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草稿:Wordle

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维基百科,自由的百科全书
Wordle
类型单词游戏英语word game
平台网页流動應用程式
开发商乔希·沃德尔英语Josh Wardle
发行商乔希·沃德尔(2021年—2022年)
纽约时报游戏英语The New York Times Games(2022年起)
模式单人
发行日2021年10月

Wordle》是由威尔士软件工程师乔希·沃德尔英语Josh Wardle开发的网页单词游戏英语word game。玩家在游戏内有六次机会猜出一个五字英语单词,而游戏会用颜色方块向玩家提示字母的有无和位置。游戏每天更新,而所有玩家需要猜的单词一样。沃德尔受Jotto英语Jotto等单词游戏和美国游戏节目《Lingo英语Lingo (American game show)》启发,创作此游戏。

沃德尔起初只为自己和妻子开发《Wordle》,但于2021年10月公开发布此游戏。2021年晚,游戏新增绘文字格式的结果分享功能后,在社交媒体上爆红。爆火也让游戏催生诸多翻版、语言改编和规则各异的仿制作品。2023年,此游戏有48亿游玩次数。

2022年1月,紐約時報公司以“七位数低价”收购《Wordle》。[1]游戏依然免费,但也发生修改,比如删除冒犯性和政治敏感单词,以及添加账号系统和统计记录。其后,《Wordle》加入《纽约时报填字游戏》(New York Times Crossword),并添加可供玩家分析游戏的WordleBot。2022年11月,特蕾西·本内特英语Tracy Bennett担任第一任游戏编辑,负责完善词库和挑选应节单词。

游戏玩法

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四个英语单词ARISE、ROUTE、RULES、REBUS。每个单词为一行,而每个字母下有颜色方块。A、I、O、T、L下有灰色方块。ARISE的R、S、E;ROUTE的U、E;和RULES的U、E下有黄色方块。ROUTE的R;RULES的R、S;和REBUS的所有字母下有绿色方块。
用四次尝试完成Wordle #196
文字“Wordle 196 4/6”,下面有四行绘文字方格,每行五个:白色、黄色、白色、黄色、黄色;绿色、白色、黄色、白色、黄色;绿色、黄色、白色、黄色、绿色;绿色、绿色、绿色、绿色、绿色。
上面Wordle游戏的绘文字版本。文字版本:
Wordle 196 4/6
⬜️🟨⬜️🟨🟨
🟩⬜️🟨⬜️🟨
🟩🟨⬜️🟨🟩
🟩🟩🟩🟩🟩

玩家需要在六次尝试以内猜出一个五字母英语单词,而游戏会每天更新单词。[2]玩家每次输入单词后,游戏会为字母标上颜色,指引玩家:绿色代表字母位置正确;黄色代表字母在单词内,但位置错误;灰色代表字母不在单词内。[3][4]如果单词含有多个相同字母(如“robot”中的“o”),则只有答案也包含多个该字母时,第一以后的字母才会标为绿色或黄色;如果该字母在答案中只出现一次,则第一以后的字母会标为灰色。[5]

《Wordle》的答案由2309个单词内抽取而来。[6]游戏遵循美式英语拼写,导致美国以外的玩家投诉有不公平之嫌(如用“favor”,而不用英式的“favour”)。[7][8]游戏也提供“困难模式”,强制要求玩家在后续猜测中使用先前出现的绿色和黄色提示。[9]所有玩家在一天内需要猜出的单词相同。[10]此外,游戏也提供夜間模式色盲玩家可用的高对比模式:在此模式下,绿色和黄色分别改为橙色和蓝色。[9][11]

《Wordle》在概念和风格上,与1955年纸笔游戏Jotto英语Jotto和美国游戏节目系列《Lingo英语Lingo (American game show)》类似。[12][13]游戏玩法与两人游戏文字珠璣妙算相似, [14][15]也与1A2B相近,但《Wordle》还会指出哪些字母正确。[16][17][18]

