希臘語族
希臘語族 | |
---|---|
Greek | |
地理分佈 | 希臘、賽普勒斯、義大利、安那托利亞和黑海地區 |
譜系學分類 | 印歐語系 |
原始語言 | 原始希臘語 |
分支 |
(?) 古馬其頓語†
|
ISO 639-5 | grk |
– | |
Glottolog | gree1276[2] |
希臘語族是印歐語系下屬語族之一[3]。一般來說,希臘語族只包括希臘語一種語言 [4][5]。但一些語言學家認為希臘語可以拆分為多種語言,這些語言被認為相關但差異大到足以成為單獨的語言,它們要麼是希臘語的古代臨近語言,[6]要麼是現代希臘語變體。[7]
希臘語和古馬其頓語
[編輯]雖然發現的大部分現存古馬其頓的公共和私人碑文都是用阿提卡希臘語(後來是通用希臘語)寫成的,[8][9]但有關當地方言的文獻仍存在於專名學證據、古代詞彙表以及最近在希臘馬其頓地區發現的金石學文物,如佩拉詛咒碑。[10][11][12]這種地區變體有時被學者歸類為西北多利亞方言,[note 1]偶爾也被歸類為愛奧利亞希臘語[note 2]或希臘語的一個單獨的同源語言。[note 3]基於最後一種分類方法,有人提議將希臘語和古馬其頓語歸為一類,統稱為「希臘語族」。[6][25]
現代希臘語族
[編輯]此外,一些語言學家使用「希臘語族」一詞指代狹義上的現代希臘語,以及某些其他不同的現代變體,後者由於缺乏相互理解性而被視為不同的語言。[26]最常被視為單獨語言的是察科尼亞語,[26]它被認為是多利亞希臘語而非阿提卡希臘語的後代;其次是安納托利亞的本都希臘語和卡帕多西亞希臘語。[27]義大利南部的格里科語或義大利-希臘語對於講標準希臘語的人來說也不容易互通。[28]賽普勒斯希臘語有時也主張擁有獨立地位,儘管這很難證明。[29]相比之下,猶太-希臘語與標準希臘語可以互通,但有時出於文化和種族原因被認為是一種單獨的語言。[29]希臘語言學傳統上將上述所有均視為單一語言的方言。[4][30][31]
分類
[編輯]希臘語族是印歐語系的一個分支。可能與其關係最為密切的古代語言,古馬其頓語[32][33](古希臘語方言或單獨的語言)和弗里吉亞語,[34]沒有很好的記錄,無法進行詳細的比較。在現存的印歐語系分支中,希臘語通常被認為與亞美尼亞語[35](見希臘-亞美尼亞語族)和印度-伊朗語族[36][37](見希臘-伊朗語族)有著最密切的親緣關係。
語言樹狀圖
[編輯]以下樹狀圖基於Lucien van Beek的工作:[38]
另見
[編輯]腳註
[編輯]- ^ Pioneered by Friedrich Wilhelm Sturz (1808),[13] and subsequently supported by Olivier Masson (1996),[14] Michael Meier-Brügger (2003),[15] Johannes Engels (2010),[16] J. Méndez Dosuna (2012),[17] Joachim Matzinger (2016),[18] Emilio Crespo (2017),[11] Claude Brixhe (2018)[19] and M. B. Hatzopoulos (2020).[13]
- ^ Suggested by August Fick (1874),[14] Otto Hoffmann (1906),[14] N. G. L. Hammond (1997)[20] and Ian Worthington (2012).[21]
- ^ Suggested by Georgiev (1966),[22] Joseph (2001)[23]艾里克·P·漢普 (2013).[24]
引用
[編輯]- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (編). Graeco-Phrygian. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016.
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (編). Greek. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016.
- ^ In other contexts, "Hellenic" and "Greek" are generally synonyms.
- ^ 4.0 4.1 Browning (1983), Medieval and Modern Greek, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- ^ Joseph, Brian D. and Irene Philippaki-Warburton (1987): Modern Greek. London: Routledge, p. 1.
- ^ 6.0 6.1 B. Joseph (2001): "Ancient Greek". In: J. Garry et al. (eds.) Facts about the World's Major Languages: An Encyclopedia of the World's Major Languages, Past and Present. (Online Paper (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館))
- ^ David Dalby. The Linguasphere Register of the World's Languages and Speech Communities (1999/2000, Linguasphere Press). Pp. 449-450.
- ^ Joseph Roisman; Ian Worthington. A Companion to Ancient Macedonia. John Wiley & Sons. 7 July 2011: 94 [2025-02-23]. ISBN 978-1-4443-5163-7. (原始內容存檔於2024-09-28).
Many surviving public and private inscriptions indicate that in the Macedonian kingdom there was no dominant written language but standard Attic and later on koine Greek.
- ^ Lewis, D. M.; Boardman, John. The Cambridge ancient history, 3rd edition, Volume VI. Cambridge University Press. 2000: 730 [2025-02-23]. ISBN 978-0-521-23348-4. (原始內容存檔於2024-09-28).
- ^ Sarah B. Pomeroy, Stanley M. Burstein, Walter Donlan, Jennifer Tolbert Roberts, A Brief History of Ancient Greece: Politics, Society, and Culture, Oxford University Press, 2008, p.289
- ^ 11.0 11.1 Crespo, Emilio. The Softening of Obstruent Consonants in the Macedonian Dialect. Giannakis, Georgios K.; Crespo, Emilio; Filos, Panagiotis (編). Studies in Ancient Greek Dialects: From Central Greece to the Black Sea. Walter de Gruyter. 2017: 329. ISBN 978-3-11-053081-0.
