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使用者:Honmingjun/沙盒

座標：45°30′50.73″N 73°31′53.38″W / 45.5140917°N 73.5314944°W / 45.5140917; -73.5314944
維基百科，自由的百科全書

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Biosphere

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蒙特婁生物圈

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Biosphere
成立日期1967
地址160 Tour-de-l'Isle road
Montreal, Quebec
H3C 4G8
坐標45°30′50″N 73°31′53″W / 45.51389°N 73.53139°W / 45.51389; -73.53139
類型environment museum
所有者Space for Life
公共運輸 at Jean-Drapeau
網站espacepourlavie.ca/en/biosphere
地圖
地圖

The Biosphere, also known as the Montreal Biosphere (法語：Biosphère de Montréal, 發音：[bjɔsfɛʁ də mɔ̃ʁeal]), is a museum dedicated to the environment in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It is housed in the former United States pavilion constructed for Expo 67 located within the grounds of Parc Jean-Drapeau on Saint Helen's Island. The museum's geodesic dome was designed by Buckminster Fuller.

History

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Expo 67

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The structure was originally built as the United States pavilion at Expo 67. The United States Information Agency, which was responsible for the U.S. presence at the exposition, revealed its plans for the pavilion in June 1965.[1] The geodesic dome exterior was designed by R. Buckminster Fuller with Shoji Sadao and Geometrics Inc.,[2] while the interior structures and exhibits were designed by Cambridge Seven Associates.[1] The construction project, led by the George A. Fuller Company, began in December 1965.[3]

Fuller's original proposal had entailed a much larger dome, with a suspended geodesic sphere inside it that would serve as the setting for his "World Game" project. This was to be an interactive world map featuring "information about raw materials, shipping routes, energy consumption, population growth and other geographical and technical facts". Players would "make decisions based upon this data, in the interests of the entire globe, which reciprocally affected the system as it developed".[4] However, Fuller's proposals for the interior were rejected by the organizing committee.[4][5]

The Expo opened on 27 April 1967 and ran until 29 October 1967.[6][7] Upon entering the pavilion, visitors ascended a 135-英尺（41-公尺） escalator, reported to be the longest unsupported escalator in the world, to reach the exhibit platforms.[8][9] The two uppermost platforms held "Destination: Moon", an exhibit on NASA's space programs; spacecraft were hung from the dome's steel frame, including the Freedom 7, Gemini 7, and Apollo AS-202 capsules.[10][11][12] On the mezzanine level, the "American Spirit" exhibit displayed a wide variety of artifacts, including American Indian crafts, folk art objects, guitars owned by famous musicians, a collection of dolls, and an array of almost 300 hats, representing a range of regions and occupations.[13][14][15] Other attractions included a gallery of Hollywood memorabilia and "American Painting Now", an exhibit of 22 large-scale works by contemporary American artists.[16][9] A 300-seat theater screened A Time to Play, a multi-screen film by Art Kane showing American schoolchildren playing various playground games.[17][18]

Man and His World (1968–1976)

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After the Expo, the site continued to operate as Man and His World, an ongoing exhibition held every summer. Like most countries at the Expo, the United States donated its pavilion structure to the City of Montreal for use in the exhibition.[19][20] The pavilion was renamed to Biosphere and opened in 1968 as an aviary and arboretum, featuring four suspended gardens and hundreds of birds.[20][21]

For the 1971 season, the United States returned to use Biosphere as its national pavilion, with a display titled "Visit USA", sponsored by the United States Travel Service and the Smithsonian Institution.[22][23] The pavilion reverted to its nature theme in 1972, with the addition of a troop of baboons, a Japanese garden, and a children's adventure area, Sleeping Beauty's Fantasy Land.[24][25]

In 1973, Biosphere was converted to an anti-pollution exhibit titled "Man and His Environment", sponsored by Hydro-Québec.[26][27]

