跳至內容

社會所有制

維基百科,自由的百科全書

社會所有制是一種財產形式,其資產被視為由整個社會共同占有,而非社會內部的個人或群體所私有。生產資料的社會所有制是社會主義經濟的根本特徵,並可採取多種形式,如社區所有制、國家所有制共有制員工持股制合作社所有制,以及公民股權所有制等。在社會主義經濟學的語境中,社會所有制特別指的是:生產資料所創造的剩餘產品(或由此產生的財富)歸全社會或歸工人集體所有與分配。傳統上,社會所有制意味著資本市場和要素市場將不再存在,基於這樣的設想:如果資本品由代表社會的單一實體或實體網絡統一擁有與整合,那麼生產過程中的市場交換也將變得多餘。然而,隨著市場社會主義模型的提出,其中利用要素市場在社會所有企業之間配置資本品,這種發展拓寬了社會所有制的定義,使之包括市場經濟中的自主實體[1]

社會所有制的兩種主要形式是:全民公共所有制和合作社所有制。兩者的區別在於剩餘產品的分配方式:在全民公共所有制下,剩餘通過「社會紅利」分配給所有公民;而在合作社所有制下,一個企業的經濟剩餘由該企業的所有工人成員共同控制與使用[2]

社會所有制的目標在於消除私有者階級(被動地獲取財產收入)和勞動者階級(依賴工資、薪水、佣金等勞動收入)之間的分化,從而使剩餘產品(在市場社會主義中即經濟利潤)歸屬於整個社會,或歸屬於特定企業的全體成員。社會所有制還能使勞動自動化帶來的生產率提升用於逐步減少平均勞動時間,而不是造成就業不穩定與失業。這種「減少必要勞動時間」的理念,是馬克思主義關於人類自由與克服異化的核心思想,得到了馬克思主義者與非馬克思主義社會主義者的廣泛認同[3][4]

社會化」作為一種過程,是指在社會主義基礎上對經濟框架、組織結構和制度體系的重組。社會化的完整含義以及社會所有制中的公共所有制形式,意味著資本主義運行機制的終結,包括資本積累規律、貨幣和金融價值在生產過程中的作用被取消,同時也意味著工作場所層級組織結構的重建與轉型[5]

參考文獻

[編輯]
  1. ^ Brus, Wlodzimierz. The Economics and Politics of Socialism. Routledge. October 25, 2013: 88. ISBN 978-0415866477. Ownership means that the object owned is disposed of by the owner in his own interests (broadly conceived). For ownership to be social, therefore, it must satisfy two criteria: the disposition of the object owned must be in the interest of society and the owned object must be disposed of by society. 
  2. ^ Toward a Socialism for the Future, in the Wake of the Demise of the Socialism of the Past, by Weisskopf, Thomas E. 1992. Review of Radical Political Economics, Vol. 24, No. 3–4, p. 10: "Here again there are two principal variants of such social claims to income, depending on the nature of the community holding the claim: (1) Public surplus appropriation: the surplus of the enterprise is distributed to an agency of the government (at the national, regional, or local level), representing a corresponding community of citizens. (2) Worker surplus appropriation: the surplus of the enterprise is distributed to enterprise workers."
  3. ^ Peffer, Rodney G. Marxism, Morality, and Social Justice. Princeton University Press. 2014: 73. ISBN 978-0-691-60888-4. Marx believed the reduction of necessary labor time to be, evaluatively speaking, an absolute necessity. He claims that real wealth is the developed productive force of all individuals. It is no longer the labor time but the disposable time that is the measure of wealth. 
  4. ^ Saros, Daniel E. Information Technology and Socialist Construction: The end of Capital and the Transition to Socialism. Routledge. 2014: 61. ISBN 978-0-415-74292-4. Another characteristic that Marx and Engels emphasized as a central feature of a future socialist society was a shorter workday. According to Tucker, Marx had a 『vision of man in a future condition of freedom-creative leisure’ that he described in volume 3 of Capital. 
  5. ^ "the act or process of making socialistic: the socialization of industry." "Socialization" at Dictionary.com