亞硝酸鈉

亞硝酸鈉
The sodium cation	The nitrite anion (space-filling model)
識別
CAS號	7632-00-0
PubChem	24269
ChemSpider	22689
SMILES	N(=O)[O-].[Na+];
InChI	1/HNO2.Na/c2-1-3;/h(H,2,3);/q;+1/p-1;
InChIKey	LPXPTNMVRIOKMN-REWHXWOFAO
UN編號	1500
EINECS	231-555-9
RTECS	RA1225000
性質
化學式	NaNO2
摩爾質量	68.9953 g·mol⁻¹
外觀	白色至淺黃色晶體
密度	2.168 g/cm3
熔點	271 °C decomp.
溶解性（水）	82 g/100 ml (20 °C)
結構
晶體結構	正交晶系
空間群	Im2m
晶格常數	a = 3.5653(8) Å, b = 5.5728(7) Å, c = 5.3846(13) Å
危險性
警示術語	R：R8, R25, R50
安全術語	S：S1/2, S45, S61
MSDS	External MSDS
歐盟編號	007-010-00-4
歐盟分類	氧化劑 (O); 有毒 (T); 對環境有害 (N)
NFPA 704	0 3 1 OX
自燃溫度	489 °C
	致死量或濃度：
LD50（中位劑量）	180 mg/kg (rats, oral)
相關物質
其他陰離子	硝酸鈉
其他陽離子	亞硝酸鉀; 亞硝酸銨
	若非註明，所有數據均出自標準狀態（25 ℃，100 kPa）下。

亞硝酸鈉（Na N O₂）常用於魚類、肉類等食品的染色和防腐。純淨的亞硝酸鈉是一種白色至淺黃色晶體。它有非常好的水溶性和吸濕性，水溶液呈弱鹼性，pH約為9，易溶於液氨，微溶於乙醇、甲醇、乙醚等有機溶劑。在空氣中，亞硝酸鈉會被緩慢氧化成硝酸鈉（Na N O₃），後者是一種強氧化劑。亞硝酸鈉遇有機物易發生爆炸。

亞硝酸鈉也被用於以下領域：生產重氮化合物染料、亞硝基化合物和其它有機化合物；纖維紡織品的染色和漂白；照相；作實驗室中的抗腐蝕劑；作金屬塗層中的添加劑；生產橡膠。它的10%水溶液也被用於電鍍。亞硝酸鈉同樣被用於人或動物的血管擴張、支氣管擴張藥物中。

製備

亞硝酸鈉由氫氧化鈉與一氧化氮、二氧化氮混合反應製得：

${\ce {2 NaOH + NO2 + NO -> 2 NaNO2 + H2O}}$

值得注意的是，該反應需要在無氧條件下進行，否則製得的亞硝酸鈉很容易被氧化成硝酸鈉。

用途

日常飲食

亞硝酸鹽是普通人日常飲食所需的一部分，存在於很多蔬菜中。^[2]^[3]^[4]在34種蔬菜，包括不同種類的白菜、生菜、菠菜、香菜和蘿蔔等樣品中，亞硝酸鹽含量通常在1.1到57 mg/kg之間^[5]^[6]烹飪蔬菜的過程中可能造成硝酸鹽的流失，亞硝酸鹽的損失卻不顯著。^[6]未經加工的肉類含有0.4-0.5 mg/kg亞硝酸鹽和4–7 mg/kg硝酸鹽，而醃漬過的肉中含有10–30 mg/kg硝酸鹽。^[4]亞硝酸鹽在動物組織中的代謝產物通常是一種重要的神經遞質一氧化氮。^[7]一氧化氮最初可以由精氨酸通過一氧化氮合成酶產生或者來源於消化吸收的硝酸鹽和亞硝酸鹽。^[8]早期關於亞硝酸鹽對人體負面影響的研究提前使人們認識到一氧化氮在人體代謝中的重要地位，並且知道了人體本身會內源性地產生一氧化氮。

食品添加劑

亞硝酸鈉作為食品添加劑，不僅可以對魚類、肉類食品進行染色和保鮮，原理是：亞硝酸鹽在酸性條件下分解產生亞硝基（ NO ），亞硝基會很快與肌紅蛋白反應生成穩定、鮮艷、亮紅色的亞硝化肌紅蛋白。使肉製品保持穩定的鮮艷紅色。因此特別適用於午餐肉、火腿香腸等，而紅燒肉罐頭、清燉豬肉罐頭、燉肘子等肉製品使用自然色澤，一般不添加亞硝酸鈉作為護色劑。亞硝酸鈉的INS號是250，因而有些食品標籤上寫明了使用E250號添加劑，即為亞硝酸鈉。

亞硝酸鈉還可以抑制肉毒桿菌的生長。後者可以產生肉毒桿菌毒素，造成食物中毒。在歐盟標準下，亞硝酸鈉只能以不高於0.6%的含量與食用鹽混合使用，它的E編碼是E250。對亞硝酸鉀的標準與之類似。

