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C++23

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C++23,正式名称ISO/IEC 14882:2024[1],是继C++20之后的C++编程语言开放标准。2020年2月,在布拉格举行的C++20最终会议上,通过了C++23的总体计划。[2][3]第一次针对C++23的WG21会议原定于2020年6月在瓦尔纳举行,但由于2019冠状病毒病疫情而被迫取消。[4][5]原定于2020年11月在纽约召开的会议也被取消。[6] 该标准于2023年2月由WG21在伊瑟阔举行的混合会议上从技术上最终确定。[7]

新的“Hello, world”示例

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C++23引入了一些新功能,新的Hello, world程序示例如下:

#include <print>

int main()
{
    std::println("Hello, world!");
}

特性

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被接受纳入 C++23 的变更包括:

语言特性

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  • 显式 this 对象参数[8]
  • if consteval[9]
  • 多维下标运算符[10]
  • 静态调用运算符、静态下标运算符和静态 lambda[11][12]
  • 简化隐式移动(implicit move)[13]
  • auto(x)auto{x} 初始化[14]
  • 新的预处理指令:
  • 在基于范围的 for 循环中延长某些临时对象的生命周期[17]
  • 新的标准属性 [[assume(expression)]][18]
  • 继承构造函数的类模板参数推导[19]
  • 复合语句(compound statement)末尾的标签(label)[20]
  • 初始化语句(init-statement)中允许别名声明(alias declaration)[21]
  • std::size_t 及其对应有符号类型添加字面量后缀[22]
  • 扩展浮点类型及其字面量(有条件支持)[23]
  • 允许可选省略零参数 lambda 表达式中的 ()[24]
  • Lambda 表达式上的属性支持[25]
  • constexpr 相关改动:
    • constexpr 函数中允许非字面量变量、标签(label)与 goto 语句[26]
    • 允许在 constexpr 函数中使用 staticthread_local 变量(只要可用于常量表达式)[27]
    • constexpr 函数不再要求返回类型与参数类型是字面量类型
    • 现在可以编写即使没有任何调用符合核心常量表达式要求的 constexpr 函数[28]
  • static_assertif constexpr 中的上下文收窄转换(contextual conversion)收窄到 bool[29]
  • 在行拼接(line splicing)之前修剪空白字符[30]
  • 强制声明顺序决定内存布局[31]
  • 分隔的转义序列(delimited escape sequences)[32]
  • 命名的通用字符转义(named universal character escapes)[33]
  • 文本编码相关变化:
    • 支持将 UTF-8 作为可移植的源文件编码[34]
    • 字符字面量编码一致性[35]
    • 字符集与编码相关说明[36]

标准库

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标准库模块支持

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协程库支持

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  • 用于范围的同步协程 std::generator[38]

通用工具支持

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  • 结果类型 std::expected[39]
  • std::optional[40]std::expected[41] 添加单子操作
  • 用于获取枚举底层值的工具函数 std::to_underlying[42]
  • 仅可移动的可调用包装器 std::move_only_function[43]
  • std::forward_like[44]
  • std::invoke_r[45]
  • std::bind_back[46]
  • std::byteswap[47]
  • std::unreachable:标记不可达代码的函数[48]
  • 使 std::tuple 与其他“类似元组”的对象兼容[49]
  • std::reference_wrapper 提供 std::basic_common_reference 特化以生成引用类型[50]
  • std::pair 的转发构造函数添加默认参数[51]

编译时支持

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  • 对以下内容添加 constexpr 支持:
    • std::type_info::operator==[52]
    • std::bitset[53]
    • std::unique_ptr[54]
    • 部分 <cmath> 函数[55]
    • std::to_charsstd::from_chars 的整型重载[56]
  • 元编程工具:
    • 类型特性 std::is_scoped_enum[57]std::is_implicit_lifetime[58]std::reference_constructs_from_temporarystd::reference_converts_from_temporary[59]
  • 为比较概念添加仅可移动类型支持[60]

