草稿:Eckankar
| 艾肯卡 | |
|---|---|
| Eckankar | |
 艾肯卡宗教运动的“EK”符号 | |
| 类别 | 受佛法影响的新宗教运动 |
| 典籍 | 《永恒之道》（Shariyat-Ki-Sugmad）以及艾肯卡出版的各类读物[1][2] |
| 领袖 | 哈罗德·克兰普[3] |
| 区域 | 世界各地 |
| 总部 | ECK圣殿，位于美国明尼苏达州钱哈森 |
| 创始人 | 保罗·特威切尔 |
| 起源 | 1965年 美国加利福尼亚州圣地亚哥[4] |
艾肯卡（Eckankar，/ˈɛkənˌkɑːr/ EK-ən-kar）也称为ECK，是起源于美国的一个新宗教运动，由保罗·特威切尔于1965年创立。艾肯卡的总部位于明尼苏达州钱哈森的ECK圣殿，不隶属于任何其他宗教团体。[5]
艾肯卡运动教导一些简单的精神练习，例如唱诵“HU”，称为“献给上帝的情歌”，以体验上帝的“光”和“声音”，并认识到圣灵的存在。[6][7][8]
词源
[编辑]特威切尔以将梵语词义改编成英语而闻名，“Eckankar”一词可能是改编自锡克教的短语“Ik Onkar”，意思为“One Om”。“Eck”的意思是“圣灵”，意思犹如基督教圣经的术语。[9]:55 根据艾肯卡本身对这个术语的解释，“Eckankar”的意思是“神的同工”。[来源请求]
历史
[编辑]艾肯卡运动由保罗·特威切尔（Paul Twitchell，灵修名：Peddar Zaskq）于1965年创立，他一直是该运动的精神领袖，被称为“活着的ECK大师”。直到1971年9月特威切尔去世，达尔文·格罗斯（Darwin Gross，灵修名：Dap Ren）继任；1981年10月22日，哈罗德·克莱普（Harold Klemp，灵修名：Wah Z）被宣布为精神领袖。1981年至1987年期间，格罗斯和克莱普都自称是“活着的ECK大师”和“内在大师”，并拥有各自的追随者。[来源请求]
Eckankar's headquarters were originally in Las Vegas, Nevada. In 1975, under the leadership of Gross, the organization was moved to Menlo Park, California. In 1986, Klemp moved the base of operations to Minneapolis, Minnesota.[10]
Eckankar is registered as a nonprofit religious organization in the United States. It reports members in more than 120 countries, and its teachings have been translated into over 25 languages.[11] The number of members, known as ECKists, is undisclosed. The world headquarters and Temple of Eck, Eckankar's Spiritual Center, are in Chanhassen, Minnesota,[12][13][14] on a 174-英亩（70-公顷） campus with 2英里（3.2千米） of contemplation trails open to the public.[15][16]
The Eckankar "EK" symbol appears on the Available Emblems of Belief for Placement on Government Headstones and Markers by the United States Department of Veterans Affairs.[17] Sources estimate that there were around 50,000 followers in the 1990s.[18][19]
基本信仰
[编辑]Some scholars believe that Eckankar beliefs draw in part from the Sikh and Hindu religions,[20] in particular the Radha Soami movement.[21][22] However, J. Gordon Melton finds significant differences between Radha Soami teachings and Eckankar.[23]
One of the basic tenets is that soul (the true self) may be experienced separate from the physical body and, in full consciousness, travel freely in "other planes of reality." Eckankar emphasizes personal spiritual experiences as the most natural way back to God.[24] These are attained via Soul Travel: shifting the awareness from the body to the inner planes of existence.[9]:187
Certain mantras or chants are used to facilitate spiritual growth. One important spiritual exercise of Eckankar is the singing or chanting of HU, which is viewed in Eckankar as a "love song to God." It is pronounced like the English word "hue" (or "hyoo") in a long, drawn-out breath and is sung for about twenty minutes to half an hour. ECKists sing it alone or in small groups.[9]:59 ECKists believe that singing HU draws one closer in state of consciousness to the Divine Being and that it can expand awareness, help one experience divine love, heal broken hearts, offer solace in times of grief, and bring peace and calm.[25] ECKists believe the practice allows the practitioner to retreat from the overwhelming input of the physical senses and emotions and regain the Soul's spiritually higher viewpoint.