File:Montreal Biosphere fire.jpg
The Biosphere in flames on 20 May 1976

1976 fire

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On 20 May 1976, Biosphere was severely damaged in a fire. Sparked by a welding crew during structural renovations, the fire burned away the building's transparent acrylic bubble, but the hard steel truss structure remained.[28]

After the fire, the city was determined to maintain the Biosphere and continue using it as an open-air structure, possibly containing suspended gardens or a concert venue.[29] Plans were announced in 1977 to transform it into a recreational area named Man at Play, but they did not come to fruition.[30] By 1980, the building's future was still unclear, as the city was cleaning it up in hopes of finding a partner to redevelop it.[31]

Ultimately, the building remained closed and unused until 1990.[32][33]

Rebirth as museum

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Biosphere at sunset

In August 1990, Environment Canada committed $17.5 million to turn Biosphere into an interactive museum showcasing and exploring the water ecosystems of the Great Lakes-Saint Lawrence River regions.[33] The museum opened on 6 June 1995.[34][35] It inhabits a set of enclosed buildings designed by Éric Gauthier, inside the original steel skeleton.

The Biosphere changed its name in 2007 to become an environment museum. It offers interactive activities and presents exhibitions about the major environmental issues related to water, climate change, air, ecotechnologies, and sustainable development.

The museum shows support for multiple causes by lighting up in different colors on special occasions. In April 2020, it lit up in multiple colors to show support during the COVID-19 pandemic.[36] In June 2022, the museum lit up in green in support of World Environment Day.[37]

In 2021, control of the Biosphere was transferred from Environment Canada to Space for Life, the City of Montreal's complex of nature museums.[38][39]

Pavilion

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The museum is housed in the former pavilion built by the United States for Expo 67. The architectural engineer of the geodesic dome was Buckminster Fuller.[40] The building originally formed an enclosed structure of steel and acrylic cells, 76公尺（249英尺） in diameter and 62公尺（203英尺） high. It is a double-layer dome in which the inner and outer layers are connected by a latticework of struts.

A complex system of shades was used to control its internal temperature. The sun-shading system was an attempt by the architect to reflect the same biological processes that the human body relies on to maintain its internal temperature.[41] Fuller's original idea for the geodesic dome was to incorporate "pores" into the enclosed system, further likening it to the sensitivity of human skin,[41] but the shading system failed to work properly and was eventually disabled.[41]

Architects from Golden Metak Productions designed the interior exhibition space. Visitors had access to four themed platforms divided into seven levels. The building included a 37-公尺-long（121-英尺） escalator, the longest ever built at the time. The Minirail monorail ran through the pavilion.[42] In 2021, The New York Times picked the dome as one of "the 25 Most Significant Works of Postwar Architecture".[43]

Legacy

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The carbon molecule buckminsterfullerene was named for Biosphere's architect, R. Buckminster Fuller, because the molecule's structure, resembling a geodesic sphere, reminded its co-discoverer, Harold Kroto, of his visit to the pavilion at Expo 67.[44][45]

The structure influenced the design of Spaceship Earth at EPCOT Center in Walt Disney World.[46] Disney designer John Hench expanded on Biosphere's three-quarter-sphere to create a full sphere appearing to be balanced on legs.[46]

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The structure was used prominently in the original Battlestar Galactica television series episode "Greetings from Earth". Scenes for Robert Altman's post-apocalyptic ice age film Quintet were shot on site as well.

The Biosphere appears in the 2003 animated Jacob Two-Two TV episode "Jacob Two-Two and the Notorious Knit Knapper", in which it is used as the headquarters for a group of seniors who plan on knitting a giant tea cosy to cover Montreal.

