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用戶:ItMarki/數量級 (溫度)

本頁使用了標題或全文手工轉換
維基百科,自由的百科全書
攝氏溫標與電子伏特溫標的比較。
倍數 單位 項目
0 0 K 絕對零度:自由物體達到零點能量,不在熱力學系統時不會產生相互作用
10−30
1 qK
10−18
1 aK
10−15
1 fK
10−12
1 pK 38 pK:已知達到的最低溫度,由銣製玻色–愛因斯坦凝態的物質波透鏡產生。[1]
100 pK:最低溫度記錄,由金屬的核自旋的冷卻產生。.[2]
450 pK:實驗室里達到的最低溫度記錄,為麻省理工學院中的玻色–愛因斯坦凝聚氣體達到的最低溫度。[3]
10−9
1 nK 50 nK:-40的費米溫度
鹼金屬玻色–愛因斯坦凝態的臨界溫度
10−6
1 μK
10−3
1 mK 無線電波激發
1.7 mK:氦-3/氦-4稀釋致冷英語dilution refrigeration的最低溫度記錄,也是用已知技巧可無限期維持的最低溫度。
2.5 mK:氦-3的費米熔點
60 mK:順磁性分子的絕熱退磁英語adiabatic demagnetization
300 mK:氦-3蒸發冷卻英語evaporative cooling
700 mK:氦-3/氦-4混合物出現的分離
950 mK:在2.5 MPa下的熔點。所有118種元素在此溫度或以下皆為固體。
微波激發
1
1 K 1 K:回力棒星雲,已知最冷的自然環境
4.1 K:超導轉變溫度
4.22 K:束縛沸點
5.19 K:束縛臨界點
7.2 K:的超導轉變溫度
9.3 K:的超導轉變溫度
101 10 K 超導現象價電子費米熔點
14.01 K:束縛的熔點
20.28 K:束縛的沸點
33 K:臨界點
44 K:冥王星的平均表面溫度
53 K:海王星的平均表面溫度
63 K:束縛的熔點
68 K:天王星的平均表面溫度
77.35 K:束縛的沸點
90.19 K:束縛的沸點
92 K:YBaCu氧化物YBCO)的超導轉變溫度
102 100 K 紅外線激發
134 K:常壓下的最高溫超導體(汞-鋇-鈣-銅氧化物)
165 K:過冷水的玻璃轉化溫度
184.0 K(–89.2 °C):地球上錄得最低的氣溫
192 K:冰的德拜溫度
273.15 K(0 °C):束縛水的熔
273.16 K (0.01 °C):水的三相點溫度
~293 K:室溫
373.15 K(100 °C),海平面上束縛水的沸點
647 K:過熱臨界點
737.5 K:金星的平均表面溫度

(參見以下詳表

103
1 kK Visible light excitations
500–2200 K on brown dwarfs (photosphere)
1043 K Curie temperature of iron (point at which iron transitions from ferromagnetic to paramagnetic behavior and loses any permanent magnetism)
1170 K at wood fire
1300 K in lava flows, open flames
1500 K in basalt lava flows
~1670 K at blue candle flame
1811 K, melting point of iron (lower for steel)
1830 K in Bunsen burner flame
1900 K at the Space Shuttle orbiter hull in 8 km/s dive
2022 K, boiling point of lead

2074 K, surface temperature of the coolest star, 2MASS J0523-1403
2230 K, Debye temperature of carbon
2320 K at open hydrogen flame
2150–2450 K at open hydrocarbon flame
2900 K, color temperature of halogen lamps, blackbody radiation maximum at 1000 nm
3683 K, melting point of tungsten
3925 K, sublimation point of carbon
4160 K, melting point of hafnium carbide
4800 K, 10 MPa, triple point of carbon[4]
5000 K, 12 GPa melting point of diamond[5]
5100 K in cyanogen-dioxygen flame
5516 K at dicyanoacetylene (carbon subnitride)-ozone flame
5650 K at Earth's Inner Core Boundary
5780 K on surface of the Sun
5933 K, boiling point of tungsten
6000 K, mean of the Universe 300,000 years after the Big Bang
7445 K, 850 GPa;[6] 8750 K, 520 GPa;[7] 5400 K, 220 GPa,[8] critical point of diamond/solid III
7735 K, a monatomic ideal gas has one electron volt of kinetic energy
ultraviolet excitations
8000 K, routinely sustainable temperature in an analytical inductively coupled plasma
8801 K, 10.56 GPa[9] 7020.5 K, 797 MPa,[10] critical point of carbon
anionic sparks