Dreams are regarded as important teaching tools, and members often keep dream journals to facilitate study.[26] According to followers of Eckankar, dream travel often serves as the gateway to Soul Travel,[27] (also known by Eckankar as an out-of-body experience) or the shifting of one's consciousness to ever-higher states of being. Soul travel was a new term created by Twitchell.
Eckankar teaches that "spiritual liberation" in one's lifetime is available to all and that it is possible to achieve "Self-realization" (the realization of oneself as Soul) and "God-realization" (the realization of oneself as a "spark" of God) in one's lifetime. The membership card Eckankar followers carry states, "The aim and purpose of Eckankar has always been to take Soul by its own path back to its divine source."
The final spiritual goal of all ECKists is to become conscious "co-workers" with God.[9]:59[28]
The leader of Eckankar is known as "the Living ECK Master" (LEM). Eckankar claims that only a man can be the LEM as the Soul needs the atom structure of a male body in the physical world to become the spiritual leader, a choice made before birth[谁说的？]. Eckankar now claims that some leaders—Twitchell and Klemp, for example—also hold the title "Mahanta", which refers to the inner aspect of the teacher. During Gross's ten-year leadership (1971–1981), the nonprofit religious organization claimed he was the Mahanta. The leader functions as both an inner and outer guide for each member's spiritual progress.
ECKists believe that contact with a divine spirit, which they call the ECK, can be made via the spiritual exercises of ECK and the guidance of the LEM. It is held that the ECK Masters serve all life irrespective of religious belief. The main Eckankar website includes a list of Masters—some of whom are historical figures.[29]
The Shariyat-Ki-Sugmad, which means "Way of the Eternal", is the holy scripture of Eckankar.[30] It comprises two books of spiritual meaning and purpose written by the Mahanta.[9]:59 There is also a series of Satsang writings that are available with yearly membership in Eckankar. There are Satsang classes available to study discourses with others and individually.[9]:177
Some of the key beliefs taught in the Shariyat-Ki-Sugmad include "Soul Travel", karma, reincarnation, love, "Light and Sound", and many other spiritual topics. ECKists believe Sugmad is the endless source from which all forms were created and that the ECK, the "Sound Current", flows out of Sugmad and into lower dimensions.[9]:59, 187, 194
Primary to the teaching is the belief that one may experience the perspective of the Soul beyond the body's limits. Also, the concepts of karma and reincarnation help to explain situations in life as the playing out of past causes.[9]:186–187
The beliefs that individuals are responsible for their destiny and that their decisions determine their future are important concepts to Eckankar. Eckankar students meet in open public services and classes to discuss personal experiences, topics, books, and discourses.[9]:59
仪式礼节
[编辑]There are few personal requirements to be an ECKist; however, certain spiritual practices are recommended. Chief among these is daily practice of the "Spiritual Exercises of ECK" for 15–20 minutes.[9]:189 The most basic ECK spiritual exercise is singing the syllable HU. Various spiritual exercises are offered, and members are encouraged to create their own. Study of ECK books and written discourses, alone or in groups, is also encouraged. There are no dietary requirements, taboos, or enforced ascetic practices. Eckankar does not require potential members to leave their current faith.
There are several ceremonies an ECKist can experience as part of the teaching, including a Consecration ceremony for initiating the young and infants, a Rite of Passage into adulthood (around age 13), a Wedding ceremony, and a Memorial service.[9]:186
September 17 is celebrated as Founder's Day in honor of Paul Twitchell. October 22 is celebrated as the spiritual new year.[31][32]
批评
[编辑]In his book, Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America, written in 1977, David C. Lane writes:
This lineage, known as the Vairagi masters in Eckankar, allegedly traces its genealogy back through some 970 Living Eck Masters to Rama, an avatar of Vishnu in Hinduism. In other versions, the teachings go even further back to Gakko, a spiritual essence that traveled from the city of Retz on the planet Venus to Earth six million years ago ... In addition, Sudar Singh and Rebazar Tarzs are not genuine historical personages but literary inventions developed by Twitchell to conceal his past associations.[33]
另见
[编辑]- Ancient Teachings of the Masters
- Contemporary Sant Mat movement
- Marjan Davari
- New religious movement
参考资料
[编辑]- ^ Books. Online Bookstore. [16 March 2018].
- ^ Eckankar sacred texts. ReligionFacts. [16 March 2018].