用於醃肉時一般和食鹽混合。歐洲的醃肉用鹽（英語：腌肉用盐）是預先混合好，含0.5–0.9%亞硝酸鈉，其餘為食鹽。美國用的醃肉用鹽是叫做「布拉格粉」（Prague Powder），含6.25%亞硝酸鈉，其餘為食鹽，染成粉紅色，用前需要再和食鹽稀釋。^[9]中國一般不用這類預拌粉，直接純品現場稀釋。

藥用

靜脈緩慢注射亞硝酸鈉現在已經被用於氰化物中毒的急救（參見氰化物#解毒），和硫代硫酸鈉配合使用，僅用於嚴重場合。由於現在有無毒的羥鈷胺作為氰化物解藥，亞硝酸鈉一般只留在急救地點沒有羥鈷胺時使用。^[10]如果同時發生氰化物和一氧化碳中毒且沒有羥鈷胺用，單用硫代硫酸鈉即足夠。^[11]^[12]

近期的研究中發現亞硝酸鈉對於擴張血管、改善血液循環有顯著效果，包括對鐮刀型紅血球疾病、心肌梗死、腦動脈瘤和肺動脈高壓去打等的應用前景，其中一些疾病目前可以導致嬰兒死亡。^[13]^[14]但是擴張血管也會造成低血壓、頭痛、氣短等副作用。^[15]

化工用途

亞硝酸鈉被用於胺向重氮化合物的轉化，而N₂集團具有很好的離去性，生產應用中通過這樣的反應來取代氨基。

實驗室中，亞硝酸鈉也被用於處理過量的疊氮化鈉。^[16]^[17]這是因為在酸性條件下，亞硝酸鈉與疊氮化鈉發生如下反應：

${\ce {2NaN3{+}2NaNO2{+}2H^{+}->3N2\uparrow {+}2NO{+}2Na^{+}{+}2H2O}}$

亞硝酸鈉被加熱到較高的溫度（在330 °C以上）後，可以分解產生氧化鈉、紅棕色的二氧化氮和一氧化氮。^[18]

${\ce {2NaNO2->[\Delta ]Na2O{+}NO\uparrow {+}NO2\uparrow }}$

氧化鈉可以吸收二氧化碳產生碳酸鈉，這有可能避免了一個潛水艇中的船員窒息於高濃度的二氧化碳。^[19]

自殺

2020和2021年間英語世界報道多起網購亞硝酸鈉自殺案例，致使學術著作討論亞硝酸鈉毒性。^[20]使用亞硝酸鈉作為自殺手段已在Sanctioned Suicide（英語：Sanctioned Suicide）為主的自殺論壇大有討論。^[21]亞硝酸鈉也出現在著名的「McCarthy等人訴亞馬遜公司」案件中，原告稱亞馬遜網站的「經常搭配」推薦系統將亞硝酸鈉、止吐劑、自殺指南手冊搭配成「自殺套裝」給健康兒童售賣，屬故意輔助自殺。^[22]該訴訟於2023年6月被駁回。^[23]eBay全網自2019年開始就禁止售賣本品。^[24]加拿大已有售賣商以「輔助自殺」罪名被公訴，曾向88位後來死亡的英國人出售本品。^[25]^[26]此外，美國已出台立法，旨在將亞硝酸鈉濃度超過10%的產品視為《消費品安全法（英語：Consumer Product Safety Act）》禁止的消費品，此舉不會影響布拉格粉（濃度6.25%）的銷售。^[27]

急性毒性

這種化合物在含量比較高的狀況下它也對包括人的動物表現明顯的毒性。亞硝酸鈉對鼠的半數致死量為180 mg/kg，對人的已知最低致死量為71 mg/kg，就是說一個重65 kg的人可能被最低4.615g該種物質致死。^[28]

懷疑食用亞硝酸鈉自殺時，先遣急救員應立刻提供亞甲藍，^[29]^[30]^[31]治療大量吞食產生的正鐵血紅蛋白血症。^[32]

健康關注

過量的亞硝酸鈉會致癌。亞硝酸鈉在烹調和消化過程中會和食物中的胺反應，產生致癌物質亞硝胺類化合物。傳統食品中也存在亞硝胺，例如醃肉和鹹魚干。在19世紀20年代，美國一次重要的肉製品醃漬工藝的改進減少了69%的亞硝酸鹽使用，這使得當時胃癌患者的死亡率驟減。^[33]而在1970年前後，人們發現抗壞血酸（即維生素C）可以有效抑制亞硝胺的產生。^[34]這使得美國要求肉製品中必須含有至少550ppm的抗壞血酸。製造商有時會使用成本更低但效果相當的異抗壞血酸作為替代。製造商也會添加α-生育酚（即維生素E）來起到進一步效果。上述三種化合物均通過它們的抗氧化性來抑制亞硝胺的產生。抗壞血酸為例，它可以通過氧化還原作用將亞硝酸鈉的轉化物亞硝酸酐還原為一氧化氮，而自身被氧化為脫氫抗壞血酸。^[35]

一項最近的研究揭示了長期使用醃漬肉製品與COPD之間的關係。研究者認為這類肉製品中高含量的亞硝酸鹽是導致這類肺病的重要因素，但是目前還沒有得到理論性的證實。同時這項研究並沒有證明亞硝酸鹽會提高這類肺病的發病率，而僅僅只是存在某種聯繫。^[36]^[37]

