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Mela Habijan, the 2020 winner of the Miss Trans Global contest

Transgender women (often shortened to trans women) are women who were assigned male at birth. Trans women have a female gender identity and may experience gender dysphoria (distress brought upon by the discrepancy between a person's gender identity and their sex assigned at birth).[1] Gender dysphoria may be treated with gender-affirming care.

———————————— 性別肯定療法包括社會轉變或醫療轉變。社會轉變可能包括更改姓名、髮型、服裝風格和/或與性別認同相關的代詞[2]。跨性別女性可能會進行性別轉換。其中醫療性別轉換通常包括女性化激素療法，促使女性第二性徵（乳房、體脂重新分布、腰臀比降低等）的發育。此外還可能包括一項或多項女性化性別肯定手術，包括陰道成形術（重建陰道）、嗓音女性化手術（英語：feminization laryngoplasty）（提高聲調）或面部女性化手術（使臉型和五官女性化）。激素療法加上社會轉變以及性別肯定手術三者結合可以減輕性別不安的痛苦。


A major component of medical transition for trans women is feminizing hormone therapy, which causes the development of female secondary sex characteristics (breasts, redistribution of body fat, lower waist–hip ratio, etc.). Medical transition may also include one or more feminizing surgeries, including vaginoplasty (to create a vagina), feminization laryngoplasty (to raise the vocal pitch), or facial feminization surgery (to feminize face shape and features). This, along with socially transitioning, and receiving desired gender-affirming surgeries can relieve the person of gender dysphoria.[3][4] Like cisgender women, trans women may have any sexual orientation.

Trans women face significant discrimination in many areas of life—including in employment and access to housing—and face physical and sexual violence and hate crimes, including from partners. In the United States, discrimination is particularly severe towards trans women who are members of a racial minority, who often face the intersection of transmisogyny and racism.

The term transgender women is not always interchangeable with transsexual women, although the terms are often used interchangeably. Transgender is an umbrella term that includes different types of gender variant people (including transsexual people).

Terminology

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參見：Transgender § Terminology
系列條目
跨性別專題
     
性別認同
保健和醫藥
權益和法律地位
社群和文化
理論和概念
國家
參見
LGBT主題
跨性別主題

Transgender (commonly abbreviated to trans)[5] is an umbrella term for people whose gender identity or gender expression are different from those typically associated with members of the sex they were assigned at birth.[6] Transgender women are those who were assigned the male sex at birth (AMAB), but who identify and live as women.[7]

Travestis in Salta, Argentina, in 1988.

The older term transsexual refers to the subset of trans people who desire to medically transition.[8][9] The term originated in medicine and psychology in the 1960s, and was largely displaced by transgender. It is now typically considered outdated, though some trans women still identify as transsexual in addition to or instead of transgender.[10]

Transfeminine and

transfemme

are broader umbrella terms for AMAB people with a predominantly feminine identity or gender expression. This includes trans women, but especially AMAB non-binary people, whose identity may be feminine but not entirely female.[11]

The closed compound (one word) spelling

transwoman

is sometimes used interchangeably with trans woman, but is often associated with the gender-critical or anti-trans belief that trans women are not women, and thus require a separate word to describe them.[12] For this reason, many transgender people find the spelling offensive.[12][13] Some prefer to omit trans, and be called simply women.[10] Older terms sometimes still seen are male-to-female (MTF, M2F), but these are outdated.[14]

In other languages

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Kathoeys on the stage of a cabaret show in Pattaya

In several Latin American countries, the word travesti is sometimes used to designate people who have been assigned male sex at birth, but develop a female gender identity. The use of travesti precedes transgender in the region; its distinction from trans woman is controversial and can vary depending on the context, ranging from considering it a regional equivalent to a third gender.[15][16]

Papa Moe (Mysterious Water), an oil painting by Paul Gauguin from 1893. It depicts a māhū in Tahiti drinking from a waterfall.[17][18]

In Thailand, kathoey refers to a trans-feminine individual, though the term "transgender" is infrequently used to refer to those with this identity.[19] The term is sometimes translated to "ladyboy" in English.[20] Most trans-feminine Thai individuals simply referred to themselves as women, or phuying praphet song, meaning "another type of woman."[21]

Amongst Native Hawaiians and Tahitians, māhū are people of a third gender who possess spiritual and social roles.[22] The term has historically been applied to people assigned male at birth, but now may refer to a large variety of gender identities.[23] The term is sometimes seen as disparaging or a pejorative, similar to faggot.[24]