104 10 kK 10 kK on Sirius A
10–15 kK in mononitrogen recombination
15.5 kK, critical point of tungsten
25 kK, mean of the Universe 10,000 years after the Big Bang
26 kK on white dwarf Sirius B
28 kK in record cationic lightning over Earth
29 kK on surface of Alnitak (easternmost star of Orion's belt)
4–8–40–160 kK on white dwarfs
30–400 kK on a planetary nebula's asymptotic giant helium star
36 kK boundary between inner and outer core within Jupiter
37 kK in protonelectron reactions
38 kK on Eta Carinae
46 kK on Wolf–Rayet star R136a1[11]
50 kK at protostar (core)
54.5 kK on ON2 III(f*) star LH64-16[12]
>200 kK on Butterfly Nebula
~300 kK at 17 meters from Little Boy's detonation
Fermi boiling point of valence electrons
X-ray excitations
106
1 MK 0.8 MK in solar wind
gamma ray excitations
1 MK inside old neutron stars, brown dwarfs, and at gravital deuterium fusion range
1–3–10 MK above Sun (corona英語solar corona)
2.4 MK at T Tauri stars and gravital lithium-6 fusion range
2.5 MK at red dwarfs and gravital protium fusion range
10 MK at orange dwarfs and gravital helium-3 fusion range
15.6 MK at Sun's core
10–30–100 MK in stellar flares
20 MK in novae
23 MK, beryllium-7 fusion range
60 MK above Eta Carinae
85 MK (15 keV) in a magnetic confinement fusion plasma
200 MK at helium star and gravital helium-4 fusion range
230 MK, gravital carbon-12 fusion range
460 MK, gravital neon fusiondisproportionation range
5–530 MK in Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor英語Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor's plasma
750 MK, gravital oxygen fusion range
109
1 GK 1 GK, everything 100 seconds after the Big Bang
1.3–1.7 GK, gravital silicon fusion range
3 GK in electronpositron reactions
10 GK in supernovae
10 GK, everything 1 second after the Big Bang
700 GK in quasars' accretion discs
740 GK, Hagedorn temperature英語Hagedorn temperature or Fermi melting point of pions
1012
1 TK 0.1–1 TK at new neutron star
0.5–1.2 TK, Fermi melting point of hadrons into quark–gluon plasma
3–5 TK in protonantiproton reactions
3.6 TK, temperature at which matter doubles in mass (compared to its mass at 0 K) due to relativistic effects
5.5 TK, highest man-made temperature in thermal equilibrium as of 2015 (quark–gluon plasma from LHC collisions)[13]
10 TK, 100 microseconds after the Big Bang
45–67 TK at collapsar of a gamma-ray burst
300–900 TK at protonnickel conversions in the Tevatron's Main Injector[需要解釋]
1015
1 PK 0.3–2.2 PK at protonantiproton collisions

2.8 PK within an electroweak star英語electroweak star

1018
1 EK
1021
1 ZK
1024
1 YK 0.5–7 YK at ultra-high-energy cosmic ray collisions
1027
1 RK everything 10−35 seconds after the Big Bang
1030
1 QK Hagedorn temperature英語Hagedorn temperature of strings
1032
100 QK 142 QK, Planck temperature
1033
1000 QK Theory of everything excitations[來源請求]
10290
10260 QK Landau pole英語Landau pole of Quantum electrodynamics

100 K到1000 K的詳表

[編輯]