反應機理

致癌物質亞硝胺產生於食物中天然含有的胺類與加工肉製品中亞硝酸鹽的化學反應。

R₂NH（胺） + NaNO₂（亞硝酸鈉）→ R₂N-N=O（亞硝胺）

在酸性環境（例如胃液）或中火加熱條件（例如烹飪過程）下，亞硝胺可以形成重氮鹽。

R₂N-N=O（亞硝胺） +（酸性環境或加熱條件）→ R-N₂⁺（重氮鹽）

特定的亞硝胺類化合物，例如N-亞硝胺^[38]和N-亞硝基四氫吡咯^[39]可以產生碳正離子與細胞中的生物親核試劑發生反應（例如DNA或酶）。

R-N₂⁺（重氮鹽）→ R⁺（碳正離子） + N₂（離去基團） + :Nu（生物親核試劑）→ R-Nu

一旦這樣的親核取代發生在一個生物大分子上的關鍵部位，就可能破壞細胞的正常功能，導致細胞癌變或細胞凋亡。

參考文獻

^ T. Gohda, M. Ichikawa. The Refinement of the Structure of Ferroelectric Sodium Nitrite. Journal of the Korean Physical Society. 1996, 29: 551–554.
^ Leszczyńska, Teresa; Filipiak-Florkiewicz, Agnieszka; Cieślik, Ewa; Sikora, Elżbieta; Pisulewski, Paweł M. Effects of some processing methods on nitrate and nitrite changes in cruciferous vegetables. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 2009-06-01, 22 (4). ISSN 0889-1575. doi:10.1016/j.jfca.2008.10.025 （英語）.
^ 存档副本. [2011-06-27]. （原始內容存檔於2010-04-16）.
^ ^4.0 ^4.1 Dennis, M. J.; Wilson, L. A. NITRATES AND NITRITES. Caballero, Benjamin (編). Encyclopedia of Food Sciences and Nutrition (Second Edition). Oxford: Academic Press. 2003-01-01: 4136–4141 [2022-11-08]. ISBN 978-0-12-227055-0. doi:10.1016/b0-12-227055-x/00830-0. （原始內容存檔於2022-11-08）（英語）.
^ Correia, Manuela; Barroso, Ângela; Barroso, M. Fátima; Soares, Débora; Oliveira, M. B. P. P.; Delerue-Matos, Cristina. Contribution of different vegetable types to exogenous nitrate and nitrite exposure. Food Chemistry. 2010-06-15, 120 (4). ISSN 0308-8146. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.11.030 （英語）.
^ ^6.0 ^6.1 Leszczyńska, Teresa; Filipiak-Florkiewicz, Agnieszka; Cieślik, Ewa; Sikora, Elżbieta; Pisulewski, Paweł M. Effects of some processing methods on nitrate and nitrite changes in cruciferous vegetables. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 2009-06-01, 22 (4). ISSN 0889-1575. doi:10.1016/j.jfca.2008.10.025 （英語）.
^ Meulemans, A.; Delsenne, F. Measurement of nitrite and nitrate levels in biological samples by capillary electrophoresis. Journal of Chromatography B: Biomedical Sciences and Applications. 1994-10-14, 660 (2). ISSN 0378-4347. doi:10.1016/0378-4347(94)00310-6 （英語）.
^ Southan, G. J.; Srinivasan, A. Nitrogen oxides and hydroxyguanidines: formation of donors of nitric and nitrous oxides and possible relevance to nitrous oxide formation by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric Oxide: Biology and Chemistry. 1998, 2 (4) [2022-11-08]. ISSN 1089-8603. PMID 9851368. doi:10.1006/niox.1998.0187. （原始內容存檔於2022-11-18）.
^ Coudray G. Who poisoned your bacon?. Icon Books. February 2021: xv [2025-01-07]. ISBN 978-1785786112. （原始內容存檔於2025-01-19）.
^ Streitz MJ, Bebarta VS, Borys DJ, Morgan DL. Patterns of cyanide antidote use since regulatory approval of hydroxocobalamin in the United States. American Journal of Therapeutics. July–August 2014, 21 (4): 244–249. PMID 23689094. S2CID 21116328. doi:10.1097/MJT.0b013e31824ea656.
^ Graham J, Traylor J. Cyanide Toxicity. StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. 2023 [7 December 2023]. PMID 29939573. （原始內容存檔於2025-02-04）.
^ Baren JM. Pediatric Emergency Medicine. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2008: 1018. ISBN 978-1416000877. （原始內容存檔於16 January 2017） –透過Google Books （英語）.
^ [[美聯社|]]. Hot dog preservative could be disease cure. USA Today. 2005-09-05 [2011-06-27]. （原始內容存檔於2011-08-07）.
^ Roxanne Khamsi. Food preservative fights cystic fibrosis complication. NewScientist.com. 27 January 2006 [2011-06-27]. （原始內容存檔於2008-09-17）.
^ World Health Organization. Stuart MC, Kouimtzi M, Hill SR , 編. WHO Model Formulary 2008. World Health Organization. 2009: 65. ISBN 9789241547659. hdl:10665/44053 .
^ Sodium Azide. Hazardous Waste Management. [[東北大學 (美國)|]]. March 2003 [2011-06-27]. （原始內容存檔於2007-11-04）.
^ Committee on Prudent Practices for Handling, Storage, and Disposal of Chemicals in Laboratories, Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology, Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Applications, National Research Council. Prudent practices in the laboratory: handling and disposal of chemicals. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press（英語：National Academy Press）. 1995 [2011-06-27]. ISBN 0309052297. （原始內容存檔於2015-03-25）.
^ 需要注意的是，該反應可逆，故生成的氣體會與氧化鈉重新化合成亞硝酸鈉，因而實驗現象並不明顯，也不適合實際應用
^ Hoshino, Y.; Utsunomiya, T.; Abe, O. ChemInform Abstract: THE THERMAL DECOMPOSITION OF SODIUM NITRATE AND THE EFFECTS OF SEVERAL OXIDES ON THE DECOMPOSITION. Chemischer Informationsdienst. 1981-09-01, 12 (35) [2022-11-08]. S2CID 197241388. doi:10.1002/chin.198135030. （原始內容存檔於2022-11-08）（德語）.
^
- Durão C, Pedrosa F, Dinis-Oliveira RJ. A fatal case by a suicide kit containing sodium nitrite ordered on the internet. Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine. July 2020, 73: 101989. PMID 32658747. S2CID 219909654. doi:10.1016/j.jflm.2020.101989. hdl:10400.26/34138 .
- Durão C, Pedrosa F, Dinis-Oliveira RJ. Another suicide by sodium nitrite and multiple drugs: an alarming trend for "exit"?. Forensic Science, Medicine, and Pathology. June 2021, 17 (2): 362–366. PMID 33247411. S2CID 227180461. doi:10.1007/s12024-020-00340-2.
- Tomsia M, Głaz M, Nowicka J, Szczepański M. Sodium nitrite detection in costal cartilage and vitreous humor - Case report of fatal poisoning with sodium nitrite. Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine. July 2021, 81: 102186. PMID 34058704. S2CID 235268052. doi:10.1016/j.jflm.2021.102186.
- McCann SD, Kennedy JM, Tweet MS, Bryant SM. Sodium Nitrite Ingestion: an Emerging Trend in Suicide Attempts Shared via Online Communities. The Journal of Emergency Medicine. March 2021, 60 (3): 409–412. PMID 33712114. S2CID 232218908. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2020.10.021.