The Biosphere made an appearance during the finales of The Amazing Race: Family Edition and The Amazing Race Canada 4.[47][48]

The Biosphere appears in the game Civilization VI (in the New Frontiers DLC) as a World Wonder, where it increases the appeal of marsh and rainforest tiles, and boosts renewable power and tourism.[49]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 U.S.'s Canada fair exhibit plans outlined. Minneapolis Tribune. 27 June 1965 –透過Newspapers.com. 
  2. ^ Rebecca Dalvesco. R. Buckminster Fuller, the Expo '67 Pavilion and the Atoms for Peace Program. Leonardo. October 2017, 50 (5): 486. JSTOR 26808487. 
  3. ^ Groundwork gets started on U.S. Expo pavilion. The Montreal Star. 20 December 1965 –透過Newspapers.com. 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 Murphy, Douglas. Last Futures: Nature, Technology and the End of Architecture. London: Verso Books. 2022: 29. ISBN 9781781689820. 
  5. ^ Stott, Timothy. Buckminster Fuller's World Game and Its Legacy. Routledge. 2021: 6. ISBN 9780367483913. doi:10.4324/9780367483913. 
  6. ^ John Mahoney. Oh, wowee! C'est magnifique! It's turned on! It's Expo!. Rutland Daily Herald. 28 April 1967 –透過Newspapers.com. 
  7. ^ Douglas S. Crocket. Montreal's mayor plans to keep Expo. The Boston Globe. 30 October 1967 –透過Newspapers.com. 
  8. ^ "Building going up" is common cry now at Canada's Exposition 1967. Transcript-Telegram (Holyoke, MA). New York Times News Service. 16 November 1966 –透過Newspapers.com. 
  9. ^ 9.0 9.1 Escalator snarls U.S. pavilion tour. The Montreal Star. 28 April 1967 –透過Newspapers.com. 
  10. ^ 10 years after the first step into space, it's all on display by U.S. and Soviet. The Gazette (Montreal). 28 April 1967 –透過Newspapers.com. 
  11. ^ Frances Spatz Leighton. 7 men in a bubble. The Des Moines Register. 23 April 1967 –透過Newspapers.com. 
  12. ^ John Uri. 55 Years Ago: Apollo AS-202, Final Test Flight Before Planned First Crew Mission. NASA. 25 August 2021 [30 July 2023]. 
  13. ^ The American Spirit (PDF) (新聞稿). Office of the United States Commissioner General, Canadian World Exhibition, Montreal, 1967. [26 August 2023]. 
  14. ^ Douglas S. Crocket. U.S. Expo '67 exhibit draws laughs. The Boston Globe. 24 April 1967 –透過Newspapers.com. 
  15. ^ Sylvie Reice. Cheers for our pavilion!. Transcript-Telegram (Holyoke, MA). Hall Syndicate. 12 June 1967 –透過Newspapers.com. 
  16. ^ Robert Mayer. U.S. pavilion: striking outside, but a 'sterile disaster' inside. The Buffalo News. 28 April 1967 –透過Newspapers.com. 
  17. ^ Brian Real. Designing Diplomacy: Jack Masey and Multiscreen Cinema at Expo 67. Journal of E-Media Studies. 2022, 6 (1) [30 July 2023]. 
  18. ^ U.S. movie is hit of Expo '67. Janesville Daily Gazette (Janesville, WI). 26 July 1967 –透過Newspapers.com. 
  19. ^ Dave MacDonald. Expo site future still anyone's guess. Star-Phoenix (Saskatoon). 21 July 1967 –透過Newspapers.com. 
  20. ^ 20.0 20.1 Expo 67 now 'Man and His World'. Detroit American. 5 May 1968 –透過Newspapers.com. 
  21. ^ Cynthia Gunn. Biosphere guaranteed to be "show-stopper". The Montreal Star. 17 May 1968 –透過Newspapers.com.  (Part 2 of article)
  22. ^ Hubert Bauch. Fun, folklore for fair. The Gazette (Montreal). 14 April 1971 –透過Newspapers.com. 