根据《纽约时报》收集的数据,玩家最常用“adieu”、“audio”、“stare”、“raise”或“arise”开始游戏,[19][20]但玩家如果用“adieu”或“audio”开始,则需要的尝试一般比以“slate”、“crane”或“trace”开始的玩家需要的还多。[21]电脑算法可以稳定在五次尝试以内猜出单词。[22]

历史

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早期开发

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In 2013, Josh Wardle英语Josh Wardle created an early prototype of Wordle, initially calling it Mr. Bugs' Wordy Nugz.[23] Inspired by the color-matching mechanics of Mastermind,[24][25] the prototype allowed players to solve puzzles consecutively.[26] Originally, the game included all 13,000 five-letter words in the English language, but Wardle found that his partner, Palak Shah, struggled with many obscure words; this made guessing feel as random as it did in Mastermind. To improve the experience, he had Shah filter the list, reducing it to about 2,000 more familiar words—enough to last roughly five years at one puzzle per day.[24] She categorized words into those she knew, those she didn't, and those she might have known.[26] By 2014, Wardle had completed the prototype but eventually lost interest and set it aside.[24]

In the years that followed, Wardle created the online social experiments The Button and Place while working for Reddit.[16][24] When the COVID-19 pandemic struck, he and his partner "got really into" The New York Times's Spelling Bee英语The New York Times Spelling Bee and daily crossword puzzle英语The New York Times crossword puzzle.[16][26] This reignited his interest in Wordle, and he drew inspiration from Spelling Bee's minimalist web design and its one-puzzle-per-day format. By January 2021, Wardle had published Wordle on the web, shared only with himself and his partner. He named it Wordle as a pun on his surname.[16]

爆红

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Later he shared it with his relatives, where it "rapidly became an obsession" for them.[16][24] Over the next few months, he introduced the game to close friends, and by mid-October 2021, it began spreading virally.[24] At one point, Wardle discovered that a group of friends in New Zealand had developed an emoji-style display for sharing their results. Inspired by this, he incorporated the feature into the game.[27][26] After adding the sharing function, Wordle became a viral phenomenon on Twitter in late December 2021.[28][3][29]

Subsequently, the game's player base rose greatly: from 90 players on November 1, 2021 to over 300,000 by January 2, 2022,[16] and more than 2 million a week later.[30] Between January 1 and 13, 1.2 million Wordle results were shared on Twitter.[27] Several media outlets, including CNET and The Indian Express, attributed the game's popularity to its daily puzzle format.[31][3] Wardle suggested that having one puzzle per day creates a sense of scarcity, leaving players wanting more; he said it encourages players to spend only three minutes on the game each day.[16] He also noted some subtler details about the game, such as the game's keyboard changing to reflect the game state, as reasons for players' enjoyment.[26] Despite its viral success, Wardle stated he had no plans to monetize the game, emphasizing, "It's not trying to do anything shady with your data or your eyeballs ... It's just a game that's fun."[32][25] In an interview on BBC Radio 4's Today英语Today (BBC Radio 4), Wardle stated that he does not know each day's word so he can still enjoy playing the game himself.[33]

Separately, a completely unrelated game called Wordle! by Steven Cravotta—released on the App Store five years before Wardle's Wordle—experienced a surge in downloads due to name confusion. Between January 5 and 12, 2022, Cravotta's game was downloaded over 200,000 times.[34][35] Recognizing that many users mistakenly believed it to be Wardle's game, Cravotta partnered with Wardle to donate $50,000 in proceeds to Boost, a tutoring charity for Oakland, California, schoolchildren.[36][37] Google Search also created an Easter egg when one searches for "Wordle", with the site's logo becoming an animated game of Wordle to find the word "Google".[38] To prevent spoilers, Twitter blocked an auto-reply bot that had been posting the next day's answer in response to players' results.[39]