Sexuality

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參見：Transgender sexuality

Trans women vary greatly in terms of sexual orientation.[25][26][27][28] A survey of roughly 3,000 American trans women showed 31% of them identifying as bisexual, 29% as "gay/lesbian/same-gender", 23% as heterosexual, 7% as asexual, as well as 7% identifying as "queer" and 2% as "other".[29] A 12-month survey of trans women in Europe found that 22% identified as heterosexual, 10% were attracted almost exclusively to men, 3% were mostly attracted to men, 9% were bisexual, 7% were mostly attracted to women, 23% were almost attracted exclusively to women, and 20% were lesbian. A smaller 2013 study of Italian trans women found that 82% identified as heterosexual.[30]

The European study found that sexual orientation did not change over the 12 months.[31] A 2018 study found that the most common sexual partner for trans women was cisgender women prior to transitioning. Trans women who had been for transitioning for ten years or more were more likely to report a shift in their sexual orientation.[32]

In a 2008 study, no statistically significant difference in libido was detected between trans women and cisgender women.[33] As in males, female libido is thought to correlate with serum testosterone levels[34][35][36][37] (with some controversy)[38] but the 2008 study found no such correlation in trans women.[33][39] Another study, published in 2014, found that 62.4% of trans women reported their sexual desire had decreased after sexual reassignment therapy.[40]

醫療護理

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性別肯定療法

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對跨性別女性的性別肯定療法包括女性化激素療法、跨性別語音療法和性別肯定手術（通常指陰道成形術，但也可能包括嗓音女性化手術（英語：feminization laryngoplasty）、睪丸切除術、面部女性化手術、隆胸手術和外陰成形術（英語：Vulvoplasty））[41]。

女性化激素療法

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主條目：女性化激素療法

女性化激素療法是一種激素療法，旨在將人的第二性徵從「男性化」轉變為「女性化」。女性化激素療法通常包含雌激素、抗雄激素、孕激素和GnRH阻滯劑（英語：Gonadotropin-releasing hormone modulator）的混合用藥[1][42]，儘管大多數情況下使用的是雌激素配合抗雄激素[43][44]。女性化激素療法可以引起包括乳房發育、皮膚軟化、身體脂肪重新分布至女性化脂肪分布（英語：Gynoid fat distribution）、Muscle atrophy（英語：肌肉萎缩）和情緒變化等影響。

跨性別語音療法

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主條目：跨性別語音療法

一些跨性別女性可能會嘗試通過跨性別語音療法來讓自己的聲音更女性化，因為激素治療對跨性別女性的聲音影響很小。嗓音訓練（在跨性別的語境下）的目的通常是改變基本頻率、共振頻率和發聲模式，使其更接近順性別女性的聲音[45]。這可以通過嗓音訓練或手術（包括嗓音女性化手術（英語：feminization laryngoplasty））來實現。多項研究表明，嗓音治療通常可以提高患者的嗓音滿意度，並增強聽眾對其女性聲音的感知[46][47]。

性別肯定手術

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主條目：性別肯定手術 (男變女)

跨性別女性在性別轉換過程中可能會接受各種性別肯定手術。這些手術可能包括陰道成形術、外陰成形術（英語：Vulvoplasty）、睪丸切除術、隆胸手術和面部女性化手術。[48] 。

生育能力

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雖然這種關係尚未完全清楚[49]，女性化激素療法似乎會降低產生精子的能力[50]。研究表明，長期接受激素治療的個體的總精子數量比未接受激素治療的男性要低[51]。停止激素替代療法與生育能力的恢復有關[52][53]。

把睪丸塞入體內（英語：Tucking）會導致睪丸溫度升高，精子質量下降，從而導致精子過早死亡[54][55][56]。

跨性別女性可以選擇自慰或睪丸精子提取（英語：Testicular sperm extraction）進而通過精液冷凍貯藏進行生育力保存（英語：Fertility preservation）[49]。

Discrimination

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主條目：Transmisogyny
更多資訊：Transgender inequality和Transphobia
Text written in marker that reads "Women's Room Do Not Enter if you Have A DICK!"
Transmisogynistic graffiti in Springfield, Missouri

Like all gender variant people, trans women often face discrimination and transphobia,[29]:8 particularly those who are not perceived as cisgender.[57] A 2015 survey from The Williams Institute found that, of 27,715 transgender respondents, 52% whose families had rejected them attempted suicide, as did 64.9% of those who were physically attacked in the past year.[58]

A 2011 survey of roughly 3000 trans women living in the United States, as summarized in the report "Injustice at Every Turn: A Report of the National Transgender Discrimination Survey", found that trans women reported that:[29][需要明確引用]

  • 36% have lost their job due to their gender.
  • 55% have been discriminated against in hiring.
  • 29% have been denied a promotion.
  • 25% have been refused medical care.
  • 60% of the trans women who have visited a homeless shelter reported incidents of harassment there.
  • When displaying identity documents incongruent with their gender identity/expression, 33% have been harassed and 3% have been physically assaulted.
  • 20% reported harassment by police, with 6% reporting physical assault and 3% reporting sexual assault by an officer. 25% have been treated generally with disrespect by police officers.
  • Among jailed trans women, 40% have been harassed by inmates, 38% have been harassed by staff, 21% have been physically assaulted, and 20% have been sexually assaulted.