  23. ^ Al Borcover. Where it's at in Scandinavia. Chicago Tribune. 18 July 1971 –透過Newspapers.com. 
  24. ^ M&HW's Biosphere to return to nature theme this year. The Gazette (Montreal). 3 August 1972 –透過Newspapers.com. 
  25. ^ Children's adventure land featured at Biosphere. The Montreal Star. 3 August 1972 –透過Newspapers.com. 
  26. ^ Brian Moore. $700,000 ecology exhibit unveiled. The Montreal Star. 20 June 1973 –透過Newspapers.com. 
  27. ^ What's On. The Montreal Star. 24 August 1973 –透過Newspapers.com. 
  28. ^ Bolton, KC. Photo du jour – Biosphere Burning. Spacing Montreal. 31 January 2009 [31 January 2009]. 
  29. ^ No ruling on future of burned Biosphere. The Montreal Star. 28 August 1976 –透過Newspapers.com. 
  30. ^ Expo dome to become Man at Play. Calgary Herald. 3 September 1977 –透過Newspapers.com. 
  31. ^ City to clean up charred Biosphere. The Gazette (Montreal). 28 May 1980 –透過Newspapers.com. 
  32. ^ A View On Cities. Biosphere, Montreal. Montréal Attractions. 2007 [7 June 2007]. 
  33. ^ 33.0 33.1 Environment Canada. A Short History of the Biosphère. The Sphere. 24 January 2006 [7 June 2007]. （原始內容存檔於23 January 2007）. 
  34. ^ Henry Lehmann. Biosphere's back. The Gazette (Montreal). 4 June 1995 –透過Newspapers.com.  (Part 2 of article)
  35. ^ Peggy Curran. The Toopes are remembered as far away as Newfoundland. The Gazette (Montreal). 7 June 1995 –透過Newspapers.com. 
  36. ^ Rowe, Daniel J. Biosphere will follow the rainbow and shine multi-colour display. Montreal. 5 April 2020 [9 June 2022] （英語）. 
  37. ^ Carpenter, Lorraine. Montreal marks World Environment Day. Cult MTL. 5 June 2022 [9 June 2022] （美國英語）. 
  38. ^ Governments of Canada and Quebec and City of Montréal commit to the Biosphere's future (新聞稿). Ministry of the Environment and the Fight Against Climate Change. 12 April 2021 [3 July 2023]. 
  39. ^ Montréal Biosphère has officially reopened. The Suburban. 15 August 2021 [3 July 2023]. 
  40. ^ Langdon, David. AD Classics: Montreal Biosphere / Buckminster Fuller. ArchDaily. 25 November 2014 [5 September 2017]. 
  41. ^ 41.0 41.1 41.2 Massey, Jonathan. Buckminster Fuller's Reflexive Modernism. Design and Culture. 2012, 4 (3): 325–344. S2CID 144621805. doi:10.2752/175470812X13361292229159. 
  42. ^ USA PAVILION AT EXPO video newsreel film. Newsreel. British Pathe. [12 November 2011]. 
  43. ^ Soller, Kurt; Snyder, Michael. The 25 Most Significant Works of Postwar Architecture. The New York Times. 2 August 2021 [13 August 2021]. 
  44. ^ John Lownsbrough. The Best Place To Be: Expo 67 and Its Time. Toronto: Allen Lane. 2012: 118. 
  45. ^ J.E. Baggott. Perfect Symmetry: The Accidental Discovery of Buckminsterfullerene. Oxford University Press. 1994: 57–58. 
  46. ^ 46.0 46.1 John Hench. Designing Disney: Imagineering and the Art of the Show. Disney Editions. 2003: 54. 
  47. ^ Sellers, Andrea. The Linz Family wins CBS' 'The Amazing Race: Family Edition'. Reality TV World. 14 December 2005 [31 December 2019]. 
  48. ^ Steph and Kristen Win Season 4 of CTV's THE AMAZING RACE CANADA. Newswire. 14 September 2016 [31 December 2019]. 
  49. ^ Civilization VI – Byzantium & Gaul Pack. Firaxis Games. [24 September 2020]. 
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