美國的第一代大學生
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第一代大學生（First-generation college students）是指父母未獲得學士學位的美國大學生。[1]儘管研究表明，在美國，獲得學士學位對社會經濟向上流動具有重要意義[2][3][4]，但大量研究表明，這些學生在接受高等教育、入學後取得學業成功以及完成學位方面面臨著重大的系統性障礙。[5][6][7][8][9]這些障礙中的許多是由系統性的種族、文化、社會和經濟不平等造成的。
與父母完成學士學位的大學生相比，第一代大學生更有可能比同齡人年齡更大、有家屬、來自低收入家庭、以非全日制方式上大學、住在校外、承擔更多的工作責任、擁有傳統上處於不利地位的族裔和種族身份。[10][11]第一代大學生完成高等教育的可能性低於他們的同儕[12][13]，而那些成功畢業的第一代學生往往要承擔更多的債務來支付學位[14][15]，而且他們一生積累的財富也比父母完成學士學位的學生要少。[16]
注釋
[編輯]- ^ 2012 US Code :: Title 20 - Education :: Chapter 28 - HIGHER EDUCATION RESOURCES AND STUDENT ASSISTANCE (§§ 1001 - 1161aa-1) :: Subchapter IV - STUDENT ASSISTANCE (§§ 1070 - 1099e) :: Part A - Grants to Students in Attendance at Institutions of Higher Education (§§ 1070 - 1070h) :: Subpart 2 - federal early outreach and student services programs (§§ 1070a-11 - 1070a-81) :: Division 1 - Federal TRIO Programs (§§ 1070a-11 - 1070a-18) :: Section 1070a-11 - Program authority; authorization of appropriations. Act of 2012. [2023-05-27] –透過Justia Law.
- ^ Chetty, Raj; Friedman, John; Saez, Emmanuel; Turner, Nicholas; Yagan, Danny. Income Segregation and Intergenerational Mobility Across Colleges in the United States (PDF). Quarterly Journal of Economics (National Bureau of Economic Research). 2020: 61. S2CID 51819519. doi:10.3386/w23618.
- ^ How colleges affect social mobility in America. The Economist. 2017-01-31 [2021-11-11]. ISSN 0013-0613.
- ^ Carnevale, Anthony P.; Jayasundera, Tamara; Gulish, Artem. America's Divided Recovery: College Haves and Have-Nots. Georgetown University Center on Education and the Workforce. 2016.
- ^ Choy, Susan P. Students Whose Parents Did Not Go to College: Postsecondary Access, Persistence, and Attainment. PsycEXTRA Dataset. 2001 [2021-11-11]. doi:10.1037/e492182006-021.
- ^ Ishitani, Terry T. Studying Attrition and Degree Completion Behavior among First-Generation College Students in the United States. The Journal of Higher Education. 2006, 77 (5): 861–885. ISSN 1538-4640. S2CID 146198418. doi:10.1353/jhe.2006.0042.
- ^ Pascarella, Ernest T.; Pierson, Christopher T.; Wolniak, Gregory C.; Terenzini, Patrick T. First-Generation College Students. The Journal of Higher Education. 2004-05-01, 75 (3): 249–284. ISSN 0022-1546. S2CID 151320283. doi:10.1080/00221546.2004.11772256.
- ^ Stephens, Nicole M.; Fryberg, Stephanie A.; Markus, Hazel Rose; Johnson, Camille S.; Covarrubias, Rebecca. Unseen disadvantage: How American universities' focus on independence undermines the academic performance of first-generation college students.. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2012, 102 (6): 1178–1197. ISSN 1939-1315. PMID 22390227. doi:10.1037/a0027143.
- ^ Woosley, Sherry A.; Shepler, Dustin K. Understanding the early integration experiences of first-generation college students. College Student Journal (Project Innovation (Alabama)). 2011, 45 (4) –透過Gale Academic OneFile.
- ^ Redford, Jeremy, and Kathleen Hoyer. "First-Generation and Continuing-Generation College Students: A Comparison of High School and Postsecondary Experiences." National Center for Education Statistics. September 26, 2017.
- ^ "Factsheets." PNPI. Accessed February 04, 2018.
- ^ Zinshteyn, Mikhail. The Key to Ensuring First-Generation College Students Succeed. The Atlantic. 2016-03-13 [2021-11-11].
- ^ Pell Institute. Fact Sheet: 6-Year Degree Attainment Rates for Students Enrolled in a Post-Secondary Institution (PDF). 2011.
- ^ Federal Reserve Board. Survey of Household Economics and Decisionmaking (SHED). U.S. Federal Reserve. 2020.
- ^ Chan, Monica; Kwon, Jihye; Nguyen, David; Saunders, Katherine; Shah, Nilkamal; Smith, Katie. National Trends in Federal Student Loan Borrowing by Income Group and First-Generation Status. AIR Professional File. 2020-07-10, (Fall 2020). ISSN 2155-7535. S2CID 225639875. doi:10.34315/apf1482020.
- ^ Cominole, Melissa; Thomsen, Erin; Henderson, Mihaela; Dunlop Velez, Erin; Cooney, Jennifer. Baccalaureate and Beyond (B&B:08/18): First Look at the 2018 Employment and Educational Experiences of 2007-08 College Graduates. National Center for Education Statistics. U.S. Department of Education. 2021-01-13 [2021-11-11].