查謨和喀什米爾叛亂

查謨和喀什米爾叛亂 Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
喀什米爾衝突的一部分 | |||||||
![]() 喀什米爾區域情勢圖,叛亂主要發生在穆斯林占多數的喀什米爾谷地(藍色虛線內) | |||||||
| |||||||
參戰方 | |||||||
其他分離主義運動與叛亂武裝團體[6][7][8][9][10][11] | |||||||
兵力 | |||||||
[23] | 未知 | ||||||
傷亡與損失 | |||||||
2000–2024: 3,590 人陣亡[24] |
2000–2024: 13,321 名武裝分子被殺 847 人投降 5,832 人被捕[25] | ||||||
超過 20,000 名平民死亡[26][27] |
查謨和喀什米爾獨立運動,又稱印控喀什米爾獨立運動、查謨和喀什米爾叛亂(英語:Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir)或喀什米爾起義(Kashmir Intifada),是喀什米爾分離主義者在巴基斯坦軍方的支持下和印度政府之間的衝突[28],部分分離主義者支持喀什米爾獨立,部分分離主義者則支持加入巴基斯坦。
傷亡
[編輯]20世紀80年代後期,心懷不滿的喀什米爾年輕人越發激進,催生了查謨和喀什米爾的叛亂活動。巴基斯坦利用這一態勢,允許其庇護下的恐怖組織充當馬前卒。21世紀初,特別是在喀什米爾山谷的南部地區,出現了另一波激進主義浪潮。該地區首次出現自殺性爆炸襲擊,表示著叛亂的升級。印度多次指責巴基斯坦三軍情報局等煽動反對印度的叛亂。[29]
據統計,喀什米爾在1988年至2018年間,一共發生47,234起的暴力恐怖事件,累計死亡人數高達44,516人,其中包括14,796名平民,6,361名安全部隊人員,23,356名參與暴力恐怖事件者(截至2018年1月28日的數據)[30]。
儘管印巴兩國近年來已無大規模的軍事衝突,但喀什米爾每年仍有超過100人死於暴力衝突(2016年有267人死亡,2017年有358人死亡,2018年截至1月28日有16人死亡)。自2019年8月取消查謨和喀什米爾的特殊地位以來,印度軍方加強了在該地區的平叛行動。2023年官方數據顯示,印度安全部隊在查謨和喀什米爾打死了113名武裝分子,逮捕了500名同夥,搗毀了89個武裝分子窩點;34名士兵也被殺。[31]
雙方對人權的侵犯
[編輯]印度政府和喀什米爾分離主義者,皆被指控犯下屠殺、虐待等侵犯人權的戰爭罪行。另外,支持喀什米爾分離主義者的巴基斯坦,也被印度政府指控越界襲擊印度軍人[32],甚至殺害喀什米爾平民[33]。
印度政府對人權的侵犯
[編輯]喀什米爾民間團體主張喀什米爾衝突的死亡人數為7萬人(主流說法是4萬多人),衝突中不幸遇難的平民,大多數是被印度軍隊殺害[34],2017年喀什米爾甚至發生警察對手無寸鐵的抗議女學生開槍的事件。[35]
喀什米爾分離主義者對人權的侵犯
[編輯]分離主義者在喀什米爾當地仍有相當大同情與支持力量,分離主義與伊斯蘭恐怖主義有關,聖戰分子參與爆炸和綁架等活動。叛亂還迫使非穆斯林少數民族喀什米爾印度教徒大規模遷出喀什米爾山谷。[36]
參見
[編輯]參考文獻
[編輯]- ^ DeM cadres lead women congregations across Kashmir. Greater Kashmir. 3 August 2016 [9 August 2016]. (原始內容存檔於24 December 2018).
- ^ Gul, Khalid. Pro-freedom rallies in Pampore, Bijbehara. Greater Kashmir. 5 August 2016 [9 August 2016]. (原始內容存檔於8 August 2016).
- ^ DeM activists asked to make Dua-e-Majlis successful. Kashmir Reader. 2 August 2016 [9 August 2016]. (原始內容存檔於3 August 2016).
- ^ This is people's Movement, be United: DeM. 22 July 2016 [9 August 2016]. (原始內容存檔於24 December 2018).
- ^ Al Qaeda In the Indian Subcontinent Released Video Titled 'Kashmir is our' Al Qaeda again target india. 12 October 2021 [13 October 2021]. (原始內容存檔於19 November 2022).
- ^ Until My Freedom Has Come: The New Intifada in Kashmir. Penguin Books India. 2011 [12 November 2020]. ISBN 9780143416470. (原始內容存檔於20 April 2023).
- ^ Margolis, Eric. War at the Top of the World: The Struggle for Afghanistan, Kashmir and Tibet. Routledge. 2004: 81 [12 November 2020]. ISBN 9781135955595. (原始內容存檔於20 April 2023).
- ^ Bose, Sumantra. Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace. Harvard University Press. 2009: 107 [12 November 2020]. ISBN 9780674028555. (原始內容存檔於20 April 2023).
