綠色植物

綠色植物; 化石時期：狹帶紀 – 現今顯生宙元古宙太古宙冥古宙
	台灣的潮池中有各種葉狀植物（英語：thallophyte）
科學分類
域：	真核域 Eukaryota
演化支：	多貌生物 Diaphoretickes
演化支：	CAM
演化支：	原始色素體生物 Archaeplastida
演化支：	綠色植物 Viridiplantae; Cavalier-Smith, 1981
Subgroups
	Prasinodermophyta（英語：Prasinodermophyta）; 綠藻門; 鏈型植物中斑藻綱; Chlorokybophyceae（英語：Chlorokybophyceae）; Klebsormidiophyceae（英語：Klebsormidiophyceae）; 輪藻綱; 鞘毛藻綱; 雙星藻綱; 有胚植物; ;
異名
	Plantae, Copeland, 1938, 1956; Euchlorophyta Whittaker, 1969; Chlorophyta sensu van den Hoek & Jahns, 1978; Chlorobionta Jeffrey 1982, emend. Bremer 1985, emend. Lewis and McCourt 2004; Chlorobiota Kendrick and Crane 1997; Chloroplastida Adl et al., 2005 ; Viridiplantae Cavalier-Smith 1981; Phyta Barkley 1939 emed. Holt & Uidica 2007; Cormophyta Endlicher, 1836; Cormobionta Rothmaler, 1948; Euplanta Barkley, 1949; Telomobionta Takhtajan, 1964; Embryobionta Cronquist et al., 1966; Metaphyta Whittaker, 1969;

綠色色素體生物（學名：Chloroplastida），舊作綠色植物（Viridiplantae^[6]），是由綠藻（以水生藻類為主）與陸地植物（有胚植物）組成的真核自營生物演化支^[7]^[8]^[9] 。傳統上綠藻不包含有胚植物，因此為一並系群，但後來因為許多研究顯示有胚植物是由綠藻的一支演化而來，部分研究者開始將兩者視為一體^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14]。這些植物的細胞壁中存在纖維素，原生葉綠體由藍菌的內共生菌演化而來，含有葉綠素a以及葉綠素b，不含藻膽素。綠色植物共有超過350000種^[15]。

參考文獻

^ Tang, Qing. A one-billion-year-old multicellular chlorophyte. Nature Ecology and Evolution. 24 February 2020, 4 (5): 543–549. PMC 8668152 . doi:10.1038/s41559-020-1122-9 .
^ Copeland, Herbert F. The kingdoms of organisms. The Quarterly Review of Biology. 1938, 13 (4): 383–420. S2CID 84634277. doi:10.1086/394568.
^ Copeland, H.F. The Classification of Lower Organisms. Palo Alto: Pacific Books. 1956: 6.
^ Whittaker, R.H. New concepts of kingdoms or organisms. Evolutionary relations are better represented by new classifications than by the traditional two kingdoms (PDF). Science. January 1969, 163 (3863): 150–60 [2015-01-31]. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.403.5430 . PMID 5762760. doi:10.1126/science.163.3863.150. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2017-11-17）.
^ van den Hoek, C.; Jahns, H.M. Einführung in die Phykologie. Stuttgart: Georg Thieme Verlag. 1978. ISBN 9783135511016 （德語）.
^ ^6.0 ^6.1 Cavalier-Smith T. Eukaryote kingdoms: seven or nine?. Bio Systems. 1981, 14 (3-4): 461–81. PMID 7337818. doi:10.1016/0303-2647(81)90050-2.
^ Cocquyt E, Verbruggen H, Leliaert F, Zechman FW, Sabbe K, De Clerck O. Gain and loss of elongation factor genes in green algae. BMC Evolutionary Biology. February 2009, 9: 39. PMC 2652445 . PMID 19216746. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-9-39.
^ Becker B. Function and evolution of the vacuolar compartment in green algae and land plants (Viridiplantae). International Review of Cytology. International Review of Cytology. 2007, 264 ( ): 1–24. ISBN 9780123742636. PMID 17964920. doi:10.1016/S0074-7696(07)64001-7.
^ Kim E, Graham LE. Redfield RJ , 編. EEF2 analysis challenges the monophyly of Archaeplastida and Chromalveolata. PLOS One. July 2008, 3 (7): e2621. PMC 2440802 . PMID 18612431. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002621.
^ Delwiche CF, Timme RE. Plants. Current Biology. June 2011, 21 (11): R417–22. PMID 21640897. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2011.04.021.
^ Charophycean Green Algae Home Page. www.life.umd.edu. [2018-02-24]. （原始內容存檔於2018-02-08）.
^ Ruhfel BR, Gitzendanner MA, Soltis PS, Soltis DE, Burleigh JG. From algae to angiosperms-inferring the phylogeny of green plants (Viridiplantae) from 360 plastid genomes. BMC Evolutionary Biology. February 2014, 14: 23. PMID 24533922. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-14-23.
^ Delwiche CF, Cooper ED. The Evolutionary Origin of a Terrestrial Flora. Current Biology. October 2015, 25 (19): R899–910. PMID 26439353. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.08.029.
^ Parfrey LW, Lahr DJ, Knoll AH, Katz LA. Estimating the timing of early eukaryotic diversification with multigene molecular clocks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. August 2011, 108 (33): 13624–9. PMC 3158185 . PMID 21810989. doi:10.1073/pnas.1110633108.
^ Smith SA, Beaulieu JM, Donoghue MJ. Mega-phylogeny approach for comparative biology: an alternative to supertree and supermatrix approaches. BMC Evolutionary Biology. February 2009, 9: 37. PMC 2645364 . PMID 19210768. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-9-37.

