左旋咪唑
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临床资料 | |
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商品名 | Decaris,Ergamisol |
AHFS/Drugs.com | Micromedex详细消费者药物信息 |
MedlinePlus | a697011 |
核准状况 | |
给药途径 | 口服给药 |
ATC码 | |
法律规范状态 | |
法律规范 | |
药物动力学数据 | |
药物代谢 | 肝脏 |
生物半衰期 | 3–4小时 |
排泄途径 | 肾脏 (70%) |
识别信息 | |
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CAS号 | 14769-73-4 ![]() |
PubChem CID | |
IUPHAR/BPS | |
DrugBank | |
ChemSpider | |
UNII | |
KEGG | |
ChEBI | |
ChEMBL | |
CompTox Dashboard (EPA) | |
ECHA InfoCard | 100.035.290 |
化学信息 | |
化学式 | C11H12N2S |
摩尔质量 | 204.29 g·mol−1 |
3D模型(JSmol) | |
密度 | 1.31 g/cm3 |
熔点 | 60 °C(140 °F) |
水溶性 | hydrochloride: 210 mg/mL (20 °C) |
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左旋咪唑(INN:levamisole),市场上贩售的商品名称有Ergamisol等,是一种用于治疗寄生虫感染(特别是蛔虫和钩虫感染)的药物。[3]
使用后的副作用有腹痛、呕吐、头痛和头晕。[4]由于个体于母乳哺育期间,或于怀孕的第三阶段使用,对于婴儿或是胎儿的安全有顾虑,因此不建议使用。[4]严重的副作用有感染风险增加。[5]此药物属于驱虫药类药物。[5]
左旋咪唑于1966年由比利时杨森制药发明。[6]已列入世界卫生组织基本药物标准清单之中。[7]左旋咪唑也用作牛只的驱虫用途。[8][9]
医疗用途
[编辑]蠕虫感染
[编辑]左旋咪唑最初作为驱虫剂,用来治疗人类和动物体内的蠕虫感染。左旋咪唑是一种烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体促效剂,会持续刺激寄生蠕虫的肌肉,导致其麻痹。[10]左旋咪唑也受到水族爱好者青睐,被视为治疗淡水热带鱼卡马兰线虫感染的有效药物。[11]左旋咪唑自1960年代后期以来一直用于治疗小型反刍动物的蠕虫感染。[12]在纽西兰、[13]乌拉圭、[14]巴拉圭[15]和巴西[[16]的绵羊养殖场中,常可见到对左旋咪唑产生抗药性的寄生蠕虫。
其他用途
[编辑]左旋咪唑曾被用于治疗多种皮肤病,包括皮肤感染、麻疯病、疣、扁平苔藓和鹅口疮。[17]
有项受到报导的副作用是"神经兴奋"。随后杨森制药及其他研究机构发表论文,指出左旋咪唑及其对映异构 - 右旋咪唑(dexamisole)具有情绪提升或抗抑郁的特性,但此作用从未被作为商业用途来贩售。[18][19]
不良反应
[编辑]左旋咪唑较严重的副作用之一是颗粒性白血球缺乏症,即使用者体内的白血球会受到消耗。其中似乎是嗜中性球受到的影响最大。这种情况在研究人群中有0.08%到5%的发生率。[20]
左旋咪唑曾被用作古柯碱的掺杂物,但会导致严重的副作用,表现为左旋咪唑诱发的坏死症候群,个体的皮肤几乎在任何地方都可能出现疼痛性红斑丘疹。[21][22][23]
代谢