纽约时报公司收购

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On January 31, 2022, the New York Times Company, the parent company of the New York Times, acquired Wordle from Wardle for an "undisclosed price in the low-seven figures."[1] Wardle explained that the overwhelming attention he and his partner had received in the preceding months made them uncomfortable. He was also reluctant to spend time combating the many Wordle clones that had emerged. "It felt really complicated to me, really unpleasant," he said, adding that selling the game allowed him to "walk away from all of that."[24] Jonathan Knight, head of the New York Times games department, first reached out to Wardle on January 5, 2022, just two days after Wordle was featured in a New York Times article. The acquisition was finalized by the end of the month, with chief product officer Alex Hardiman stating, "I don't think I've ever seen us move on an acquisition this fast."[40] Vanity Fair reported that the New York Times narrowly outbid The Washington Post to acquire the game.[40]

The New York Times planned to integrate Wordle into its digital puzzle offerings, alongside its crossword and Spelling Bee, as part of its goal to reach 10 million digital subscribers by 2025. The company assured players that the game would initially remain free and that no changes would be made to its core gameplay.[1][41][42] However, fans worried that Wordle would eventually be placed behind a paywall.[43] Due to these concerns, some players downloaded the webpage to preserve offline access, as Wordle operates entirely through client-side JavaScript.[44][45] On February 10, Wordle officially moved to The New York Times website, with player statistics carried over. However, some users reported that their daily streaks had reset after the transition.[46] To integrate the game into the New York Times online platform, developers rebuilt it using React and introduced New York Times account login support as another way to track progress.[47]

As part of the transition, the New York Times removed certain words from Wordle's answer list that were deemed insensitive or offensive, including "slave" and "lynch," to make the game "accessible to more people." Additionally, they eliminated some British spelling variants, such as "fibre."[48] The New York Times also made real-time changes in response to current events, ensuring Wordle remained separate from the news. In May 2022, the word "fetus" was removed from the solution list following the leaked Supreme Court draft opinion on Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization.[49] By July 2022, a total of seven words had been removed from the original 2,315 Wordle answers, causing the New York Times version to become unsynchronized with older, cached versions of the game. This discrepancy made it difficult for players using different versions to compare scores.[48]

On August 24, 2022, Wordle was added to The New York Times Crossword app, with progress synced across mobile and desktop versions,[50] and on April 7, 2022, WordleBot was launched by the New York Times to give players information about how they completed their Wordle on that day, giving a luck and skill rating.[6] Some users felt that the WordleBot responses became patronizing and insulting as the analysis of a player's completed puzzle progressed.[51] According to the New York Times quarterly earnings report ending on March 31, 2022, the acquisition of Wordle brought "tens of millions" of new players to the New York Times puzzle site and app, many of whom continued to play the other puzzles offered by the New York Times.[52] Editors in the New York Times games department called the following months the "Hot Wordle Summer" due to further increases in players on their games app resulting from Wordle.[40]

In collaboration with the New York Times, Hasbro developed Wordle: The Party Game, a physical board game adaptation of the online game. Designed for two to four players, one participant selects a secret word each round while the others attempt to guess it, following Wordle's standard rules. The game was released in October 2022.[53][54]

编辑

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In November 2022, The New York Times appointed Tracy Bennett英语Tracy Bennett as Wordle's dedicated editor, responsible for selecting the daily word from a curated list.[55][56] Speaking to Today in January 2023, she explained that while the words are initially chosen at random, she reviews each selection for suitability. She removes words that have secondary meanings that could be considered profane or derogatory, as well as those that might be unintentionally hurtful or insensitive. She also avoids words that are particularly difficult to deduce due to having too many common letter combinations—such as found, where the first letter could be one of eight possibilities.[57]

The most frequent player complaints, she noted, stem from unfamiliar words, "parer", "rupee" and the U.S.-specific "condo". Bennett also introduced a new editorial approach by occasionally aligning the daily word with significant dates. For example, "BEGIN" was chosen on her first day as editor, "MEDAL" appeared on Veterans Day (November 11), and "FEAST" was selected for Thanksgiving (November 24). This thematic connection was not part of Wardle's original word list.[57] However, not all players welcomed this change. Slate's Lizzie O'Leary, for instance, argued that Wordle should "stay hard and weird," preferring the game's original unpredictability.[58]

