U.S. News美國大學排行榜

美國新聞與世界報道最佳大學排名(英語:U.S. News & World Report Best Colleges Ranking)是美國新聞與世界報道每年發布的高等院校排行榜,由美國新聞與世界報道於1983年首次發布。
最佳大學排名長期引發爭議,並遭到多位教育專家的譴責。[1]批評者指出其依賴院校自行提交(有時存在造假)的數據,[2][3][4][5]助長院校為提高排名而進行的策略性操作,[6]通過可疑數據推導精確序數製造虛假精確性假象,[7]過度強調聲望加劇申請焦慮,[8]且忽視個體適配性——將使命迥異的院校置於同一標準比較。[9]
2022年,哥倫比亞大學因數學教授邁克爾·撒迪厄斯揭露數據造假,排名從第二位驟降至第18位。[10]其餘"國家級大學"排名未重新編號。[11]
排名方法
[編輯]2023年,美國新聞與世界報道對近1,500所高校進行排名。[12]
2023年版國家級大學排名採用以下指標:[12]
"成果指標"(52%):
- 畢業率與保留率(21%):六年內畢業率(16%),新生保留率(5%)
- 畢業率表現(10%):2014屆學生實際六年畢業率與預測值對比
- 社會流動性(11%):佩爾助學金獲得者畢業率(6%),第一代大學生畢業表現(5%)
- 畢業生負債(5%):聯邦貸款借款者平均債務
- 畢業生收入潛力(5%):畢業四年後收入超過高中畢業生比例
"師資力量"(11%):
- 教師薪資(6%)
- 師生比(3%)
- 全職教師比例(2%)
"專家評價"(20%):校長、教務長和招生主任對同類院校的學術質量評分(1-5分)
"財政資源"(8%):生均教學、科研及學生服務支出
"學生選拔"(5%):錄取學生標準化考試成績及高中班級排名
"教師研究"(4%):教師論文被引量 排名分為四類:國家級大學、文理學院、地區性大學和地區性學院,後兩者再細分為北部、南部、中西部和西部區域。[13]
2014年《高等教育研究》期刊通過建模量化排名中的"噪聲":中游院校需投入大量定向資源才可能進入前20,且±4名的波動應視為統計誤差。[14]
影響力
[編輯]2014年排名發布日,usnews.com獲得260萬獨立訪客和1890萬頁面瀏覽量。[15][已過時]
研究顯示排名顯著影響申請趨勢:
2010年密歇根大學研究:排名對頂尖10%學生的申請選擇有持續影響[16],且促使院校聲譽評價趨同[17]
2011年研究:排名每提升1位,申請量增加0.9%[18]
多所大學公開將特定排名作為發展目標:
克萊姆森大學2001年制定"進入公立大學前20"計劃,通過縮減班級規模等方式提升排名[19]
爭議
[編輯]1990年代起,美國多所院校發起抵制運動:
里德學院1995年率先停止提交數據
2000年國家民意研究中心指出權重設置"缺乏實證基礎"[23]
2003年《紐約時報》揭露:1999年方法論調整曾使加州理工學院短暫登頂,次年即被修改[24]
2007年安納波利斯集團年會達成共識:80所成員院校將不再參與聲譽調查(占25%權重),併合作開發替代數據庫。[25][26] 美國新聞編輯回應稱聲譽調查能衡量"統計數據無法捕捉的無形價值"。[27]
2007年莎拉勞倫斯學院校長指出:不提交SAT成績的院校會被自動賦予低於同類院校200分的虛擬分數。[28]
教育專家凱文·凱里批評排名本質是"聲望、財富和排他性"的循環論證,忽視核心教育質量。[29]
2011年《赫芬頓郵報》文章斥責排名是"偽科學工具",通過固化階級差異加劇教育不平等。[30]
2022年美國教育部長米格爾·卡多納稱此類排名是"笑話",批評其助長"對選拔性的病態迷戀"。[31]
2022年起,一些著名法學院集體退出排名:
耶魯法學院(長期榜首)首倡抵制,稱其"嚴重阻礙法律行業進步"[32]。哈佛法學院[33]、加州大學伯克利分校法學院[34]等十餘所院校相繼加入。2023年排名中耶魯仍居首位[35]
2023年一些醫學院抵制:
哈佛醫學院、斯坦福醫學院等五所院校停止合作[36][37]。2023年6月哥倫比亞大學本科項目退出,此前其因數據造假從第2位跌至18位。[38][39]2023年排名公式調整引發更大爭議,美國教育委員會主席稱其"再次證明排名從來不是質量的可靠指標"。[40]
參考文獻
[編輯]- ^ Jaschik, Scott. 'Breaking Ranks' is a new book that attacks 'U.S. News'. Inside Higher Ed. April 11, 2022 [7 May 2022] (英語).
