黎巴嫩化
黎巴嫩化 （希伯來語：לבנוניזציה；阿拉伯语：اللًَبْنَنَة） 是一個負面政治術語，指一個繁榮、發達、政治穩定的國家陷入內戰或淪為失敗國家的過程，就像黎巴嫩內戰期間的黎巴嫩一樣。這個術語在以色列主要指該國對鄰近黎凡特國家的外交政策，最早由以色列總統西蒙·佩雷斯於1983年使用，當時指的是在1982年以色列入侵黎巴嫩後將以色列在黎巴嫩的軍事存在最小化。它與巴爾幹化類似，但僅發生在一個國家境內，不涉及國家分裂。[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]
參考資料
[编辑]- ^ Safire, William. On Language; Izationization (Published 1991). The New York Times. 21 April 1991 [18 December 2020]. （原始内容存档于17 August 2017）.
- ^ Beijing threatens to 'Lebanonize' Taiwan EJINSIGHT - ejinsight.com. EJINSIGHT. [18 December 2020]. （原始内容存档于28 March 2021）.
However, the Israeli withdrawal was followed by a permanent state of civil war among the religious, ethnic and political factions in Lebanon. As a result, Lebanonization took on a more negative meaning and became a phrase to describe a failed state that keeps struggling with religious and other disputes.
- ^ Gold, David L. Offspring of the English Verb Babelize (With Remarks on French, Hebrew, and Spanish). Neophilologus. 2002, 86 (3): 455–466. S2CID 160700371. doi:10.1023/A:1015680313631.
In allusion to the protracted and bitter civil war in Lebanon, fear of Lebanisation on the northwest border of Pakistan is mentioned in the Manchester Guardian Weekly of 5 January 1986, p. 6; Norman Podhoretz warned of a Lebanization of Palestine, if such a state came into existence, in The New York Times of 3 September 1993, p. A9; the Lebanonization of Yugoslavia is mentioned in The New York Times of 1 November 1987, p. 14; Mapam, an Israeli political party, has warned of the possible Lebanonization of Israel; “‘Lebanonization’ is the term both Israelis and Palestinians are using for what seems to be a shift toward low-level guerrilla warfare [. . .]” (John Kifner, “Tale of Two Uprisings: This Time, the Palestinians Have Territory, and Guns,” The New York Times, 18 November 2000, p. A6).
- ^ Bordenkircher, Eric. "Lebanonization": Framing Policy for the Puzzles of the Middle East. Middle East Policy. 2020, 27 (1): 41–55. S2CID 218841131. doi:10.1111/mepo.12473.
- ^ Setrakian, Lara. Beirut in Baghdad: Is the 'Lebanonization' of Iraq complete?. Foreign Policy. [2020-12-18]. （原始内容存档于2021-02-13）.
- ^ Bresnahan, John. Crocker: Iran is pushing for the 'Lebanonization' of Iraq. POLITICO. [18 December 2020]. （原始内容存档于24 June 2021） （英语）.
- ^ Rezaei, Farhad. Iran and Iraq: The Lebanonization Project in the Balance. Iran's Foreign Policy After the Nuclear Agreement: Politics of Normalizers and Traditionalists. Springer International Publishing. 2018: 113–140. ISBN 978-3-319-76789-5 （英语）.
- ^ Rosenfeld, Stephen S. WORSE THAN BEING LEBANONIZED. Washington Post. 26 April 1991 [18 December 2020].
- ^ Rabil, Robert G. The Islamists and the Political System: Al-Infitah and Lebanonization. Religion, National Identity, and Confessional Politics in Lebanon: The Challenge of Islamism. Palgrave Macmillan US. 2011: 59–81. ISBN 978-0-230-33925-5 （英语）.
- ^ Upadhyay, P. K. Islamization versus Talibanization: Is Pakistan Drifting Towards 'Lebanonization'?. Strategic Analysis. 2009, 33 (6): 805–808. S2CID 155023087. doi:10.1080/09700160903255749.
- ^ Ranstorp, Magnus. The strategy and tactics of Hizballah's current 'Lebanonization process'. Mediterranean Politics. 1998, 3 (1): 103–134. doi:10.1080/13629399808414643.
- ^ Barber, Benjamin R. Jihad vs. McWorld. Globalization and the Challenges of a New Century: A Reader. Indiana University Press. 2000: 23–24. ISBN 978-0-253-02818-1 （英语）.
The first is a retribalization of large swaths of humankind by war and bloodshed: a threatened Lebanonization of national states in which culture is pitted against culture, people against people, tribe against tribe —a Jihad in the name of a hundred narrowly conceived faiths …