- ^ Handbook of World Religions, Len Woods, The Livingston Corp., 2008, Published by Barbour Publishing, Inc., P. O. Box 719, Uhrichsville, Ohio 44683: "Harold Klemp (1942-Current)--a native of Wisconsin and former divinity student, Klemp discovered Eckankar in the 1960s. In 1981 he became Sri Harold Klemp, the Mahanta, the Living Eckankar Master, the spiritual leader of Eckankar; Klemp's spiritual name is Wah Z, 'the Secret Doctrine.'" Ch. 14, ECKANKAR, p. 69
- ^ Search for "paul twitchell" "SoulTravel". Chula Vista Star-News. 7 November 1965: 2 [16 March 2018] –通过Newspapers.com.
- ^ Wiki, Eckankar. Introduction to Eckankar. eckankar.wiki. [25 April 2024].
- ^ "HU: A Love Song to God 互联网档案馆的存档，存档日期2017-10-28.", Eckankar website, last modified 16 Jan. 2016. Retrieved 30 Jan. 2016.
- ^ "This sound develops through ten different aspects ... until it finally becomes Hu, the most sacred of all sounds. This sound Hu is the beginning and end of all sounds ... the echo of bells or gongs gives a typical illustration of the sound Hu. The Supreme Being has been called by various names in different languages, but the mystics have known him as Hu, the natural name, not man-made, the only name of the nameless which all nature constantly proclaims. The sound Hu is most sacred; the mystics of all ages called it Ismi-Azam, the name of the most High, for it is the origin and end of every sound as well as the background of each word. The word Hu is the spirit of all sounds ... This alone is the true name of God, a name that no people and no religion can claim as their own. ... All things and beings exclaim this name of the Lord, for every activity of life expresses distinctly or indistinctly this very sound. ... The mystery of Hu is revealed to the Sufi who journeys through the path of initiation." – Inayat Khan, The Mysticism of Sound / Abstract Sound.
- ^ Hu
- ^ 9.00 9.01 9.02 9.03 9.04 9.05 9.06 9.07 9.08 9.09 9.10 Klemp, Harold. A Cosmic Sea of Words, The ECKANKAR Lexicon. Minneapolis: Eckankar, 2009. ISBN 978-1-57043-286-6
- ^ "'Soul Travelers' Move", San Jose Mercury News, 24 August 1986.
- ^ https://www.eckankar.org/explore/faqs/ and Multifaith Information Manual, 6th Edition, Canadian Multifaith Federation, Toronto, p. 181. "Eckankar subordinate churches have been legally recognized as nonprofit organizations with religious purposes in up to 40 countries, including Australia, Brazil, Canada, Hong Kong, Ghana, Mexico, New Zealand, Nigeria, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and others."
- ^ Religions in Minnesota, "(New) Religious Movements)—Eckankar—Global Eckankar" by Lauren Alexander, https://religionsmn.carleton.edu/exhibits/show/eckankar/global-eckankar. "It is estimated that ECKists can be found in anywhere between one hundred to one hundred and twenty countries across the globe. The presence of Eckankar is particularly strong in Africa and Europe, and two such strongholds are located in Nigeria and Germany. Eckankar texts are translated into multiple languages.
- ^ Sam Barnes, "Members of Temple Say They Have the Passport for Spiritual Travels," West—Star Tribune, Wednesday, January 18, 2006. ". . .The Temple of ECK in Chanhassen. . . . is the international center of a religious movement that claims tens of thousands of followers worldwide in more than 120 countries.
- ^ Nolan Zavoral, "Eckankar's Soul Travel Opens Roads to Insight," Faith & Values, Star Tribune, Saturday, October 25, 1997. "Eckankar, claiming more than 50,000 followers worldwide, moved its headquarters to the Twin Cities at the turn of the '90s. Each year, more than 15,000 people visit the Temple of Eck, an $8 million structure rising like a pyramid from rippling waves of prairie grass in Chanhassen."
- ^ Ibid. Sam Barnes, "Members of Temple Say They Have the Passport for Spiritual Travels," West—Star Tribune, Wednesday, January 18, 2006. ". . .The Temple of ECK in Chanhassen. . . . is located on a 174-acre site on the northwest corner of Hwy 5 and Powers Boulevard."
- ^ Andrew Hazzard and Meghan Davy-Sandvold, "Spiritual Movements Ancient and Modern Develop Roots in the Southwest Metro," Southwest News Media, August 31, 2018, https://www.swnewsmedia.com/chanhassen_villager/spiritual-movements-ancient-and-modern-develop-roots-in-the-southwest-metro/article_1672e9c7-e5ca-533e-856d-f2f2eb45d2ea.html "The temple sits on 174 rolling prairie off Powers Boulevard. Two miles of contemplation paths wind through the prairie and are open to the public."