- ^ Elsen-Rooney, Michael. Columbia math professor questions numbers behind university's #2 ranking on U.S. News list. nydailynews.com. 2022-03-06 [2022-03-13].
- ^ Lukpat, Alyssa. Former Temple U. Dean Found Guilty of Faking Data for National Rankings. The New York Times. 2021-11-30 [2022-03-13]. ISSN 0362-4331 (美國英語).
- ^ Jaschik, Scott. University of Oklahoma stripped of 'U.S. News' ranking for supplying false information. Inside Higher Ed. 2019-05-28 [2022-03-13] (英語).
- ^ Jaschik, Scott. False 'U.S. News' rankings data discovered for three more universities. Inside Higher Ed. 2018-02-19 [2022-03-13] (英語).
- ^ Breslow, Samuel. The Case Against Being (Ranked) the Best. The Student Life. 26 September 2014 [30 July 2020]. (原始內容存檔於25 February 2017).
- ^ Strauss, Valerie. U.S. News changed the way it ranks colleges. It's still ridiculous.. The Washington Post. 2018-09-12 [30 July 2020] (英語).
- ^ Jaschik, Scott. 'U.S. News' says it has shifted rankings to focus on social mobility, but has it?. Inside Higher Ed. 10 September 2018 [30 July 2020] (英語).
- ^ Gladwell, Malcolm. The Trouble with College Rankings. The New Yorker. 7 February 2011 [30 July 2020] (美國英語).
- ^ Saul, Stephanie and Hartocollis, Anemona "Columbia University Drops Out of U.S. News Rankings for Undergraduate Schools" The New York Times, June 6, 2023. Retrieved February 14, 2024.
- ^ Hartocollis, Anemona. Columbia Loses Its No. 2 Spot in the U.S. News Rankings. The New York Times. 8 July 2022 [24 July 2022].
- ^ 12.0 12.1 Morse, Robert; Brooks, Eric. How U.S. News Calculated the 2024 Best Colleges Rankings. U.S. News & World Report. 2023-09-17 [2023-09-17].
- ^ Leiby, Richard. The U.S. News college rankings guru. The Washington Post. 9 September 2014.
- ^ Gnolek, Shari L.; Falciano, Vincenzo T.; Kuncl, Ralph W. Modeling Change and Variation in U.S. News & World Report College Rankings: What would it really take to be in the Top 20?. Research in Higher Education. 2014, 55 (8): 761–779. S2CID 144016491. doi:10.1007/s11162-014-9336-9.
- ^ Smith, Steve. U.S. News Pulls Social Levers to Break Records for 'Best Colleges' Package. min Online. 19 September 2013 [24 July 2022]. (原始內容存檔於23 January 2015).
- ^ Bowman, Nicholas A. and Bastedo, Michael N. (2009). "Getting on the Front Page: Organizational Reputation, Status Signals, and the Impact of U.S. News & World Report Rankings on Student Decisions" personal.umich.edu Retrieved June 29, 2010.
- ^ Bastedo, Michael N. and Bowman, Nicholas A. (2010). "The U.S. News & World Report College Rankings: Modeling Institutional Effects on Organizational Reputation" personal.umich.edu Retrieved June 29, 2010.
- ^ Luca, Michael; Smith, Jonathan. Salience in Quality Disclosure: Evidence from the U.S. News College Rankings. Leadership and Management. 27 September 2011 [29 September 2011]. (原始內容存檔於7 November 2013).