大多數人類活動都在此數量級的溫度內進行。水為液體的溫度以淺灰色表示。

開爾文 攝氏度 華氏度 條件
100 K −173.15 °C −279.67 °F
133 K至163 K −140至−110 °C −220至−160 °F 全身冷療室的一般溫度[14]
165 K −108 °C −163 °F 過冷水的玻璃轉化溫度(有爭議)[15]
175.4 K −97.8 °C −144 °F 地球上錄得最低的亮度溫度,以衛星遠端測量(南極洲[16]
183.7 K −89.5 °C −129.1 °F 異丙醇的凝固點/熔點[17]
183.9 K −89.2 °C −128.6 °F 地球上錄得最低的氣溫(南極洲沃斯托克站,1983-07-21 01:45 UTC
192 K −81 °C −114 °F 冰的德拜溫度
193至203 K −80至−70 °C −112至−94 °F 超低溫雪櫃英語ULT freezer的一般溫度
194.6 K −78.5 °C −109.3 °F 二氧化碳乾冰)的昇華點
205.5 K −67.7 °C −89.9 °F 北半球上錄得最低的氣溫(蘇聯奧伊米亞康,1933-02-06)[18]
207.05 K −66.1 °C −86.98 °F 北美洲上錄得最低的氣溫(格陵蘭北冰英語North Ice,1954-01-09)[19]
210 K −63 °C −80 °F 火星的平均表面溫度
214.9 K –58.3 °C –72.9 °F 地球上最低的年均溫度(南極洲冰穹A[20]
223.15 K −50 °C −58 °F 大約6億5000萬年前雪球地球的平均表面溫度[21]
224.8 K −48.4 °C −55.0 °F 水可以保持液體的最低溫度(參見過冷
225 K −48 °C −55 °F 棉籽油的凝固點/熔點[22]
233.15 K −40 °C −40 °F 攝氏溫標華氏溫標的相交點
人類皮膚在此溫度或以下可能會立即凍傷[23]
234.3 K −38.83 °C −37.89 °F 的凝固點/熔點
240.4 K −32.8 °C −27.0 °F 南美洲上錄得最低的氣溫(阿根廷薩緬托,1907-06-01)[24]
246 K −27 °C −17 °F 珠穆朗瑪峰的大約年均溫度[25]
249 K –24 °C –11 °F 亞麻籽油的凝固點/熔點[22]
249.3 K –23.9 °C –11.0 °F 非洲上錄得最低的氣溫(摩洛哥伊夫蘭,1935-02-11)[24]
250 K –23 °C –9 °F 澳洲上錄得最低的氣溫(澳洲新南威爾士州夏洛特山口英語Charlotte Pass, New South Wales,1994-06-29)[24]
255.37 K –1779 °C 0 °F 丹尼爾·加布里爾·華倫海特錄得鹽水-冰混合物的最低溫度
255 K –18 °C 0 °F 杏仁油的凝固點/熔點[22]
家用冷凍箱的一般溫度[26]
256 K –17 °C 1 °F 葵花籽油的凝固點/熔點[22]
256 K –17 °C 2 °F 紅花油的凝固點/熔點[22]
257 K –16 °C 3 °F 大豆油的凝固點/熔點[22]
262 K −11 °C 12 °F 粟米油的凝固點/熔點[22]
263.15 K –10 °C 14 °F 芥花籽油的凝固點/熔點[22]
葡萄籽油英語grape seed oil的凝固點/熔點[22]
265 K –8 °C 18 °F 在此溫度以下,白霜可以形成(參見
大麻籽油的凝固點/熔點[22]
265.8 K –7.2 °C 19 °F 的凝固點/熔點
267 K –6 °C 21 °F 橄欖油的凝固點/熔點[22]
芝麻油的凝固點/熔點[22]
271.15 K −2 °C 28.4 °F 海洋的凝固點/熔點。海洋的鹽度大約為3.47%。[27][28]
273.14 K -0.01 °C 31.98 °F 可導致凍傷的最高溫度
273.15 K 0.00 °C 32.00 °F 淡水的凝固點/熔點(1 atm
273.16 K 0.01 °C 32.02 °F 淡水的三相點
276 K 3 °C 37 °F 花生油的凝固點/熔點[29]
277 K 4 °C 39 °F 家用冷藏室的一般溫度
277.13 K 3.98 °C 39.16 °F 水到達最高密度[30]
279.8 K 6.67 °C 44 °F 在此溫度以下,皮膚很有可能會麻木
283.2 K 10 °C 50 °F 大多數植物可生長的最低溫度(參見生長度日英語growing degree-day
286.9 K 12.7 °C 54.9 °F 人類在意外失溫症下能存活的最低體溫(波蘭拉茨瓦維采英語Racławice的一名2歲男孩,2014年3月30日)[31][32]
287.6 K 14.44 °C 58 °F 皮膚的一般疼痛閾值英語threshold of pain
288 K 15 °C 59 °F 地球的平均表面溫度
291.6 K 18.4 °C 65.1 °F 南極洲錄得的最熱溫度(埃斯佩蘭薩站,2020-02-06)[33]
294 K 21 °C 70 °F 常溫的一般定義值
296 K 23 °C 73 °F 大約5580萬年前古新世—始新世極熱事件中地球的平均表面溫度[34]
297 K 24 °C 75 °F 棕櫚仁油英語palm kernel oil的凝固點/熔點[22]