注释

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  1. ^ ISO/IEC 14882:2024 Programming languages — C++. iso.org. 
  2. ^ 2020 Prague Meeting Invitation and Information (PDF). [2020-09-08]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2019-12-29). 
  3. ^ Author, Not Given. To boldly suggest an overall plan for C++23. www.open-std.org. 1968-01-01 [2020-09-08]. (原始内容存档于2020-05-23). 
  4. ^ P2145R0: Evolving C++ Remotely. www.open-std.org. [2020-09-08]. (原始内容存档于2021-03-01). 
  5. ^ Business Plan and Convener's Report: ISO/IEC JTC1/SC22/WG21 (C++) (PDF). [2020-09-08]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2021-10-23). 
  6. ^ Upcoming Meetings, Past Meetings : Standard C++. isocpp.org. [2020-09-08]. (原始内容存档于2020-09-07). 
  7. ^ C++23 "Pandemic Edition" is complete (Trip report: Winter ISO C++ standards meeting, Issaquah, WA, USA). herbsutter.com. 13 February 2023. 
  8. ^ Gašper Ažman; Sy Brand; Ben Deane; Barry Revzin. Deducing this. 2021-07-12. 
  9. ^ Barry Revzin; Richard Smith; Andrew Sutton; Daveed Vandevoorde. if consteval. 2021-03-22. 
  10. ^ Mark Hoemmen; Daisy Hollman; Corentin Jabot; Isabella Muerte; Christian Trott. Multidimensional subscript operator (PDF). 2021-09-14. 
  11. ^ static operator(). 2022-04-08. 
  12. ^ static operator[] (PDF). 2022-11-11. 
  13. ^ Simpler implicit move. 2022-03-23. 
  14. ^ Zhihao Yuan. auto(x): decay-copy in the language. 2021-07-12. 
  15. ^ Melanie Blower. Add support for preprocessing directives elifdef and elifndef (PDF). 2021-04-30. 
  16. ^ Aaron Ballman. Support for #warning (PDF). 2022-01-13. 
  17. ^ Wording for P2644R1 Fix for Range-based for Loop. 2022-11-11. 
  18. ^ Portable assumptions (PDF). 2022-04-22. 
  19. ^ Timur Doumler. Wording for class template argument deduction from inherited constructors (PDF). 2022-05-20. 
  20. ^ Labels at the end of compound statements (C compatibility) (PDF). 2022-01-13. 
  21. ^ Jens Maurer. Extend init-statement to allow alias-declaration. 2021-04-13. 
  22. ^ JeanHeyd Meneide; Rein Halbersma. Literal Suffix for (signed) size_t. 2019-11-24. 
  23. ^ Extended floating-point types and standard names. 2022-04-22. 
  24. ^ Alex Christensen; JF Bastien. P1102R2: Down with ()!. 2020-12-11. 
  25. ^ Attributes on Lambda-Expressions (PDF). 
  26. ^ Ville Voutilainen. Non-literal variables (and labels and gotos) in constexpr functions. 2021-07-12. 
  27. ^ Permitting static constexpr variables in constexpr functions. 2022-11-07. 
  28. ^ Relaxing some constexpr restrictions. 2022-01-27. 
  29. ^ Andrzej Krzemieński. Narrowing contextual conversions to bool. 2021-04-12. 
  30. ^ Corentin Jabot. Trimming whitespaces before line splicing (PDF). 2021-04-13. 
  31. ^ Pal Balog. Make declaration order layout mandated (PDF). 2021-04-02. 
  32. ^ Delimited escape sequences (PDF). 2022-02-25. 
  33. ^ Named universal character escapes. 2022-03-25. 
  34. ^ Support for UTF-8 as a portable source file encoding (PDF). 2022-07-01. 
  35. ^ Corentin Jabot. Consistent character literal encoding (PDF). 2021-09-14. 
  36. ^ Jens Maurer. Character sets and encodings. 2021-09-21. 
  37. ^ Standard Library Modules std and std.compat (PDF). 
  38. ^ (std::generator: Synchronous Coroutine Generator for Ranges) (PDF). 
  39. ^ Vicente Botet; JF Bastien; Jonathan Wakely. std::expected. 2022-01-07. 
  40. ^ Sy Brand. Monadic operations for std::optional. 2021-04-27. 
  41. ^ Jeff Garland. P2505R5 Monadic Functions for std::expected. 2022-09-28. 
  42. ^ JeanHeyd Meneide. std::to_underlying for enumerations. 2021-01-22. 
  43. ^ Matt Calabrese; Ryan McDougall. move_only_function. 2021-07-09. 
  44. ^ Gašper Ažman. std::forward_like (PDF). 2022-05-13. 
  45. ^ Zhihao Yuan. invoke_r. 2020-04-29. 
  46. ^ 引用错误:没有为名为range-adaptor的参考文献提供内容
  47. ^ Isabella Muerte; Corentin Jabot. Byteswapping for fun&&nuf. 2021-09-17. 
  48. ^ Melissa Mears; Jens Maurer. Function to mark unreachable code (PDF). 2021-10-15. 
  49. ^ Corentin Jabot. Compatibility between tuple, pair and tuple-like objects (PDF). 2022-07-15. 
  50. ^ Hui Xie; S. Levent Yilmaz; Tim Song. common_reference_t of reference_wrapper Should Be a Reference Type. 2023-02-07. 
  51. ^ Wording for P2644R1 Fix for Range-based for Loop. 2022-11-11. 
  52. ^ Peter Dimov. Making std::type_info::operator== constexpr. 2021-05-01. 
  53. ^ Daniil Goncharov. A more constexpr bitset (PDF). 2022-06-25. 
  54. ^ Andreas Fertig. Making std::unique_ptr constexpr (PDF). 2021-11-06. 
  55. ^ Edward J. Rosten; Oliver J. Rosten. constexpr for <cmath> and <cstdlib> (PDF). 2021-11-12. 
  56. ^ Daniil Goncharov; Alexander Karaev. Add Constexpr Modifiers to Functions to_chars and from_chars for Integral Types in <charconv> Header (PDF). 2021-09-18. 
  57. ^ Juan Alday. A proposal for a type trait to detect scoped enumerations (PDF). 2020-10-12. 
  58. ^ Timur Doumler; Vittorio Romeo. A trait for implicit lifetime types (PDF). 2022-11-11. 
  59. ^ Tim Song. A type trait to detect reference binding to temporary. 2021-10-13. 
  60. ^ Justin Bassett. Move-only types for equality_comparable_with, totally_ordered_with, and three_way_comparable_with (PDF). 2022-07-02. 

另见

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