- Dean DE, Looman KB, Topmiller RG. Fatal methemoglobinemia in three suicidal sodium nitrite poisonings. Journal of Forensic Sciences. July 2021, 66 (4): 1570–1576. PMID 33598944. S2CID 231952466. doi:10.1111/1556-4029.14689.
- Hickey TB, MacNeil JA, Hansmeyer C, Pickup MJ. Fatal methemoglobinemia: A case series highlighting a new trend in intentional sodium nitrite or sodium nitrate ingestion as a method of suicide. Forensic Science International. September 2021, 326: 110907. PMID 34298207. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2021.110907.
- Harvey M, Cave G, Chanwai G. Fatal methaemoglobinaemia induced by self-poisoning with sodium nitrite. Emergency Medicine Australasia. October 2010, 22 (5): 463–465. PMID 21040485. S2CID 38780081. doi:10.1111/j.1742-6723.2010.01335.x.
- McCann SD, Tweet MS, Wahl MS. Rising incidence and high mortality in intentional sodium nitrite exposures reported to US poison centers. Clinical Toxicology. December 2021, 59 (12): 1264–1269. PMID 33787434. S2CID 232431594. doi:10.1080/15563650.2021.1905162 .
- Sedhai YR, Atreya A, Basnyat S, Phuyal P, Pokhrel S. The use of sodium nitrite for deliberate self-harm, and the online suicide market: Should we care?. The Medico-Legal Journal. June 2022, 90 (2): 79–80. PMID 33906496. S2CID 233429578. doi:10.1177/0025817221998119.
- Mudan A, Repplinger D, Lebin J, Lewis J, Vohra R, Smollin C. Severe Methemoglobinemia and Death From Intentional Sodium Nitrite Ingestions. The Journal of Emergency Medicine. September 2020, 59 (3): e85–e88. PMID 32713620. S2CID 220797852. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2020.06.031.
^ Twohey M. Where the Despairing Log On, and Learn Ways to Die. [[紐約時報|]]. 9 December 2021 [24 July 2022]. （原始內容存檔於2023-02-14）.
^ Belanger A. Amazon 'suicide kits' have led to teen deaths, according to new lawsuit. Ars Technica. 7 October 2022 [26 August 2023]. （原始內容存檔於2025-02-04）.
^ Stempel J. Judge dismisses lawsuit claiming Amazon sold 'suicide kits' to teenagers. Reuters. 28 June 2023 [3 November 2023]. （原始內容存檔於2023-11-29）（英語）.
^ Director, eBay (UK) Limited. Re Jason Thompson (deceased) – Sodium Nitrite (PDF). 8 January 2021 [26 August 2023]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2024-09-24） –透過[[英國司法機構|]].
^ Murphy A. Here's why the world will be watching Kenneth Law's court battle. CTV Toronto（英語：CFTO-DT）. 25 July 2023 [26 August 2023]. （原始內容存檔於2025-01-14）.
^ Crawford A. 88 UK deaths linked to Canada 'poison seller'. [[英國廣播公司新聞部|]]. 25 August 2023 [26 August 2023]. （原始內容存檔於2025-01-26）.
^ Chemical Used in Suicides Faces Sales Ban Under Proposed Law. news.bloomberglaw.com. [3 November 2023]. （原始內容存檔於2025-01-15）（英語）.
^ 存档副本. [2011-06-27]. （原始內容存檔於2011-12-11）.
^ Sheehy MH, Way JL. Nitrite intoxication: Protection with methylene blue and oxygen. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. 1 November 1974, 30 (2): 221–226. Bibcode:1974ToxAP..30..221S. ISSN 0041-008X. doi:10.1016/0041-008X(74)90093-3.
^ Ehlers P, Bryant SM. Immediate methylene blue is critical for sodium nitrite ingestions. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. June 2023, 68: 186. PMID 37120398. S2CID 258324908. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2023.04.034.
^ Su M, McRae M. 2022 Health Advisory #22 Poisonings and Death Related to Intentional Sodium Nitrite Ingestions (PDF). New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene（英語：New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene）. 8 September 2022 [4 November 2023]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2025-01-07）.
^ Lee GW, Lee JB. Antidote for acquired methemoglobinemia: methylene blue. Journal of the Korean Medical Association. 16 December 2013, 56 (12): 1084–1090 [2025-01-07]. doi:10.5124/jkma.2013.56.12.1084 . （原始內容存檔於2025-01-19）.
^ Paik, David C; Saborio, David V; Oropeza, Ruben; Freeman, Harold P. The epidemiological enigma of gastric cancer rates in the US: was grandmother's sausage the cause?. International Journal of Epidemiology. 2001-02, 30 (1) [2022-11-08]. ISSN 1464-3685. S2CID 8474418. doi:10.1093/ije/30.1.181. （原始內容存檔於2022-07-14）（英語）.
^ Mackerness, C.W.; Leach, S.A.; Thompson, M.H.; Hill, M.J. The inhibition of bacterially mediated N -nitrosation by vitamin C: relevance to the inhibition of endogenous N -nitrosation in the achlorhydric stomach. Carcinogenesis. 1989, 10 (2). ISSN 0143-3334. PMID 2492212. doi:10.1093/carcin/10.2.397 （英語）.
^ Research Newsletter. Linus Pauling Institute. 2014-07-01 [2022-11-08]. （原始內容存檔於2015-02-23）（英語）.
^ Miranda Hitti. Study: Cured Meats, COPD May Be Linked. WebMD Medical News. 17 April 2007 [2011-06-27]. （原始內容存檔於2009-04-05）.
^ Jiang, Rui; Paik, David C.; Hankinson, John L.; Barr, R. Graham. Cured Meat Consumption, Lung Function, and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease among United States Adults. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2007-04-15, 175 (8) [2022-11-08]. ISSN 1073-449X. PMC 1899290 . PMID 17255565. doi:10.1164/rccm.200607-969OC. （原始內容存檔於2022-11-18）.
^ Najm, Issam; Trussell, R. Rhodes. NDMA Formation in Water and Wastewater. Journal - American Water Works Association. 2001-02, 93 (2). doi:10.1002/j.1551-8833.2001.tb09129.x （英語）.
^ Bills, Donald D.; Hildrum, Kjell I.; Scanlan, Richard A.; Libbey, Leonard M. Potential precursors of N-nitrosopyrrolidine in bacon and other fried foods. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 1973-05, 21 (5) [2022-11-08]. ISSN 0021-8561. PMID 4739004. doi:10.1021/jf60189a029. （原始內容存檔於2022-11-08）（英語）.