The American National Coalition of Anti-Violence Programs' report of 2010 anti-LGBTQ violence found that of the 27 people who were murdered because of their LGBTQ identity, 44% were trans women.[59] Discrimination is particularly severe towards non-white trans women, who experience the intersection of racism and transphobia.

In her book Whipping Girl, trans woman Julia Serano refers to the unique discrimination trans women experience as "transmisogyny".[60]

Discrimination against trans women has occurred at the Michigan Womyn's Music Festival after the Festival set out a rule that it would only be a space for cisgender females. This led to protests by trans women and their allies, and a boycott of the Festival by Equality Michigan in 2014.[61][62] The boycott was joined by the Human Rights Campaign[63] and GLAAD.[64] The National Center for Lesbian Rights, and the National LGBTQ Task Force also signed on to the boycott but later withdrew support.[62] The "womyn-born-womyn" intention first came to attention in 1991 after a transsexual festival-goer, Nancy Burkholder, was asked to leave the festival when several women recognized her as a trans woman and expressed discomfort with her presence in the space.[65][66][67]

Violence towards trans women

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A group of Argentine travestis carrying the coffin of their murdered friend, August 1987
參見：List of people killed for being transgender

Trans women face a form of violence known as trans bashing. The Washington Blade reported that Global Rights, an international NGO, tracked the mistreatment of trans women in Brazil, including at the hands of the police.[68] To commemorate those who have been murdered in hate crimes, an annual Transgender Day of Remembrance is held in various locations across the United States, Canada, Western Europe, Australia, and New Zealand, with details and sources for each murder provided at their website.[69]

United States

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參見：Violence against transgender people in the United States

According to a 2009 report by the National Coalition of Anti-Violence Programs, quoted by the Office for Victims of Crime, 11% of all hate crimes towards members of the LGBTQ community were directed towards trans women.[70]

According to Trans Murder Monitoring, between Oct 1, 2022 and September 30, 2023, 321 trans and gender-diverse individuals were killed, with trans women or trans-feminine individuals accounting for 94% of the deaths.[71]

In 2015, a false statistic was widely reported in the United States media stating that the life expectancy of trans women of color is only 35 years.[72] This appears to be based on a comment specifically about Latin America in a report by the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, which compiled data on the age at death of murdered trans women for all of the Americas (North, South, and Central), and does not disaggregate by race.[72][73][74]

In 2016, 23 transgender people suffered fatal attacks in the United States. The Human Rights Campaign report found some of these deaths to be direct results of an anti-transgender bias, and some due to related factors such as homelessness.[75]

One type of violence towards trans women is committed by perpetrators who learn that their sexual partner is transgender, and feel deceived ("trans panic"). Almost 95% of these crimes were committed by cisgender men towards trans women.[76] According to a 2005 study in Houston, Texas, "50% of transgender people surveyed had been hit by a primary partner after coming out as transgender".[70]

Media representation

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Karla Sofía Gascón, the first openly trans woman nominated for an Academy Award

Trans representation in television, film, news, and other forms of media was slim before the 21st century. Early mainstream accounts and fictional depictions of trans women almost always relied on common tropes and stereotypes.[77] However, portrayals have steadily grown and improved in tandem with activism.

In the 2020 film Disclosure: Trans Lives on Screen, director Sam Feder explores Hollywood's history of trans representation and the cultural effects of such depictions. Many notable 21st century trans actresses and celebrities shared their stories in the film, including Laverne Cox, Alexandra Billings, Hari Nef, Jamie Clayton, AJ Clementine, and more.[78]

Some famous trans women in television include Laverne Cox (playing Sophia Burset on Orange is the New Black), Hunter Schafer (playing Jules Vaughn in Euphoria), Josie Totah, Cho Hyun-ju (from Squid Game), and Caitlyn Jenner (from Keeping Up with the Kardashians).[79][80] Pose, an American television show, depicts the lives of several trans women.[81]

Karla Sofía Gascón became the first openly trans person to receive acting nominations at the Academy Awards, BAFTAs & SAGs and win the Best Actress award at the Cannes Film Festival for her performance as Emilia Pérez / Juan "Manitas" Del Monte in the 2024 film Emilia Pérez.[82]

See also

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References

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  2. ^ Sherer, Ilana. Social Transition: Supporting Our Youngest Transgender Children. Pediatrics. 2016-03-01, 137 (3): e20154358. ISSN 0031-4005. PMID 26921284. doi:10.1542/peds.2015-4358 可免費查閱 （英語）. 
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