使用

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In 2022, Wordle was the most-searched term on Google worldwide and in the United States.[59][60] The game's popularity also influenced Google search trends, as players frequently looked up the definitions of daily answers. Seven of the top ten most-searched word definitions that year—cacao, homer, canny, foray, trove, sauté, and tacit—were all Wordle solutions.[59][61]

At the March 2023 Game Developers Conference, New York Times producer Zoe Bell shared insights into Wordle's lasting impact on the company's other online games. While Wordle's player count peaked in March 2022 and later declined, it remained stable at about half of that peak a year later. More significantly, Wordle's popularity has driven increased engagement with other New York Times games, with daily player numbers continuing to rise as of March 2023.[47]

Reception and legacy

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Critical reception

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Wordle has garnered generally positive reviews. The Guardian gave it five out of five stars, lauding it as "a five-minute conundrum that slots pleasingly into even the most harried routine" and likening it to a daily newspaper puzzle.[62] PC Gamer rated it 80/100 and described it as "a fantastic, mesmerizing daily puzzle that's bundled to a community offering some of the best vibes on the internet".[63] Charlie Hall of Polygon criticized the game's board game adaptation, describing it as a "cut-and-paste job" that simply replicated the digital game's mechanics without adding meaningful enhancements for a multiplayer party setting.[64]

Adaptations and clones

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Following Wordle's rapid rise in early 2022, numerous clones emerged, some introducing novel twists to the game's logic. Absurdle英语Absurdle, created by British programmer qntm英语qntm, is an adversarial version where the target word changes after each guess while still adhering to previously revealed hints.[65] Other clones retained Wordle's mechanics but altered the word list, including translations into other languages and themed variations such as Sweardle (featuring swear words) and Weddle (focused on NFL players, named after former safety Eric Weddle英语Eric Weddle).[66][67] The game has also been ported to older hardware, with versions like GameBoy Wordle for the Game Boy,[68] Wordle DS for the Nintendo 3DS,[69] and a Nokia N-Gage adaptation.[70]

Beyond direct clones, many other games adopted the "-le" suffix to signal a connection to Wordle, even with significant gameplay differences. These include Semantle, where players guess words based on semantic similarity;[71][72] and Squabble英语Squabble (video game), a Wordle battle royale.[73] The game's success also spurred a wave of non-word-based variations, such as Worldle英语Worldle, where players identify a country or territory by its silhouette, with text hints indicating direction and distance from the correct answer;[74] Heardle英语Heardle, a music-identification game acquired by Spotify in July 2022;[75] Nerdle英语Nerdle, which involves solving an 8-digit mathematical equation;[76] Globle, where players guess a country on a map where guesses are colored based on the distance from the correct answer;[77] and Framed, where players identify a movie from a short clip. Some variants expanded Wordle's challenge by requiring players to solve multiple puzzles at once, such as Quordle, which involves solving four puzzles simultaneously and was acquired by Merriam-Webster in January 2023.[76]

A wave of ad-supported Wordle clones also appeared on Apple's App Store in early January 2022, often using the same name while making minimal changes to the gameplay.[78] However, by the end of the month, nearly all of these clones had been removed.[79] After acquiring Wordle, the New York Times moved to protect its intellectual property by filing a trademark application for the game's name[80][81] and issuing Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) takedown notices against GitHub repositories hosting clone source code.[82] In May 2024, The New York Times initiated legal action against Worldle, a location-based guessing game using a similar format, alleging trademark infringement. The developer of Worldle stated they would contest the claim.[83]

Others

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After Wordle gained viral popularity among English-speaking users in January 2022, it was quickly adapted into numerous other languages. An open-source version of the game, created by Hannah Park, was modified by linguist Aiden Pine to accommodate different character sets, enabling broader linguistic accessibility.[84] Pine also published a free step-by-step blog on how to create a custom Wordle.[85] By October 2024, the collaborative project Wordles of the World had documented 780 Wordle-inspired games and resources across 158 languages.[86] These include adaptations in historical and regional dialects, indigenous languages, languages without alphabetic writing systems (such as Chinese chengyu and American Sign Language), and even constructed languages like Klingon.[87][88]

See also

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References

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