[编辑]左旋咪唑能迅速在胃肠道中被吸收,并在肝脏中代谢。其达到最大血药浓度的时间为1.5至2小时。血浆中的生物半衰期相当快,仅为3至4小时,而可能导致难以检测到的左旋咪唑中毒。其代谢物的生物半衰期为16小时。左旋咪唑主要通过肾脏排出人体,在3天内有约70%会被排除。仅约5%以原型左旋咪唑排出。[24][25]
对赛马的尿液进行药物检测会发现左旋咪唑的代谢物中,同时包含有匹莫林和阿米雷司,此两者均为赛马当局禁用的兴奋剂。[26][27][28]进一步的检测证实人类和犬类尿液中也存在阿米雷司,表示人类和犬类也能将左旋咪唑代谢为阿米雷司,[29]但目前尚不清楚血浆中的阿米雷司是否达到任何可检测的水平。在口服左旋咪唑后172小时的血液样中,并未发现血浆阿米雷司水平超出定量限制(LoQ)。此外,在呈古柯碱阳性的血浆样本中(其中42%含有左旋咪唑),也从未发现阿米雷司的浓度高于定量限制。[30]
体液检测
[编辑]在临床中毒情况下,或为协助涉及掺杂街头毒品的法医学调查,可对血液、血浆或尿液中的左旋咪唑进行定量分析,以作诊断。在人类口服剂量中,约有3%的药物会以原型,在24小时经由尿液排出人体。一名因古柯碱过量致死的女性,验尸时,发现其血液中左旋咪唑浓度为2.2毫克/升。[31][32]
非法药物中的掺杂物
[编辑]左旋咪唑在使用者体内会转化为阿米雷司,这是一种具有苯丙胺类兴奋剂作用且作用时间长的物质。[33]
左旋咪唑已在全球被越来越多用作非法贩售古柯碱的掺杂物,其中以美国的发生率最高。美国缉毒局(DEA)在2008年至2009年间查获的古柯碱样本中,发现有69%含有左旋咪唑。[21]而DEA截至2011年4月的报告称在82%的查获物中发现这种掺杂物。[34]
左旋咪唑可增加粉状古柯碱的体积和重量(而其他掺杂物则会让古柯碱中产生较小的块状物),且让药物看起来更为纯净。[35]在名为《The Stranger》的另类报纸刊出的一系列调查报导中,记者Brendan Kiley详细说明左旋咪唑作为掺杂物日益增长的其他原因:它可能具有兴奋剂作用、外观与古柯碱相似,以及能够通过街头纯度测试而不被察觉。[36]
左旋咪唑会抑制白血球生成,导致嗜中性白血球低下和颗粒性白血球缺乏症。随著左旋咪唑作为掺杂物的用量增加,已有多起古柯碱使用者中出现相关并发症的报告。[21][37][38]左旋咪唑也与发生血管炎的风险相关,[39]且在使用掺有左旋咪唑的古柯碱使用者中,已有两起血管炎性皮肤坏死的案例。[40]
截至2009年,受左旋咪唑污染的古柯碱已在美国和加拿大造成三人死亡,并导致超过百人生病。[41]
化学
[编辑]杨森制药最初的合成方式产生两种对映异构的外消旋体混合物,据报导其盐酸盐的熔点为264–265°C,外消旋混合物的游离碱熔点为87–89°C。这种外消旋混合物被称为"四咪唑(tetramisole)" - 而左旋咪唑仅指其左旋对映异构。[42]
毒性
[编辑]左旋咪唑的半数致死量(LD50)(静脉注射,小鼠)为22毫克/公斤。[43]
研究
[编辑]左旋咪唑已被研究作为一种刺激免疫系统的方法,作为癌症治疗中的一部分。[44]它在治疗儿童肾病症候群方面也显示出一定的疗效。[45]
由于左旋咪唑会产生严重的副作用(如颗粒性白血球缺乏症和严重的皮肤病变和血管炎 ),在1999年和2003年分别从美国和加拿大市场撤出。但被测试与5-氟尿嘧啶联合用于治疗大肠癌。临床试验的证据支持将其添加到5-氟尿嘧啶疗法中。在一些白血病细胞株研究中,左旋咪唑和四咪唑均显示出相似的效果。[46]
兽医用途
[编辑]由多灭虫和左旋咪唑组成的复方药(多虫灭/左旋咪唑),商品名称为Valcor,适用于治疗和控制牛只的胃肠道线虫、肺线虫、皮蝇幼虫、吸血虱和螨毛囊虫病。[8]给药途径为皮下注射。[8]
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