[Qing_et_al-1] Tang, Qing. A one-billion-year-old multicellular chlorophyte. Nature Ecology and Evolution. 24 February 2020, 4 (5): 543–549. PMC 8668152 . doi:10.1038/s41559-020-1122-9 .

[2] Copeland, Herbert F. The kingdoms of organisms. The Quarterly Review of Biology. 1938, 13 (4): 383–420. S2CID 84634277. doi:10.1086/394568.

[3] Copeland, H.F. The Classification of Lower Organisms. Palo Alto: Pacific Books. 1956: 6.

[4] Whittaker, R.H. New concepts of kingdoms or organisms. Evolutionary relations are better represented by new classifications than by the traditional two kingdoms (PDF). Science. January 1969, 163 (3863): 150–60 [2015-01-31]. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.403.5430 . PMID 5762760. doi:10.1126/science.163.3863.150. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2017-11-17）.

[5] van den Hoek, C.; Jahns, H.M. Einführung in die Phykologie. Stuttgart: Georg Thieme Verlag. 1978. ISBN 9783135511016 （德語）.

[CavalierSmith1981-6] 6.0 ^6.1 Cavalier-Smith T. Eukaryote kingdoms: seven or nine?. Bio Systems. 1981, 14 (3-4): 461–81. PMID 7337818. doi:10.1016/0303-2647(81)90050-2.

[pmid19216746-7] Cocquyt E, Verbruggen H, Leliaert F, Zechman FW, Sabbe K, De Clerck O. Gain and loss of elongation factor genes in green algae. BMC Evolutionary Biology. February 2009, 9: 39. PMC 2652445 . PMID 19216746. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-9-39.

[pmid17964920-8] Becker B. Function and evolution of the vacuolar compartment in green algae and land plants (Viridiplantae). International Review of Cytology. International Review of Cytology. 2007, 264 ( ): 1–24. ISBN 9780123742636. PMID 17964920. doi:10.1016/S0074-7696(07)64001-7.

[pmid18612431-9] Kim E, Graham LE. Redfield RJ , 編. EEF2 analysis challenges the monophyly of Archaeplastida and Chromalveolata. PLOS One. July 2008, 3 (7): e2621. PMC 2440802 . PMID 18612431. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002621.

[10] Delwiche CF, Timme RE. Plants. Current Biology. June 2011, 21 (11): R417–22. PMID 21640897. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2011.04.021.

[11] Charophycean Green Algae Home Page. www.life.umd.edu. [2018-02-24]. （原始內容存檔於2018-02-08）.

[Ruhfel_2014-12] Ruhfel BR, Gitzendanner MA, Soltis PS, Soltis DE, Burleigh JG. From algae to angiosperms-inferring the phylogeny of green plants (Viridiplantae) from 360 plastid genomes. BMC Evolutionary Biology. February 2014, 14: 23. PMID 24533922. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-14-23.

[13] Delwiche CF, Cooper ED. The Evolutionary Origin of a Terrestrial Flora. Current Biology. October 2015, 25 (19): R899–910. PMID 26439353. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.08.029.

[14] Parfrey LW, Lahr DJ, Knoll AH, Katz LA. Estimating the timing of early eukaryotic diversification with multigene molecular clocks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. August 2011, 108 (33): 13624–9. PMC 3158185 . PMID 21810989. doi:10.1073/pnas.1110633108.

[pmid19210768-15] Smith SA, Beaulieu JM, Donoghue MJ. Mega-phylogeny approach for comparative biology: an alternative to supertree and supermatrix approaches. BMC Evolutionary Biology. February 2009, 9: 37. PMC 2645364 . PMID 19210768. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-9-37.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]