298 K 25 °C 77 °F 椰子油的凝固點/熔點[22]
300 K 27 °C 81 °F 裸體人類不動時的一般體溫[35][36]
的估計凝固點/熔點
302.9 K 29.8 °C 85.6 °F 的凝固點/熔點
303.15 K 30 °C 86 °F 在此溫度以上,植物的生長速度一般比在此溫度的慢(參見生長度日英語growing degree-day
304 K 31 °C 88 °F 牛油的凝固點/熔點
二氧化碳的臨界點
307 K 34 °C 93 °F 白磷自燃溫度
307.6 K 34.4 °C 93.9 °F 地球的最熱年均表面溫度(埃塞俄比亞達洛爾[20]
308 K 35 °C 95 °F 人類的失溫症體溫
錄得最熱的海溫(紅海
棕櫚油的凝固點/熔點[22]
309.5 K 36.4 °C 97.5 °F 人類的平均體溫[37]
311.03 K 37.87 °C 100.2 °F 人類發燒的初期溫度
311.8 K 38.6 °C 101.5 °F 貓的平均體溫[38]
313.15 K 40 °C 104 °F 熱水浴的最大推薦溫度[39]
315 K 42 °C 108 °F 此溫度的人類發燒通常致命
317.6 K 44.44 °C 112 °F 皮膚的熱疼痛閾值英語threshold of pain
319.3 K 46.1 °C 115 °F 世界上下雨時錄得最熱的氣溫(美國加利福尼亞州尼德爾斯,2012年8月13日)[40]
319.7 K 46.5 °C 115.7 °F 人類倖存的最熱發燒[41]
322.1 K 48.9 °C 120.0 °F 南美洲錄得最熱的氣溫(阿根廷里瓦達維亞,1905年12月11日)[24]
數個美國水管法規所述熱水的最高安全溫度[42]
此溫度的水會在接觸8分鐘後引致二級燒傷,在10分鐘後引致三級燒傷[42]
323.14 K 49.99 °C 121.99 °F 結冰和沸騰的中點
323.9 K 50.7 °C 123.3 °F 南半球錄得最熱的氣溫(澳洲烏德納達塔,1960年2月1日)[24]
329.87 K 56.7 °C 134.1 °F 地球上錄得最熱的氣溫(美國加利福尼亞州因約縣弗內斯克里克死亡谷,1913年7月10日)[43]
333.15 K 60 °C 140 °F 此溫度的水會在接觸3秒後引致二級燒傷,在5秒後引致三級燒傷[42]
吹風機的平均溫度
336 K 63 °C 145.4 °F 牛奶的巴斯德消毒法
342 K 69 °C 157 °F 珠穆朗瑪峰上水的沸點[44]
343.15 K 70 °C 158 °F 食物全熟
部分細菌能生存的溫泉[45]
350 K 77 °C 170 °F 食物水煮
351.52 K 78.37 °C 173.07 °F 乙醇的沸點
353.15 K 80 °C 176 °F 桑拿的平均溫度
355 K 82 °C 180 °F 工業級商業洗碗機的建議最後沖洗溫度[46]
355.6 K 82.4 °C 180.3 °F 2-丙醇的沸點[17]
366 K 93 °C 200 °F 食物燉煮
367 K 94 °C 201 °F 地球上錄得最熱的地面溫度(美國加利福尼亞州因約縣弗內斯克里克死亡谷,1972年7月15日)[47]
371 K 98 °C 209 °F 的凝固點/熔點
373.13 K 99.98 °C 211.97 °F 1 atm的壓強下水的沸點(見攝氏溫標
380 K 107 °C 225 °F 未加工紅花油冒煙點
糖漿濃縮至75%糖
388 K 115 °C 239 °F 的凝固點/熔點
400 K 127 °C 260 °F 超音速飛行中協和式客機機頭的溫度
太空已知溫度最低的恆星(大約溫度)[48]
433.15 K 160 °C 320 °F 糖漿濃縮至100%糖
蔗糖(食糖)焦糖化英語caramelization
450 K 177 °C 350 °F 水星的平均表面溫度
牛油的冒煙點
油炸溫度
453.15 K 180 °C 356 °F 爆谷爆炸
483 K 210 °C 410 °F 柴油自燃溫度
491 K 218 °C 425 °F 的自燃溫度
519 K 246 °C 475 °F 汽油的自燃溫度
522 K 249 °C 480 °F 航空煤油(Jet A/Jet A-1)的自燃溫度[49]
525 K 252 °C 485 °F 乳脂的冒煙點
航空煤油(Jet B)的自燃溫度[49]
538 K 265 °C 510 °F 提煉紅花油的冒煙點
574.5875 K 301.4375 °C 574.5875 °F 華氏開爾文溫標的相交點
600.65 K 327.5 °C 621.5 °F 的熔點/凝固點
647 K 374 °C 705 °F 過熱水的臨界
693 K 419 °C 787 °F 的熔點/凝固點
723.15 K 450 °C 842 °F 航空汽油的自燃溫度[49]
738 K 465 °C 870 °F 金星的平均表面溫度
749 K 476 °C 889 °F 的自燃溫度
798 K 525 °C 977 °F 德雷珀點英語Draper point(幾乎所有物品都發出暗淡紅光的溫度)[50]
858 K 585 °C 1085 °F 的自燃溫度[51]
933.47 K 660.32 °C 1220.58 °F 的熔點/凝固點
1000 K 726.85 °C 1340.33 °F