- ^ Doug, Lederman. 'Manipulating,' Er, Influencing 'U.S. News'. Inside Higher Ed. 2009-06-03 [2022-05-07]. (原始內容存檔於2009-06-06) (英語).
- ^ Jaschik, Scott. Should U.S. News Make Presidents Rich?. Inside Higher Ed. 2007-03-19 [2022-05-07]. (原始內容存檔於2007-03-22) (英語).
- ^ Hieb, Dan. Vandy, Belmont fare well in U.S. News' best college rankings. Nashville Business Journal. 2010-08-17 [2022-05-07].
- ^ Christopher B. Nelson, "Why you won't find St. John's College ranked in U.S. News & World Report 網際網路檔案館的存檔,存檔日期2007-09-27.", University Business: The Magazine for College and University Administrators.
- ^ A Review of the Methodology for the U.S. News & World Report's Rankings of Undergraduate Colleges and Universities. Washington Monthly. 2000 [2004-01-31]. (原始內容存檔於2000-10-18).
- ^ Thompson, Nicholas. The Best, The Top, The Most. The New York Times. 2003-08-03 [2022-05-07]. ISSN 0362-4331 (美國英語).
- ^ Jaschik, Scott. More Momentum Against 'U.S. News'. Inside Higher Ed. 20 June 2007.
- ^ ANNAPOLIS GROUP STATEMENT ON RANKINGS AND RATINGS. Annapolis Group. 19 June 2007.
- ^ Morse, Robert. About the Annapolis Group's Statement. U.S. News & World Report. 22 June 2007. (原始內容存檔於2 July 2007).
- ^ Tolela Myers, Michele. The Cost of Bucking College Rankings. The Washington Post. 11 March 2007.
- ^ Carey, Kevin. College Rankings Reformed (PDF). educationsector.org. [July 28, 2009]. 原始內容存檔於August 23, 2009.
- ^ Sacks, Peter. America's Best College Scam. The Huffington Post. May 25, 2011 [April 26, 2016].
- ^ Anderson, Nick "U.S. News college rankings draw new complaints and competitors" The Washington Post, September 12, 2023. Retrieved February 16, 2024.
- ^ Korn, Melissa. Yale Law School Abandons U.S. News Rankings, Citing Flawed Methodology. The Wall Street Journal. November 16, 2022 [November 16, 2022].
- ^ Dunn, Christine Charnosky Allison. Harvard Law Follows Yale Law in Pulling Out of US News Rankings. Law.com. November 16, 2022 [November 16, 2022].
- ^ Mystal, Elie. Is the "U.S. News" Ranking System Finally Starting to Crumble?. The Nation. November 18, 2022 [November 19, 2022].
- ^ Nietzel, Michael T. "Despite Boycott, Yale Still Tops U.S. News Best Law School Rankings" Forbes, April 12, 2023. Retrieved February 16, 2024.
- ^ Korn, Melissa. Stanford, Columbia, Penn Medical Schools Expand the Exodus From U.S. News Ranking. The Wall Street Journal. January 24, 2023 [January 24, 2023].
- ^ U.S. News Medical School Rankings (新聞稿). Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. January 24, 2023.
- ^ Hartocollis, Anemona. U.S. News Ranked Columbia No. 2, but a Math Professor Has His Doubts. The New York Times. 2022-03-17 [2023-07-05]. ISSN 0362-4331 (美國英語).
- ^ Mueller, Julia. Columbia University no longer submitting data to US News college ranking. The Hill. 2023-06-07 [2023-06-07] (美國英語).
- ^ Anderson, Nick "U.S. News college rankings are scrambled as its formula changes" The Washington Post, September 18, 2023. Retrieved February 16, 2024.
延伸閱讀
[編輯]- Diver, Colin S. Breaking Ranks: How the Rankings Industry Rules Higher Education and What to Do about It. 巴爾的摩: 約翰斯·霍普金斯大學出版社. 2022 [7 May 2022]. ISBN 9781421443058. OCLC 1246674491.