拓展閱讀

Theodore R. Kozlowski, Roger F. Bartholomew. Solvent Properties of Molten NaNO[sub 2] Using a Freezing Point Technique. Journal of The Electrochemical Society. 1967, 114 (9): 937 [2019-04-04]. doi:10.1149/1.2426783 （英語）.

外部連結

[1] T. Gohda, M. Ichikawa. The Refinement of the Structure of Ferroelectric Sodium Nitrite. Journal of the Korean Physical Society. 1996, 29: 551–554.

[2] Leszczyńska, Teresa; Filipiak-Florkiewicz, Agnieszka; Cieślik, Ewa; Sikora, Elżbieta; Pisulewski, Paweł M. Effects of some processing methods on nitrate and nitrite changes in cruciferous vegetables. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 2009-06-01, 22 (4). ISSN 0889-1575. doi:10.1016/j.jfca.2008.10.025 （英語）.

[3] 存档副本. [2011-06-27]. （原始內容存檔於2010-04-16）.

[sciencedirect.com-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Dennis, M. J.; Wilson, L. A. NITRATES AND NITRITES. Caballero, Benjamin (編). Encyclopedia of Food Sciences and Nutrition (Second Edition). Oxford: Academic Press. 2003-01-01: 4136–4141 [2022-11-08]. ISBN 978-0-12-227055-0. doi:10.1016/b0-12-227055-x/00830-0. （原始內容存檔於2022-11-08）（英語）.