SI multiples

[編輯]
開爾文(K)的SI倍數
分數 倍數
符號 名稱 符號 名稱
10−1 K dK 分開爾文 101 K daK 十開爾文
10−2 K cK 厘開爾文 102 K hK 百開爾文
10−3 K mK 毫開爾文 103 K kK 千開爾文
10−6 K µK 微開爾文 106 K MK 兆開爾文
10−9 K nK 納開爾文 109 K GK 吉開爾文
10−12 K pK 皮開爾文 1012 K TK 太開爾文
10−15 K fK 飛開爾文 1015 K PK 拍開爾文
10−18 K aK 阿開爾文 1018 K EK 艾開爾文
10−21 K zK 仄開爾文 1021 K ZK 澤開爾文
10−24 K yK 么開爾文 1024 K YK 堯開爾文
10−27 K rK 柔開爾文 1027 K RK 容開爾文
10−30 K qK 虧開爾文 1030 K QK 昆開爾文

References

[編輯]
  1. ^ Deppner, Christian; Herr, Waldemar; Cornelius, Merle; Stromberger, Peter; Sternke, Tammo; Grzeschik, Christoph; Grote, Alexander; Rudolph, Jan; Herrmann, Sven; Krutzik, Markus; Wenzlawski, André. Collective-Mode Enhanced Matter-Wave Optics. Physical Review Letters. 2021-08-30, 127 (10): 100401. Bibcode:2021PhRvL.127j0401D. ISSN 0031-9007. PMID 34533345. S2CID 237396804. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.127.100401 (英語). 
  2. ^ World record in low temperatures. [2009-05-05]. (原始內容存檔於2009-06-18). 
  3. ^ Bose-Einstein condensates break temperature record. 
  4. ^ Savvatimskii, Aleksandr I. Melting point of graphite and liquid carbon (Concerning the paper 'Experimental investigation of the thermal properties of carbon at high temperatures and moderate pressures' by EI Asinovskii, A V Kirillin, and a V Kostanovskii). Physics-Uspekhi. 2003, 46 (12): 1295–1303. Bibcode:2003PhyU...46.1295S. S2CID 250746507. doi:10.1070/PU2003v046n12ABEH001699. 
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