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心网虫属

维基百科,自由的百科全书
链状心网虫
化石时期:521–514 Ma
寒武纪第三期[1][2]
科学分类 编辑
界: 动物界 Animalia
总门: 蜕皮动物总门 Ecdysozoa
演化支 泛节肢动物 Panarthropoda
并系群 叶足动物 Lobopodia
纲: 异虫纲 Xenusia
目: 坚有爪目 Scleronychophora
演化支 怪诞虫类群 Hallucigeniids
科: 心网虫科 Cardiodictyidae
Hou & Bergstrom, 1995[3]
属: 心网虫属 Cardiodictyon
Hou, Ramsköld, and Bergström, 1991[1]
种:
链状心网虫 C. catenulum
二名法
Cardiodictyon catenulum
Hou, Ramsköld, and Bergström, 1991

链状心网虫学名Cardiodictyon catenulum[1])是心网虫科学名Cardiodictyidae[3]心网虫属学名Cardiodictyon[1])的唯一一个物种[1][4],也是模式种。此物种在中国南方发现的。[3][1]生存在中寒武纪。[1]此物种的化石标本非常普遍,总共发现多达两百多个心网虫的化石标本,而且大多发现的标本是扁的,而且是弯曲的,[4]再加上化石保存都很好。[5]心网虫的头部具有两对的前附肢[3][6],头里还有可能类似大脑的器官[7][8][9][10][11],头部区域是箭头状,前面的边缘是圆形。其头部由一对大骨片保护,头部前缘有双重结构[3],并有一对眼点[12]; 背板的形状也被重新诠释。[3]嘴巴和肛门位于身体前后的末端。[8]身体很细长还有一条条的环纹[13],23对边边很尖的六角形的骨片,还有23对脚,而脚上两个爪子。[3][1]怪诞虫属Hallucigenia)其中的一种强壮怪诞虫 (Hallucigenia fortis),因为既有身长的身躯[14][15][16],与心网虫一样都是在中国发现的。[1]啰哩山虫属Luolishania)、微网虫属英语MicrodictyonMicrodictyon)、贫腿虫属Paucipodia[17]爪网虫属Onychodictyon[1]都是在中国早期发现的基群泛节肢生物[6][18]

命名

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心网虫属是在中国云南省澂江市澄江化石地发现的。[3][4][19]是源自希腊语kardia是指心, 和dictyon是网子的意思。catenula是源自拉丁语, 意指小链条或是铁链,是指心网虫身上的一排一排的骨板。[3]

描述

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链状心网虫的整体附原图。
异虫英语XenusionXenusion)在海底爬行的复原图,旁边还有暗红色的水母。与心网虫都是以爬行移动。

头部看起来像是椭圆形或是半圆形[4][20],头部有原本被发现有三对细长的前附肢,其中两对已经确定存在,第三对当时还不能确定[1],而之后的研究发现只有两对前附肢。[6][21][20][22],位在头部骨片的更前面。[20]头部的一端被一对大骨片覆盖[3][13][20][22][23],头部有分节[6],没有大骨片的头部看起来就像末端[1],头部和尾部的末端逐渐变得细。[3]在头部上还有细小的眼点。[3][4][12][20][24]身体细长[3][4],大约身长3公分、1公分宽[4],身体没有分节[6],还有25对附肢(头部的两对附肢加上身体的二十三对用来行走的脚)[25][26][27],共有23块的网状六角形骨片[3][13][25][26][28][注 1],每个骨片与骨片的间隔总是有规律的,最后一块的骨片在后面就是身体的尾部,而且尾部是钝的。[3]原本以为身上是没有环纹[1],后来证明有一条条的环纹。[13]发现有一从头部延伸身体的末端条纵向的暗黑色宽带,推测可能是肠子。[3][4][13][29]整个身体的骨板形状几乎没什么变化,每隔一对骨板,也就有一对脚。[3]这一些脚很长,大约是身体宽度的三倍。[1]当初而底部的爪子保存的不完整[1],因而误以为有四、五个爪子[1][3],而之后发现其实只有两个爪子。[25]

加拿大奇虾Anomalocaris canadensis)正在用前附肢捕捉在游泳的等刺虫属Isoxys)。心网虫可能与奇虾一样用附肢捕食。

生活

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对心网虫的生活几乎一无所知,有一些甚至是以对其他寒武纪叶足动物认知而成的。心网虫是底栖型的物种,因为具有用来行走的脚,发现的肠子可能代表心网虫是肉食性或是杂食性,且头上两对的附肢可能与放射齿目一样,用来抓捕猎物。[4]

资料来源

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  1. ^ 通常发现心网虫化石标本都是发现侧面的,所以骨片看起来类似三角形;如果以背侧骨片看,那看到的是类似六角形。