[5] Correia, Manuela; Barroso, Ângela; Barroso, M. Fátima; Soares, Débora; Oliveira, M. B. P. P.; Delerue-Matos, Cristina. Contribution of different vegetable types to exogenous nitrate and nitrite exposure. Food Chemistry. 2010-06-15, 120 (4). ISSN 0308-8146. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.11.030 （英語）.

[Leszczyńska-6] 6.0 ^6.1 Leszczyńska, Teresa; Filipiak-Florkiewicz, Agnieszka; Cieślik, Ewa; Sikora, Elżbieta; Pisulewski, Paweł M. Effects of some processing methods on nitrate and nitrite changes in cruciferous vegetables. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 2009-06-01, 22 (4). ISSN 0889-1575. doi:10.1016/j.jfca.2008.10.025 （英語）.

[7] Meulemans, A.; Delsenne, F. Measurement of nitrite and nitrate levels in biological samples by capillary electrophoresis. Journal of Chromatography B: Biomedical Sciences and Applications. 1994-10-14, 660 (2). ISSN 0378-4347. doi:10.1016/0378-4347(94)00310-6 （英語）.

[8] Southan, G. J.; Srinivasan, A. Nitrogen oxides and hydroxyguanidines: formation of donors of nitric and nitrous oxides and possible relevance to nitrous oxide formation by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric Oxide: Biology and Chemistry. 1998, 2 (4) [2022-11-08]. ISSN 1089-8603. PMID 9851368. doi:10.1006/niox.1998.0187. （原始內容存檔於2022-11-18）.

[9] Coudray G. Who poisoned your bacon?. Icon Books. February 2021: xv [2025-01-07]. ISBN 978-1785786112. （原始內容存檔於2025-01-19）.

[10] Streitz MJ, Bebarta VS, Borys DJ, Morgan DL. Patterns of cyanide antidote use since regulatory approval of hydroxocobalamin in the United States. American Journal of Therapeutics. July–August 2014, 21 (4): 244–249. PMID 23689094. S2CID 21116328. doi:10.1097/MJT.0b013e31824ea656.

[11] Graham J, Traylor J. Cyanide Toxicity. StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. 2023 [7 December 2023]. PMID 29939573. （原始內容存檔於2025-02-04）.

[12] Baren JM. Pediatric Emergency Medicine. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2008: 1018. ISBN 978-1416000877. （原始內容存檔於16 January 2017） –透過Google Books （英語）.

[13] [[美聯社|]]. Hot dog preservative could be disease cure. USA Today. 2005-09-05 [2011-06-27]. （原始內容存檔於2011-08-07）.

[14] Roxanne Khamsi. Food preservative fights cystic fibrosis complication. NewScientist.com. 27 January 2006 [2011-06-27]. （原始內容存檔於2008-09-17）.

[WHO2008-15] World Health Organization. Stuart MC, Kouimtzi M, Hill SR , 編. WHO Model Formulary 2008. World Health Organization. 2009: 65. ISBN 9789241547659. hdl:10665/44053 .

[16] Sodium Azide. Hazardous Waste Management. [[東北大學 (美國)|]]. March 2003 [2011-06-27]. （原始內容存檔於2007-11-04）.

[17] Committee on Prudent Practices for Handling, Storage, and Disposal of Chemicals in Laboratories, Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology, Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Applications, National Research Council. Prudent practices in the laboratory: handling and disposal of chemicals. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press（英語：National Academy Press）. 1995 [2011-06-27]. ISBN 0309052297. （原始內容存檔於2015-03-25）.

[18] 需要注意的是，該反應可逆，故生成的氣體會與氧化鈉重新化合成亞硝酸鈉，因而實驗現象並不明顯，也不適合實際應用

[19] Hoshino, Y.; Utsunomiya, T.; Abe, O. ChemInform Abstract: THE THERMAL DECOMPOSITION OF SODIUM NITRATE AND THE EFFECTS OF SEVERAL OXIDES ON THE DECOMPOSITION. Chemischer Informationsdienst. 1981-09-01, 12 (35) [2022-11-08]. S2CID 197241388. doi:10.1002/chin.198135030. （原始內容存檔於2022-11-08）（德語）.

[20] 
Durão C, Pedrosa F, Dinis-Oliveira RJ. A fatal case by a suicide kit containing sodium nitrite ordered on the internet. Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine. July 2020, 73: 101989. PMID 32658747. S2CID 219909654. doi:10.1016/j.jflm.2020.101989. hdl:10400.26/34138 .

Durão C, Pedrosa F, Dinis-Oliveira RJ. Another suicide by sodium nitrite and multiple drugs: an alarming trend for "exit"?. Forensic Science, Medicine, and Pathology. June 2021, 17 (2): 362–366. PMID 33247411. S2CID 227180461. doi:10.1007/s12024-020-00340-2.

Tomsia M, Głaz M, Nowicka J, Szczepański M. Sodium nitrite detection in costal cartilage and vitreous humor - Case report of fatal poisoning with sodium nitrite. Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine. July 2021, 81: 102186. PMID 34058704. S2CID 235268052. doi:10.1016/j.jflm.2021.102186.

