犏牛

犏牛
	前往珠穆朗玛峰的途中作为驮畜的犏牛
保护状况
	驯养
科学分类
界：	动物界 Animalia
门：	脊索动物门 Chordata
纲：	哺乳纲 Mammalia
目：	偶蹄目 Artiodactyla
科：	牛科 Bovidae
亚科：	牛亚科 Bovinae
族：	牛族 Bovini
亚族：	牛亚族 Bovina
属：	牛属 Bos
种：	犏牛 B. grunniens × B. primigenius taurus

犏（piān）牛（标准藏语：མཛོ་，罗马化：mdzo），是牦牛和家牛的杂交种，“犏牛”一词实际上指称雄性的杂交种，雌性杂交种则称为“犏母牛”（dzomo或zhom）。蒙古语中，此物种被称为“хайнаг ”（khainag）^[1]；英语则存在将“牦牛”（yak）和“牛”（cattle）两词结合的混成词“yattle”，以及“牦牛”（yak）和“母牛”（cow）结合的“yakow”。^[2]^[3]

犏母牛具有生育能力（或繁殖力），雄性犏牛则不具备生育能力（英语：Sterility (physiology)），且由于是杂种优势（异形杂交）下的产物，犏牛因此相较同一地区的牦牛或家牛体型更大且更强壮。^[4]蒙古和西藏人认为犏牛在产肉和产奶量方面均较牦牛和家牛高。^[5]^[6]

犏母牛可与其亲本进行回交（英语：Backcrossing），故诸多号称纯种的牦牛和家牛可能都带有彼此的遗传物质。犏母牛与雄性牦牛和家牛杂交的子代在蒙古被称为“ортоом”（ortoom），而此子代再与雄性牦牛和家牛杂交的产物则是“усан гүзээ”（usan güzee）。^[6]^[7]

犏牛遗传双亲的两种不同蛋白质类型，导致其线粒体结构与功能产生变化，使犏牛于高海拔低氧环境的适应力较其亲本强。^[8]

参见

牛科杂交种（英语：Bovid hybrid）
杂交野牛（英语：Yakalo）

参考资料

^ Mummolo, Jonathan. Yattle What?. The Washington Post. 2007-08-11 [2017-01-03] （英语）. Mentzer, who grew up farming in Loudoun County, and his partner, Jim Dumbrell, a retired British oil and gas pipeline consultant, are breeding yattle -- a cross between cows and yaks.
^ National Research Council. Little-Known Asian Animals With a Promising Economic Future. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press. 1983: 34. ISBN 978-0-309-32715-2. doi:10.17226/19514 （英语）.
^ Mason, Ian. Porter, Valerie , 编. Mason's World Dictionary of Livestock Breeds, Types and Varieties. West Sussex: CABI（英语：CABI (organisation)）. March 2002: 122 [2017-01-03]. ISBN 085199430X. （原始内容存档于2017-12-23）（英语）.
^ David B. Madsen; Fa-Hu Chen; Xing Gao. Late Quaternary Climate Change and Human Adaptation in Arid China. Elsevier. 2007-07-03: 207. ISBN 978-0-444-52962-6 （英语）.
^ Bataagiin Bynie. Mongolia: The Country Refort (sic!) On Animal Genetic Resources (PDF). 乌兰巴托: 11. 2002-09 [2008-04-28]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2015-09-24） –通过FAO （英语）.
^ ^6.0 ^6.1 Tsering, Diki. Dalai Lama, My Son. Penguin Books. 2002. ISBN 0-7865-2260-7 （英语）.
^ Takase, Hisabumi; Tumennasan, Kh.; Hiratsuka, Kazuyuki; Chandley, Ann C.; Hotta, Yasuo. Fertility Investigation in F1 Hybrid and Backcross Progeny of Cattle (Bos taurus) and Yak (B. gruniens) in Mongolia. : II. Little variation in gene products studied in male sterile and fertile animals.. Niigata journal of health and welfare. 2002, 2 (1): 42–52 [2025-02-15]. ISSN 1346-8782 （英语）.
^ Long, Ling; Zhu, Yipan; Li, Zhenzi; Zhang, Haixia; Liu, Lixia; Bai, Jialin. Differential expression of skeletal muscle mitochondrial proteins in yak, dzo, and cattle: a proteomics-based study. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science. 2020, 82 (8): 1178–1186 [2025-02-15]. doi:10.1292/jvms.19-0218 （英语）.

外部链接

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[1] Mummolo, Jonathan. Yattle What?. The Washington Post. 2007-08-11 [2017-01-03] （英语）. Mentzer, who grew up farming in Loudoun County, and his partner, Jim Dumbrell, a retired British oil and gas pipeline consultant, are breeding yattle -- a cross between cows and yaks.

[2] National Research Council. Little-Known Asian Animals With a Promising Economic Future. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press. 1983: 34. ISBN 978-0-309-32715-2. doi:10.17226/19514 （英语）.

[3] Mason, Ian. Porter, Valerie , 编. Mason's World Dictionary of Livestock Breeds, Types and Varieties. West Sussex: CABI（英语：CABI (organisation)）. March 2002: 122 [2017-01-03]. ISBN 085199430X. （原始内容存档于2017-12-23）（英语）.

[4] David B. Madsen; Fa-Hu Chen; Xing Gao. Late Quaternary Climate Change and Human Adaptation in Arid China. Elsevier. 2007-07-03: 207. ISBN 978-0-444-52962-6 （英语）.

[5] Bataagiin Bynie. Mongolia: The Country Refort (sic!) On Animal Genetic Resources (PDF). 乌兰巴托: 11. 2002-09 [2008-04-28]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2015-09-24） –通过FAO （英语）.

[son-6] 6.0 ^6.1 Tsering, Diki. Dalai Lama, My Son. Penguin Books. 2002. ISBN 0-7865-2260-7 （英语）.

[7] Takase, Hisabumi; Tumennasan, Kh.; Hiratsuka, Kazuyuki; Chandley, Ann C.; Hotta, Yasuo. Fertility Investigation in F1 Hybrid and Backcross Progeny of Cattle (Bos taurus) and Yak (B. gruniens) in Mongolia. : II. Little variation in gene products studied in male sterile and fertile animals.. Niigata journal of health and welfare. 2002, 2 (1): 42–52 [2025-02-15]. ISSN 1346-8782 （英语）.

[8] Long, Ling; Zhu, Yipan; Li, Zhenzi; Zhang, Haixia; Liu, Lixia; Bai, Jialin. Differential expression of skeletal muscle mitochondrial proteins in yak, dzo, and cattle: a proteomics-based study. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science. 2020, 82 (8): 1178–1186 [2025-02-15]. doi:10.1292/jvms.19-0218 （英语）.

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