- ^ Hornblower, Simon. Macedon, Thessaly and Boiotia. The Greek World, 479-323 BC Third. Routledge. 2002: 90. ISBN 0-415-16326-9.
- ^ 13.0 13.1 Hatzopoulos, Miltiades B. The speech of the ancient Macedonians. Ancient Macedonia. De Gruyter. 2020: 64, 77 [2025-02-23]. ISBN 978-3-11-071876-8. (原始內容存檔於2024-09-28) (英語).
- ^ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Masson, Olivier. [Ancient] Macedonian language. Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony (編). The Oxford Classical Dictionary revised 3rd. Oxford University Press: 905–906. 2003. ISBN 978-0-19-860641-3 (英語).
- ^ Michael Meier-Brügger, Indo-European linguistics, Walter de Gruyter, 2003, p.28,on Google books
- ^ Roisman, Worthington, 2010, "A Companion to Ancient Macedonia", Chapter 5: Johannes Engels, "Macedonians and Greeks", p. 95
- ^ Dosuna, J. Méndez. Ancient Macedonian as a Greek dialect: A critical survey on recent work (Greek, English, French, German text). Giannakis, Georgios K. (編). Ancient Macedonia: Language, History, Culture. Centre for Greek Language. 2012: 145. ISBN 978-960-7779-52-6.
- ^ Matzinger, Joachim. Die Altbalkanischen Sprachen (PDF) (演講). Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich. 2016 [2025-02-23]. (原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2022-10-15) (德語).
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被忽略 (幫助) - ^ Brixhe, Claude. Macedonian. Klein, Jared; Joseph, Brian; Fritz, Matthias (編). Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics 3. De Gruyter. 2018: 1862–1867 [2025-02-23]. ISBN 978-3-11-054243-1. (原始內容存檔於2024-09-28) (英語).
- ^ Hammond, N.G.L. Collected Studies: Further studies on various topics. A.M. Hakkert. 1997: 79 [2025-02-23]. (原始內容存檔於2024-09-28) (英語).
- ^ Worthington, Ian. Alexander the Great: A Reader. Routledge. 2012: 71 [2025-02-23]. ISBN 978-1-136-64003-2. (原始內容存檔於2024-09-28) (英語).
- ^ Vladimir Georgiev, "The Genesis of the Balkan Peoples", The Slavonic and East European Review 44:103:285-297 (July 1966)
- ^ 引用錯誤:沒有為名為
Joseph2001
的參考文獻提供內容 - ^ Eric Hamp & Douglas Adams (2013) "The Expansion of the Indo-European Languages", Sino-Platonic Papers, vol 239.
- ^ Ancient Macedonian. MultiTree: A Digital Library of Language Relationships. (原始內容存檔於November 22, 2013).
- ^ 26.0 26.1 Salminen, Tapani. Europe and North Asia. Moseley, Christopher (編). Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages. London: Routledge. 2007: 211–284.
- ^ Ethnologue: Family tree for Greek.
- ^ N. Nicholas (1999), The Story of Pu: The Grammaticalisation in Space and Time of a Modern Greek Complementiser. PhD Dissertation, University of Melbourne. p. 482f. (PDF)
- ^ 29.0 29.1 Joseph, Brian; Tserdanelis, Georgios. Modern Greek. Roelcke, Thorsten (編). Variationstypologie: Ein sprachtypologisches Handbuch der europäischen Sprachen. Berlin: de Gruyter. 2003: 836.
- ^ G. Horrocks (1997), Greek: A History of the Language and its Speakers. London: Longman.
- ^ P. Trudgill (2002), Ausbau Sociolinguistics and Identity in Greece, in: P. Trudgill, Sociolinguistic Variation and Change, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
- ^ Roger D. Woodard. "Introduction", The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages, ed. Roger D. Woodard (2004, Cambridge University Press, pp. 1–18), pp. 12–14.
- ^ Benjamin W. Fortson. Indo-European Language and Culture. Blackwell, 2004, p. 405.
- ^ Johannes Friedrich. Extinct Languages. Philosophical Library, 1957, pp. 146–147. Claude Brixhe. "Phrygian," The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages, ed. Roger D. Woodard, Cambridge University Press, 2004, pp. 777–788), p. 780. Benjamin W. Fortson. Indo-European Language and Culture. Blackwell, 2004, p. 403.
- ^ James Clackson. Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction. Cambridge University Press, 2007, pp. 11–12.
- ^ Benjamin W. Fortson. Indo-European Language and Culture. Blackwell, 2004, p. 181.
- ^ Henry M. Hoenigswald, "Greek," The Indo-European Languages, ed. Anna Giacalone Ramat and Paolo Ramat (Routledge, 1998 pp. 228–260), p. 228. BBC: Languages across Europe: Greek (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
- ^ van Beek 2022,第190頁.
參考書目
[編輯]- van Beek, Lucien. Greek (PDF). Olander, Thomas (編). The Indo-European Language Family: A Phylogenetic Perspective. Cambridge University Press. 2022: 173–201 [2025-02-23]. ISBN 978-1-108-49979-8. S2CID 161016819. doi:10.1017/9781108758666. (原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2024-12-08).