |
|
Prince of Antioch |
注释
[编辑]^α The treaty stipulated that Bohemond had the right to bequeath the ducate of Edessa to someone else provided they also became subjects of the emperor. It is likely that Alexios included this term in the treaty so that Bohemond could establish Tancred as the doux of Edessa. (Todt 2000, pp. 496-497)
^β The identity of the imperial bridegroom is unknown. The embassy is recorded by the English chronicler Orderic Vitalis who claims it was Alexios I wanting a bride for John II, but John at the time was already married to Irene of Hungary as were all of John's brothers, so it had to be one of John's sons. Orderic's confusion between Alexios I and his grandson, as well as Alexios being John's eldest son and co-emperor makes him the likely candidate.[47] Moreover, Alexios' marriage to Dobrodeia of Kiev 约1123 only after negotations with Antioch failed also points to Alexios as the bridegroom.
^γ John Kinnamos (I.10) reports that Manuel was to receive Antioch, Cilicia, Cyprus and Attaleia without mention of John's other sons. An anonymous short chronicle assigns Rome to Alexios, Jerusalem to Andronikos, "elswhere" to Isaac and Manuel in Constantinople with John. Jerusalem implies Andronikos would rule over all the Crusader states, but whether Antioch would be included is unknown, as is the extent of Isaac and Manuel's domains. The assignment of Manuel to Constantinople rather than Antioch in the short chronicle likely is the rest of Manuel's propaganda justifying his ascession to the throne over his brothers.[48]
^δ It is possible that duringt this visit Raymond was officialy recognised by Manuel as Prince of Antioch (古希臘語：πριγκιπάτον Ἀντιοχείας), as Byzantine chronicles from Manuels' reign refer to Raymond and his successors as such.[49]
引用
[编辑]- ^ Salas 2024, p. 391
- ^ Kazhdan 1991，第1533–1534頁.
- ^ Giftopoulou, Sofia. Diocese of Oriens (Byzantium). Encyclopaedia of the Hellenic World, Asia Minor. Foundation of the Hellenic World. 2005 [14 November 2013]. （原始内容存档于10 June 2015）.
- ^ Bury, John Bagnell. History of the Later Roman Empire: From the Death of Theodosius I to the Death of Justinian, Vol. II. London: Dover Publications. 2013: 339 [1923]. ISBN 978-0486143392.
- ^ Nicolle 1994，第87頁.
- ^ Kazhdan 1991，第2034–2035頁
- ^ Salas 2024, pp. 448, 472-473, 475 and 479-480.
- ^ Holmes (2005，第337頁)
- ^ Holmes (2005，第331–334頁)
- ^ Whittow (1996，第354頁)
- ^ Treadgold (1995，第115頁)
- ^ Salas 2024, p. 452.
- ^ Encyclopaedia of the Hellenic World, Asia Minor. asiaminor.ehw.gr. [20 November 2014].
- ^ Trombley (1997，第270頁)
- ^ Holmes (2005，第349頁)
- ^ Holmes (2005，第166–167頁)
- ^ Magdalino (2003，第88頁)
- ^ Holmes (2005，第350–351頁)
- ^ Kazhdan (1991，第578頁)
- ^ Kazhdan (1991，第1113頁)
- ^ Kazhdan (1991，第1475頁)
- ^ Kazhdan (1991，第2011頁)
- ^ Kazhdan (1991，第1144頁)
- ^ Finlay (1854，第50頁)
- ^ Runciman 1951, p. 170.
- ^ Asbridge 2000, pp. 34-43.
- ^ Asbridge 2000, p. 132.
- ^ Todt 2000, pp. 495-496.
- ^ Salas 2024, p. 385.
- ^ The Alexiad/Book XIII - Wikisource, the free online library. en.wikisource.org. [2025-05-24] （英语）.
- ^ Todt 2000, pp. 496-497.
- ^ Buck 2017, p. 189.
- ^ Todt 2000, p. 498.
- ^ John Kinnamos, I.7.
- ^ Lau 2023, p. 209.
- ^ Lau 2023, p. 246.
- ^ Lau 2023, pp. 217-221.
- ^ Buck 2017, pp. 191, 193-195.
- ^ Buck 2017, p. 194.
- ^ Lau 2023, pp. 235-240.
- ^ Lau 2023, 263-264.
- ^ Lau 2023, 264-265.
- ^ Buck 2017, pp. 200-201.
- ^ Buck 2017, pp. 204-206, 213.
- ^ Buck 2017, pp. 214-216.
- ^ Nesbitt & Oikonomides (2005，第22-23頁)
- ^ Asbridge 2000, pp. 100-101.
- ^ Lau 2023, p. 262-264.
- ^ Raymond of Poitiers, prince of Antioch. Prosopography of the Byzantine World. [2025-05-24] （英语）.
来源
[编辑]一手史料
- Anna Komnene. Alexiad trans. E. A. S. Dawes. Routledge 1928.
- John Kinnamos. Deeds of John and Manuel Komnenos trans. C. M. Brand. New York 1976.
二手史料
- Asbridge, Thomas S. (2000). The creation of the Principality of Antioch : 1098–1130. The Boydell Press.
- Buck, Andrew D. (2017) The Principality of Antioch and its Frontiers in the Twelfth Century Cambridge University Press.
- Finlay, George. History of the Byzantine and Greek Empires from 1057 - 1453. Edinburgh: William Blackwood & Sons. 1854.
- Holmes, Catherine. Basil II and the Governance of Empire (976–1025). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2005. ISBN 978-0-19-927968-5.
- Kazhdan, Alexander Petrovich. The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1991. ISBN 0-19-504652-8.
- Lau, Maximilian C. G. (2023). Emperor John II Komnenos: Rebuilding New Rome 1118-1143. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-888867-3.
- Magdalino, Paul. Byzantium in the Year 1000. Leida: Brill. 2003. ISBN 90-04-12097-1.
- Nesbitt, John W.; Oikonomides, Nicolas. Catalogue of Byzantine Seals at Dumbarton Oaks and in the Fogg Museum of Art: The East (continued), Constantinople and environs, unknown locations, addenda, uncertain readings. Washington: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection. 2005. ISBN 0-88402-226-9.
- Nicolle, David. Yarmuk 636 A.D.: The Muslim Conquest of Syria. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. 1994. ISBN 9781855324145.
- Norwich, John Julius. A Short History of Byzantium. New York: Vintage Books. 1997. ISBN 978-0-67-977269-9.
- Runciman, Steven (1951).The History of the Crusades Volume I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Cambridge University Press.
- Salas, Brian William (2024). The Strategides and Themes: A Quantitative Approach to the Byzantine Empire's Administrative Structure. Unpublished PhD dissertation, University of Chicago.
- Todt, Klaus-Peter (2000). 'Antioch and Edessa in the so-called Treaty of Deabolis (September 1108),' ARAM Periodical 11-12, 1999-2000, pp. 485-501.
- Treadgold, Warren. Byzantium and Its Army, 284–1081. Stanford: Stanford University Press. 1995. ISBN 0-8047-2420-2.
- Trombley, Frank. The Taktika of Nikephoros Ouranos and Military Encyclopaedism. Binkley, Peter (编). Pre-Modern Encyclopaedic Texts: Proceedings of the Second COMERS Congress, Groningen, 1-4 July 1996. Brill. 1997. ISBN 978-90-04-10830-1.
- Whittow, Mark. The Making of Byzantium, 600–1025. Berkeley e Los Angeles: University of California Press. 1996. ISBN 0-520-20496-4.