- ^ "insurgency" (noun), Merriam-Webster Unabridged, [27 November 2019], (原始內容存檔於20 January 2020) Quote: "The quality or state of being insurgent; specifically : a condition of revolt against a recognized government that does not reach the proportions of an organized revolutionary government and is not recognized as belligerency" (subscription required)
- ^ insurgency, n, Oxford English Dictionary, [27 November 2019], (原始內容存檔於20 January 2020) Quote: "The quality or state of being insurgent; the tendency to rise in revolt; = insurgence n. = The action of rising against authority; a rising, revolt." (subscription required)
- ^ Insurgency, Encyclopedia Britannica, [27 November 2019], (原始內容存檔於27 November 2019) Quote: "Insurgency, term historically restricted to rebellious acts that did not reach the proportions of an organized revolution. It has subsequently been applied to any such armed uprising, typically guerrilla in character, against the recognized government of a state or country." (subscription required)"
- ^ Elizabeth Van Wie Davis; Rouben Azizian. Islam, Oil, and Geopolitics: Central Asia After September 11. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Incorporated. 2007: 281 [13 May 2021]. ISBN 978-0-7425-4128-3. (原始內容存檔於20 April 2023).
The trouble was that elements of Pakistan ' s government were involved with Islamist extremists . They had protected and supported not only the Taliban but also insurgents crossing the Line of Control into Indian - held Kashmir
- ^ 引用錯誤:沒有為名為
Kazi_Zutshi2017
的參考文獻提供內容 - ^ Kapur, S. Paul, Jihad as Grand Strategy: Islamist Militancy, National Security, and the Pakistani State, Oxford University Press: 84–, 2017 [27 November 2019], ISBN 978-0-19-976852-3, (原始內容存檔於20 April 2023)
- ^
- Swami, Praveen. India, Pakistan and the Secret Jihad. New York: Routledge. 2007. ISBN 978-0-415-40459-4.
- Al Qaeda thriving in Kashmir in support of Pakistani intelligence against india reports Al Qaeda camps in azad kashmir Pakistan. Christian Science Monitor. 2 July 2002 [12 November 2021]. (原始內容存檔於12 November 2021).
- ^ Al-Qaeda calls for liberation of Kashmir. YouTube. [1 August 2021]. (原始內容存檔於2021-12-13).
- ^ ISIS announces new India and Pakistan provinces, casually breaking up Khorasan. The Defense Post. 15 May 2019 [4 June 2019]. (原始內容存檔於10 June 2020).
- ^ Islamic State claims it has established province in India, calls it Wilayah of Hind: Report. 11 May 2019 [18 April 2021]. (原始內容存檔於18 April 2021).
- ^ Islamic State J-K chief among 4 terrorists killed in Kashmir. Rediff.com. 22 June 2018 [20 April 2023]. (原始內容存檔於20 December 2022).
- ^ India imposes Kashmir lockdown, puts leaders 'under house arrest'. [29 March 2022]. (原始內容存檔於19 November 2022).
- ^ 21.0 21.1 21.2 Snehesh Alex Philip, What Imran Khan says is 9 lakh soldiers in Kashmir is actually 3.43 lakh only 網際網路檔案館的存檔,存檔日期2 September 2021., The Print, 12 November 2019.
- ^ 引用錯誤:沒有為名為
The Times
的參考文獻提供內容 - ^ Kashmir. Stimson Center. (原始內容存檔於30 June 2006).: "Some reports estimate that India deploys approximately 400,000 combined army and paramilitary forces in Kashmir, most of which are stationed in the interior, 80,000 of which are deployed along the LoC."
- ^ Yearly Fatalities. SATP. [2024-06-01].
- ^ Yearly Fatalities. SATP. [2024-06-01].
- ^ Kashmir insurgents. Uppsala Conflict Data Program. [29 March 2017]. (原始內容存檔於1 October 2017).
- ^ 40,000 people killed in Kashmir: India. The Express Tribune. (原始內容存檔於27 February 2017).
- ^ 恐怖的曖昧:巴基斯坦,擁恐還是反恐?. 聯合新聞網. 2017-01-17 [2018-01-28]. (原始內容存檔於2021-02-18).
- ^ 斯里納特· 拉加萬. 印巴危机危险空前. 卡內基國際和平基金會. [2019年3月6日]. (原始內容存檔於2024年5月9日).
- ^ 暴力恐怖事件的死亡人數1988-2018年. [2018-02-01]. (原始內容存檔於2016-11-25).
- ^ Shakir Mir. 2023: A Year of Ironies and Paradoxes in J&K. The Wire. [2023-11-05]. (原始內容存檔於2024-06-11).
- ^ 衝突再起! 印度指控巴基斯坦殺害肢解士兵. 自由時報電子報. 2016-11-23 [2018-02-01]. (原始內容存檔於2019-11-02).
- ^ 巴基斯坦在查謨和克什米爾地區違反停火8個月內685次. 哈芬登郵報. 2015-02-24 [2018-02-01].
- ^ 像卡拉季奇一樣,起訴克什米爾境內的所有人權違法行為:JKCCS. [2018-02-01]. (原始內容存檔於2017-10-16).
- ^ 印控喀什米爾喊獨立!女學生遭武裝部隊爆頭倒地. 自由時報電子報. 2017-05-01 [2018-02-01]. (原始內容存檔於2019-11-09).
- ^ Rights Abuses Behind Kashmir Fighting – Human Rights Watch. hrw.org. 16 July 1999 [25 June 2015]. (原始內容存檔於19 October 2008).