McCann SD, Kennedy JM, Tweet MS, Bryant SM. Sodium Nitrite Ingestion: an Emerging Trend in Suicide Attempts Shared via Online Communities. The Journal of Emergency Medicine. March 2021, 60 (3): 409–412. PMID 33712114. S2CID 232218908. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2020.10.021.

Dean DE, Looman KB, Topmiller RG. Fatal methemoglobinemia in three suicidal sodium nitrite poisonings. Journal of Forensic Sciences. July 2021, 66 (4): 1570–1576. PMID 33598944. S2CID 231952466. doi:10.1111/1556-4029.14689.

Hickey TB, MacNeil JA, Hansmeyer C, Pickup MJ. Fatal methemoglobinemia: A case series highlighting a new trend in intentional sodium nitrite or sodium nitrate ingestion as a method of suicide. Forensic Science International. September 2021, 326: 110907. PMID 34298207. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2021.110907.

Harvey M, Cave G, Chanwai G. Fatal methaemoglobinaemia induced by self-poisoning with sodium nitrite. Emergency Medicine Australasia. October 2010, 22 (5): 463–465. PMID 21040485. S2CID 38780081. doi:10.1111/j.1742-6723.2010.01335.x.

McCann SD, Tweet MS, Wahl MS. Rising incidence and high mortality in intentional sodium nitrite exposures reported to US poison centers. Clinical Toxicology. December 2021, 59 (12): 1264–1269. PMID 33787434. S2CID 232431594. doi:10.1080/15563650.2021.1905162 .

Sedhai YR, Atreya A, Basnyat S, Phuyal P, Pokhrel S. The use of sodium nitrite for deliberate self-harm, and the online suicide market: Should we care?. The Medico-Legal Journal. June 2022, 90 (2): 79–80. PMID 33906496. S2CID 233429578. doi:10.1177/0025817221998119.

Mudan A, Repplinger D, Lebin J, Lewis J, Vohra R, Smollin C. Severe Methemoglobinemia and Death From Intentional Sodium Nitrite Ingestions. The Journal of Emergency Medicine. September 2020, 59 (3): e85–e88. PMID 32713620. S2CID 220797852. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2020.06.031.

[21] Durão C, Pedrosa F, Dinis-Oliveira RJ. A fatal case by a suicide kit containing sodium nitrite ordered on the internet. Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine. July 2020, 73: 101989. PMID 32658747. S2CID 219909654. doi:10.1016/j.jflm.2020.101989. hdl:10400.26/34138 .

[22] Durão C, Pedrosa F, Dinis-Oliveira RJ. Another suicide by sodium nitrite and multiple drugs: an alarming trend for "exit"?. Forensic Science, Medicine, and Pathology. June 2021, 17 (2): 362–366. PMID 33247411. S2CID 227180461. doi:10.1007/s12024-020-00340-2.

[23] Tomsia M, Głaz M, Nowicka J, Szczepański M. Sodium nitrite detection in costal cartilage and vitreous humor - Case report of fatal poisoning with sodium nitrite. Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine. July 2021, 81: 102186. PMID 34058704. S2CID 235268052. doi:10.1016/j.jflm.2021.102186.

[24] McCann SD, Kennedy JM, Tweet MS, Bryant SM. Sodium Nitrite Ingestion: an Emerging Trend in Suicide Attempts Shared via Online Communities. The Journal of Emergency Medicine. March 2021, 60 (3): 409–412. PMID 33712114. S2CID 232218908. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2020.10.021.

[25] Dean DE, Looman KB, Topmiller RG. Fatal methemoglobinemia in three suicidal sodium nitrite poisonings. Journal of Forensic Sciences. July 2021, 66 (4): 1570–1576. PMID 33598944. S2CID 231952466. doi:10.1111/1556-4029.14689.

[26] Hickey TB, MacNeil JA, Hansmeyer C, Pickup MJ. Fatal methemoglobinemia: A case series highlighting a new trend in intentional sodium nitrite or sodium nitrate ingestion as a method of suicide. Forensic Science International. September 2021, 326: 110907. PMID 34298207. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2021.110907.

[27] Harvey M, Cave G, Chanwai G. Fatal methaemoglobinaemia induced by self-poisoning with sodium nitrite. Emergency Medicine Australasia. October 2010, 22 (5): 463–465. PMID 21040485. S2CID 38780081. doi:10.1111/j.1742-6723.2010.01335.x.

[28] McCann SD, Tweet MS, Wahl MS. Rising incidence and high mortality in intentional sodium nitrite exposures reported to US poison centers. Clinical Toxicology. December 2021, 59 (12): 1264–1269. PMID 33787434. S2CID 232431594. doi:10.1080/15563650.2021.1905162 .

[29] Sedhai YR, Atreya A, Basnyat S, Phuyal P, Pokhrel S. The use of sodium nitrite for deliberate self-harm, and the online suicide market: Should we care?. The Medico-Legal Journal. June 2022, 90 (2): 79–80. PMID 33906496. S2CID 233429578. doi:10.1177/0025817221998119.