- ^ Administration, National Cemetery. Available Emblems of Belief for Placement on Government Headstones and Markers - National Cemetery Administration. www.cem.va.gov. [16 March 2018].
- ^ "Eckankar," by David V. Barret, Encyclopedia of New Religious Movements, ed. Peter B. Clarke, Routledge, 2006. "Eckankar claims to have tens of thousands of members worldwide, many of whom also continue to be members of other religions." p. 160
- ^ Ibid. Len Woods (2008) Handbook of World Religions. "Though Eckankar doesn't publish membership figures, conservative estimates put the number of adherents to fifty thousand. Followers study at over three hundred Eckankar centers in more than a hundred countries around the world." p. 69
- ^ George D. Chryssides. The A to Z of New Religious Movements. Oxford, UK: Scarecrow Press. 2001: 298.
Emanating from the Radhosoami Satsang (q.v.) background, which is a synthesis of Hinduism and Sikhism (qq.v.), Eckankar teaches a form of surat sabda yoga ...
- ^ Melton, J. Gordon (2003). Encyclopedia of American Religions (7th edition). Farmington Hills, Michigan: The Gale Group, Inc. ISBN 0-7876-6384-0. p. 1056.
- ^ Jones, Constance A.; Ryan, James D. Eckankar. Encyclopedia of Hinduism. Encyclopedia of World Religions. J. Gordon Melton, Series Editor. New York: Facts On File: 144–146. 2007 [2024-02-22]. ISBN 978-0-8160-5458-9. （原始内容存档于2022-10-20）. 无效
|url-status=bot: unknown(帮助) - ^ 17. Ibid. ^Melton, J. Gordon, Encyclopedia of American Religions (7th Edition). (q.v.) "ECKANKAR is distinguished from the Sant Mat tradition in significant ways. ECKANKAR, for example, teaches that the ultimate state for each individual is that of a co-worker with God, not oneness with God; inner techniques are more active spiritual exercises than yogic practices; and Eastern austerities (vegetarianism, extended meditation) are not espoused. Twitchell also presented a different vocabulary than that of Sant Mat teachings." It is arguable that Eckankar's denial of its reliance on Sant Mat's yogic practices, and Twitchell's assertion of a unique vocabulary were intended to distinguish Eckankar from its partial origins in the older established religion Sikhism and the Sant Mat teachings.
- ^ Eckankar: Spiritual Exercise of the Week Wikiwix的存档，存档日期2011-08-19. eckankar.org
- ^ HU 互联网档案馆的存档，存档日期2017-10-28.. eckankar.org
- ^ Dreams: A Source of Inner Truth. eckankar.org
- ^ Soul Travel 互联网档案馆的存档，存档日期2005-06-28.. eckankar.org
- ^ Shariyat-Ki-Sugmad, Books One and Two, 65
- ^ Official Eckankar Masters List. eckankar.org
- ^ Klemp, Harold, 1998, Cosmic Sea of Words: The Eckankar Lexicon. Eckankar, Minneapolis.
- ^ Len Woods. Handbook of World Religions. Barbour Publishing, Ohio. 2008: 73.
- ^ About Eckankar: An Overview of Eckankar and its Teachings (PDF) (PDF). 2003. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于April 8, 2003）.
- ^ Lane, David Christopher. Eckankar in Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America (ed Eugene V. Gallagher and W. Michael Ashcraft)Volume 3: Metaphysical, New Age, and Neopagan Movements. Greenwood Press. 2006: 115.
延伸阅读
[编辑]- Dogra, Ramesh Chander & Gobind Singh Mansukhani, Encyclopaedia of Sikh Religion and Culture, Vikas, 1995. ISBN 978-0706994995.
- Ellwood, Robert S. and Partin, Harry B. (1988), Religious and Spiritual Groups in Modern America, Second Edition, Prentice Hall, New Jersey.
- Lane, David Christopher, The Making of a Spiritual Movement: The Untold Story of Paul Twitchell and Eckankar, Del Mar, California: Del Mar Press, 1990. ISBN 0-9611124-0-9.
- Marman, Doug (2007). The Whole Truth: The Spiritual Legacy of Paul Twitchell, Ridgefield, Washington: Spiritual Dialogues Project. ISBN 978-0-9793260-0-4.
- Woods, Len, (2008). Handbook of World Religions. Barbour Publishing, Ohio.