[30] Mudan A, Repplinger D, Lebin J, Lewis J, Vohra R, Smollin C. Severe Methemoglobinemia and Death From Intentional Sodium Nitrite Ingestions. The Journal of Emergency Medicine. September 2020, 59 (3): e85–e88. PMID 32713620. S2CID 220797852. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2020.06.031.

[Where_the_Despairing_Log_On,_and_Learn_Ways_to_Die-21] Twohey M. Where the Despairing Log On, and Learn Ways to Die. [[紐約時報|]]. 9 December 2021 [24 July 2022]. （原始內容存檔於2023-02-14）.

[22] Belanger A. Amazon 'suicide kits' have led to teen deaths, according to new lawsuit. Ars Technica. 7 October 2022 [26 August 2023]. （原始內容存檔於2025-02-04）.

[23] Stempel J. Judge dismisses lawsuit claiming Amazon sold 'suicide kits' to teenagers. Reuters. 28 June 2023 [3 November 2023]. （原始內容存檔於2023-11-29）（英語）.

[24] Director, eBay (UK) Limited. Re Jason Thompson (deceased) – Sodium Nitrite (PDF). 8 January 2021 [26 August 2023]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2024-09-24） –透過[[英國司法機構|]].

[25] Murphy A. Here's why the world will be watching Kenneth Law's court battle. CTV Toronto（英語：CFTO-DT）. 25 July 2023 [26 August 2023]. （原始內容存檔於2025-01-14）.

[26] Crawford A. 88 UK deaths linked to Canada 'poison seller'. [[英國廣播公司新聞部|]]. 25 August 2023 [26 August 2023]. （原始內容存檔於2025-01-26）.

[27] Chemical Used in Suicides Faces Sales Ban Under Proposed Law. news.bloomberglaw.com. [3 November 2023]. （原始內容存檔於2025-01-15）（英語）.

[28] 存档副本. [2011-06-27]. （原始內容存檔於2011-12-11）.

[29] Sheehy MH, Way JL. Nitrite intoxication: Protection with methylene blue and oxygen. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. 1 November 1974, 30 (2): 221–226. Bibcode:1974ToxAP..30..221S. ISSN 0041-008X. doi:10.1016/0041-008X(74)90093-3.

[:0-30] Ehlers P, Bryant SM. Immediate methylene blue is critical for sodium nitrite ingestions. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. June 2023, 68: 186. PMID 37120398. S2CID 258324908. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2023.04.034.

[31] Su M, McRae M. 2022 Health Advisory #22 Poisonings and Death Related to Intentional Sodium Nitrite Ingestions (PDF). New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene（英語：New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene）. 8 September 2022 [4 November 2023]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2025-01-07）.

[32] Lee GW, Lee JB. Antidote for acquired methemoglobinemia: methylene blue. Journal of the Korean Medical Association. 16 December 2013, 56 (12): 1084–1090 [2025-01-07]. doi:10.5124/jkma.2013.56.12.1084 . （原始內容存檔於2025-01-19）.

[33] Paik, David C; Saborio, David V; Oropeza, Ruben; Freeman, Harold P. The epidemiological enigma of gastric cancer rates in the US: was grandmother's sausage the cause?. International Journal of Epidemiology. 2001-02, 30 (1) [2022-11-08]. ISSN 1464-3685. S2CID 8474418. doi:10.1093/ije/30.1.181. （原始內容存檔於2022-07-14）（英語）.

[34] Mackerness, C.W.; Leach, S.A.; Thompson, M.H.; Hill, M.J. The inhibition of bacterially mediated N -nitrosation by vitamin C: relevance to the inhibition of endogenous N -nitrosation in the achlorhydric stomach. Carcinogenesis. 1989, 10 (2). ISSN 0143-3334. PMID 2492212. doi:10.1093/carcin/10.2.397 （英語）.

[35] Research Newsletter. Linus Pauling Institute. 2014-07-01 [2022-11-08]. （原始內容存檔於2015-02-23）（英語）.

[36] Miranda Hitti. Study: Cured Meats, COPD May Be Linked. WebMD Medical News. 17 April 2007 [2011-06-27]. （原始內容存檔於2009-04-05）.

[37] Jiang, Rui; Paik, David C.; Hankinson, John L.; Barr, R. Graham. Cured Meat Consumption, Lung Function, and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease among United States Adults. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2007-04-15, 175 (8) [2022-11-08]. ISSN 1073-449X. PMC 1899290 . PMID 17255565. doi:10.1164/rccm.200607-969OC. （原始內容存檔於2022-11-18）.

[najm2001-38] Najm, Issam; Trussell, R. Rhodes. NDMA Formation in Water and Wastewater. Journal - American Water Works Association. 2001-02, 93 (2). doi:10.1002/j.1551-8833.2001.tb09129.x （英語）.

[bills1973-39] Bills, Donald D.; Hildrum, Kjell I.; Scanlan, Richard A.; Libbey, Leonard M. Potential precursors of N-nitrosopyrrolidine in bacon and other fried foods. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 1973-05, 21 (5) [2022-11-08]. ISSN 0021-8561. PMID 4739004. doi:10.1021/jf60189a029. （原始內容存檔於2022-11-08）（英語）.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

[36]

[37]

[38]

[39]